Birds found during FONT
European Tours

1992 thru 2008

(including 
the Canary Islands, off Africa, 
and Turkey, in Asia Minor)   

A Europe bird list compiled by Armas Hill
with photos

437 birds have cumulatively been seen during FONT European tours. A few of the birds in the following list are distinctive subspecies.

As of September 2007, there have been 51 FONT birding tours in Europe, with two dozen in Spain, and over a dozen in Iceland.  


Codes (in following list):

BU: Bulgaria
CI: Canary Islands (Spain)
HU: Hungary
IC: Iceland
PO: Poland
RM: Romania (inc. "Transylvania")
SK: Slovakia
SP: Spain, 
including nearby Andorra: a, France: f, Gibraltar: g, Morocco: m, & Portugal: p - in ( ) that country only
SW: Sweden
TU: Turkey

The following 2 sets of designations by Birdlife International:

(t): a globally threatened or rare species
 (t1): critical 
 (t2): endangered
 (t3): vulnerable
(nt): a near-threatened species globally

(Ee): endangered in Europe
(Ev): vulnerable in Europe
(Er): rare in Europe
(Ed): has recently declined in Europe
(El): localized in Europe

(i): an introduced species

(Vme): vagrant from the Middle East
(Vna): vagrant from North America
(Vsib): vagrant from Siberia

Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in Europe

A List of European Mammals

  


Bird-List:

1. Great Northern Loon ______ IC  (has been called Great Northern Diver in Europe & Common Loon in North America) 
   Gavia immer  (now monotypic)
   
   
2. Yellow-billed Loon ______ IC  (has been called White-billed Diver in Europe)
   Gavia adamsii  (monotypic)
   
   
3. Red-throated Loon (Ev) ______ IC SW  (has been called Red-throated Diver in Europe)  
   Gavia stellata  (monotypic)
   
   
4. Black-throated Loon (Ev) ______ PO SP SW  (has been called Black-throated Diver in Europe & Arctic Loon in North America)  
   Gavia a. arctica
   
   
5. Great Crested Grebe ______  BU HU IC PO SK SP SW TU
   Podiceps c. cristatus
   
   
6. Red-necked Grebe ______ BU HU PO SW
   Podiceps g. grisegena
   
   
7. Black-necked Grebe  ______ BU HU PO SP TU  (has been called Eared Grebe in North America)
   Podiceps n. nigricollis
   
   
8. Horned Grebe ______ IC SW  (has been called Slavonian Grebe in Europe)
   Podiceps a. auritus
   
   
9. Little Grebe (or "Dabchick") ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
   Tachybaptus r. ruficollis
   
   
10. Northern Fulmar ______ IC SW
    Fulmarus glacialis auduboni
    
    
11. Manx Shearwater  (El)  ______ IC
    Puffinus puffinus  (now monotypic)
    
    
12. Balearic Shearwater ______ SP  (was part of Manx Shearwater)
    Puffinus mauretanicus  (monotypic)
    
    
13. Yelkouan (or Levantine) Shearwater ______ TU  (was part of Manx Shearwater)
    Puffinus yelkouan  (monotypic) 
    
    
14. Cory's Shearwater ______ CI SP
    Calonectris d. diomedea  (SP)   ("Scoploi's Shearwater") (Ev)
    Calonectris diomedea borealis  (CI) 
    
       
15. Macaronesian Shearwater (Ev) ______ CI  (was included in the former, more wide-ranging Little Shearwater; now said to be more closely related to the Audubon's Shearwater. There is a race of the Audubon's Shearwater in the eastern Atlantic, breeding on Cape Verde island. With new taxonomy, the Little Shearwater now has a range restricted to the Indian and southwestern Pacific oceans, near Australia & New Zealand.)  
    Puffinus baroli  (monotypic)
    
    
16. Bulwer's Petrel (Ev) ______ CI
    Bulweria b. bulwerii
    
    
    
    
    The Bulwer's Petrel has been seen from ferries during all FONT tours in the Canary Islands
    
    
17. Northern Gannet (El) ______ IC SP
    Morus (formerly Sula) bassena  (monotypic)
    
    
18. European Shag  ______ BU IC SP(g)
    Phalacrocorax a. aristotelis
    
    
19. Great Cormorant ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW TU
    Phalacrocorax c. carbo
    
    
20. Pygmy Cormorant (nt) (Ev)  ______ BU HU TU
    Phalacrocorax pygmeus  (monotypic)
    
    
    
    
    Pygmy Cormorant
    
    
21. Great White Pelican (Er) ______ BU TU
    Pelecanus onocrotalus  (monotypic)
    
    
    
    
    Great White Pelicans in eastern Europe
     
    
22. Dalmatian Pelican (nt) (Ev) ______ BU TU
    Pelecanus crispus  (monotypic)
    
    
23. Grey Heron ______  BU CI HU IC PO RM SPp SW TU
    Ardea c. cinerea 
    
    
24. Purple Heron (Ev) ______ BU HU SP TU
    Ardea p. purpurea
    
    
25. Great Egret ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
    Ardea (formerly Casmerodius or Egretta) a. alba
    
    
26. Little Egret  ______ BU HU SPp TU
    Egretta g. garzetta
    
    
27. Cattle Egret  ______ SPp TU
    Bubulcus i. ibis  (the single member of its genus)
    
    
28. Squacco Heron (Ev)  ______ BU HU SP TU
    Ardeola ralloides  (monotypic)
    
    
29. Black-crowned Night-Heron (Ed)  ______ BU HU SP TU
    Nycticorax n. nycticorax
    
    
30. Little Bittern (Ev)  ______ BU HU SP TU
    Ixobrychus m. minutus
    
    
31. Eurasian Bittern (Ev)  ______ BU HU PO TU
    Botaurus s. stellaris
    
    
32. Glossy Ibis (Ed) ______ BU HU SP TU
    Plegadis falcinellus  (now monotypic)
    
    
33. Eurasian Spoonbill (Ee) ______ BU CI HU SP TU
    Platalea l. leucorodia 
    
    
34. White Stork (Ev) ______ BU HU PO RM SK SP TU
    Ciconia c. ciconia
    
    
    
    
    White Storks in Spain
    
    
35. Black Stork (Er) ______ BU HU PO SP TU
    Ciconia nigra  (monotypic)
    
    
    
    
    Black Storks in Bulgaria
    
    
36. Greater Flamingo (El) ______SP TU  (was considered conspecific with what's now the American Flamingo)
    Phoenicopterus roseus  (monotypic)
    
    
    
    
    Greater Flamingos
    (photo by Jens Bruun)
    
    
37. Mute Swan (i) ______ BU HU PO SP SW
    Cygnus olor  (monotypic)
    
    
38. Whooper Swan ______ BU IC PO SW
    Cygnus cygnus  (now monotypic, with islandicus merged)
    
    
39. "Bewick's" Tundra Swan  SW  (conspecific with the "Whistling" Tundra Swan of North America)
    Cygnus columbianus bewickii
    
    
40. Greylag Goose ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW
    Anser a. anser
    
    
41. Pink-footed Goose ______ IC
    Anser brachyhynchus  (monotypic)
    
    
42. Bean Goose ______ PO SW
    (includes "Taiga" Bean Goose, Anser f. fabalis, and "Tundra" Bean Goose, Anser fabalis rossicus)
    
    
43. Greater White-fronted Goose ______ BU HU IC PO SW
    Anser a. albifrons
    
    
44. Lesser White-fronted Goose (t3) (Ev) ______ BU HU
    Anser erythropus  (monotypic)
    
    
45. Brant Goose  (Ev)  ______ IC SW  (has been called Brent Goose in Europe & Brant in North America) 
    (includes Dark-bellied Brent Goose, Branta b. bernicla in SW and Pale-bellied Brent Goose, Branta bernicla hrota in IC)
    
    
46. Barnacle Goose (El)  ______ IC SW
    Branta leucopsis  (monotypic)
    
    
47. Red-breasted Goose (t3) (El) ______ BU SW
    Branta ruficollis  (monotypic)
    
    
    
    
    Red-breasted Geese
    
    
48. Canada Goose (i) ______ SW
    Branta canadensis 
    
    
49. Snow Goose  (Vna)  ______  IC
    Anser caerulescens atlanticus
    
    
50. Egyptian Goose (i)  ______  SW
    Alopochen aegyptiaca  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus) 
    
    
51. Common Shelduck ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
    Tadorna tadorna  (monotypic)
    
    
52. Ruddy Shelduck (Ev) ______ BU TU
    Tadorna ferruginea  (monotypic)
    
    
53. Mallard ______ BU HU IC PO RM SK SP SW TU
    Anas p. platyrhynchos
    
    
54. Gadwall (Ev) ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW
    Anas strepera  (now monotypic)
    
    
55. Eurasian Teal ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW TU (was conspecific with the Green-winged Teal of North America, Anas carolinensis)
    Anas c. crecca
    
    
56. Green-winged Teal  (Vna) ______  IC
    Anas carolinensis  (monotypic)
    
    
57. Garganey (Ev)  ______ BU HU IC PO RM SP TU
    Anas querquedula  (monotypic)
    
    
58. Northern Pintail (Ev) ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW
    Anas acuta  (monotypic)
    
    
59. Eurasian Wigeon ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW
    Anas penelope  (monotypic)
    
    
60. Northern Shoveler ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
    Anas clypeata  (monotypic)
    
    
61. Marbled Duck  (t3) (Ee) ______ SP
    Marmaronetta angustirostris  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus)
    
    
62. Red-crested Pochard (Ed) ______ BU SP
    Netta rufina  (monotypic)
    
    
63. Common Pochard ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
    Aythya ferina  (monotypic)
    
    
64. Tufted Duck ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW
    Aythya fuligula  (monotypic)
    
    
65. Greater Scaup (El)  ______ BU HU IC RM SW   
    Aythya m. marila
    
    
66. Ferruginous Duck  (t3) (Ev) ______ BU HU SP TU  (has also been called White-eyed Pochard)
    Aythya nyroca  (monotypic)
    
    
67. Common Goldeneye ______ BU HU IC PO SW
    Bucephala c. clangula
    
    
68. Barrow's Goldeneye (Ee) ______ IC
    Bucephala islandica  (monotypic)
    
    
69. Common Eider ______ IC SW
    Somateria m. mollissima
    
    
70. King Eider ______ IC
    Somateria spectabilis  (monotypic)
    
    
71. Steller's Eider ______ SW
    Polysticta stelleri   (monotypic, and the single member of its genus) 
    
    
72. Long-tailed Duck ______ IC  (has been called Oldsquaw in North America)
    Clangula hyemalis  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus)
    
    
73. Harlequin Duck (Ev) ______ IC
    Histrionicus histrionicus  (now monotypic, with pacificus merged)  (the single member of its genus) 
    
    
74. Black Scoter ______ IC SP (was considered conspecific with what's now the American Scoter of North America, Melanitta americana)
    Melanitta nigra
    
    
75. Velvet Scoter (El) ______ SW (was considered conspecific with the White-winged Scoter of North America, Melanitta deglandi)
    Melanitta fusca
    
    
76. Common Merganser ______ IC PO SW  (has been called Goosander in Europe)
    Mergus m. merganser 
    
    
77. Red-breasted Merganser ______ IC SP SW
    Mergus serrator  (monotypic)
    
    
78. White-headed Duck (t3) (Ee) ______ SP TU
    Oxyura leucocophala  (monotypic)
    
    
79. Osprey (Er) ______ BU PO SP SW TU
    Pandion h. haliaetus  (the single member of its genus)
    
    
80. Red Kite ______ BU SP SW
    Milvus m. milvus  (the other subspecies is in the Cape Verde islands)
    
    
81. Black Kite (Ev) ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
    Milvus m. migrans  (there are at least 7 subspecies across Eurasia & Africa)
    
    
82. Black-winged Kite (Ev) ______ SP 
    Elanus c. caeruleus 
    
    
83. Egyptian Vulture (Ee) ______ BU CI SPf TU
    Neophron p. percnopterus  (the single member of its genus)
    
    
84. Bearded Vulture (Ee) ______ BU SP TU  (has also been called Lammergeier)
    Gypaetus b. barbatus  (the single member of its genus)
    
    
85. Cinereous Vulture (nt) (Ev) ______ BU SP TU (has also been called Eurasian Black Vulture; another name: Monk Vulture)
    Aegypius monachus  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus)
    
    
86. Griffon Vulture (Er) ______ BU SPf   
    Gyps f. fulvus
    
    
87. Levant Sparrowhawk (Er) ______ BU TU 
    Accipiter brevipes  (monotypic)
    
    
88. Eurasian Sparrowhawk ______ BU CI PO RM SP SW TU
    Accipiter n. nisus (except CI)
    Accipiter n. granti (CI)
    
    
89. Northern Goshawk ______ BU HU PO SK SP SW
    Accipiter g. gentilis
    
    
90. Roughleg  ______ SW (has been called Rough-legged Buzzard in Europe & Rough-legged Hawk in North America)  (in Europe, no dark morph)
    Buteo l. lagopus
    
    
91. Common Buzzard ______ BU CI HU RM SK SPfp SW TU
    Buteo b. buteo (except CI)
    Buteo b. insularum (CI)
    
    
92. Long-legged Buzzard (Ee) ______ BU HU TU
    Buteo r. rufinus
    
    
93. European Honey Buzzard ______ BU HU PO RM SPf SW TU
    Pernis apivorus  (monotypic)
    
    
94. White-tailed Eagle (nt) (Er) ______ BU HU IC  (has also been called White-tailed Fish-Eagle)
    Haliaeetus a. albicilla  (the other subspecies is in Greenland)
    
    
    
    
    White-tailed Eagle
    
    
95. Short-toed Snake Eagle (Er)  ______ BU HU SP TU
    Circaetus gallicus  (monotypic)
    
    
96. Bonelli's Eagle (Ee) ______ BU SPfp
    Hieraaetus f. fasciatus 
    
    
97. Booted Eagle (Er) ______ BU SP (dimorphic, pale & dark)
    Hieraaetus pennatus
    
    
98. Golden Eagle (Er) ______ BU HU PO RM SPf SW TU
    Aquila c. chrysaetos (except SP)
    Aquila chrysaetos homeyeri (SP)
    
    
99. Asian Imperial Eagle (t3) (Ee) ______ BU HU SK TU  
    Aquila heliaca  (monotypic)
    
    
    
    
    The Asian Imperial Eagle in eastern Europe
    
    
100. Spanish Imperial Eagle (t3) (Ee) ______ SP  (has also been called Adalbert's Eagle)
     Aquila adalberti  (monotypic)
     
     
101. Greater Spotted Eagle (t3) (Ee) ______ PO SW
     Aquila clanga  (monotypic)
     
     
102. Lesser Spotted Eagle (Er) ______  BU PO RM SK SW
     Aquila p. pomarina  (the other subspecies is in India & Burma)
     
     
103. Steppe Eagle (Ev) ______  HU TU (has been considered as conspecific with Tawny Eagle)
     Aquila nipalensis orientalis
     
     
104. Western Marsh-Harrier ______ BU HU PO SK SP SW TU  (was conspecific with the Eastern Marsh-Harrier of Asia, and when so it was called Northern Marsh-Harrier)
     Circus aeruginosus
     
     
105. Northern Harrier (Ev) ______ BU PO SP SW TU (has been called Hen Harrier in Europe)
     Circus c. cyaneus 
     
     
106. Pallid Harrier (Ee) ______ BU PO TU
     Circus macrourus  (monotypic) 
     
     
107. Montagu's Harrier ______ BU HU PO SPf TU
     Circus pygargus  (monotypic)
     
     
108. Gyrfalcon (Ev) ______ IC (the "Iceland Falcon" is a pale grey morph)
     Falco rusticolus  (monotypic, but with a variation in color)
     
     
109. Saker Falcon (Ee) ______ BU HU TU
     Falco cherrug
     
     
110. Lanner Falcon (Ee) ______ TU
     Falco biarmicus 
     
     
111. Peregrine Falcon (Er) ______ BU HU RM SPf SW TU
     Falco p. peregrinus
     
     
112. Barbary Falcon (Er) ______ CI
     Falco p. pelegrinoides
     
     
113. Eurasian Hobby ______ BU HU PO SK SPf SW TU
     Falco s. subbuteo
     
     
114. Red-footed Falcon (Ev) ______ BU HU PO RM TU (closely related to, and was considered conspecific with the Amur Falcon of Asia, Falco amurensis)
     Falco vespertinus
     
     
115. Eleonora's Falcon (Er) ______ CI TU
     Falco eleonorae
     
     
116. Lesser Kestrel (t3) (Ev) ______ BU SP TU
     Falco naumanni
     
     
117. Merlin ______ IC SW
     Falco columbarius subaesalon  (IC) 
     Falco columbarius aesalon  (SW)
     
     
118. Common Kestrel (Ed) ______ BU CI HU IC PO RM SK SPfp SW TU
     Falco t. tinnunculus (except CI)
     Falco tinnunculus canariensis  (1 of 2 subspecies in CI)
     
     
119. Rock Ptarmigan ______ IC
     Lagopus muta islandorum  (one of 24 subspecies worldwide)
     
     
120. Hazel Grouse ______ PO SK
     Bonasa bonasia styriacus
     
     
121. "Northern" Black Grouse (Ev) ______ PO
     Tetrao t. tetrix
     
     
122. Western Capercaille ______ RM SW
     Tetrao u. urogallus  (SW)
     Tetrao urogallus rudolfi  (RM) 
     
     
123. Chukar Partridge (Ev) ______ BU TU
     Alectoris chukar kleini
     
     
124. Red-legged Partridge (Ev) ______ SP
     2 subspecies in SP:
     Alectorus rufa hispanica  (north)
     Alectorus rufa intercedens  (central & south)
     
     
125. Barbary Partridge (Ee) ______ CI SP(g)
     Alectoris barbara koenigi
     
     
126. Grey Partridge (Ev) ______ BU PO SP SW  (has also been called Hungarian Partridge)
     Perdix p. perdix  (except SP) 
     Perdix p. hispaniensis  (SP) 
     
     
127. Common Quail (Ev) ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Coturnix c. coturnix
     
     
128. Common Pheasant (i) ______ BU HU PO RM SK SP SW (includes "Ring-necked Pheasant", Phasinus c. torquatus, from China, with a white neck-ring, and Phasinus c. colchicus from Russia, lacking neck-ring)
     Phasinus colchicus
     
     
129. Water Rail ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Rallus a. aquaticus
     
     
130. Baillon's Crake (Er) ______ BU SP
     Porzana pusilla intermedia
     
     
131. Spotted Crake ______ BU HU PO
     Porzana porzana  (monotypic)
     
     
132. Little Crake ______ BU HU PO TU
     Porzana parva  (monotypic)
     
     
133. Corncrake (t3) ______ BU HU PO RM
     Crex crex  (monotypic)
     
     
134. Common Moorhen  ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
     Gallinula c. chloropus
     
     
135. Purple Swamphen (Er) ______ SP 
     Porphyrio p. porphyrio
     
     
136. Eurasian Coot ______ BU CI HU IC PO SP SW TU
     Fulica a. atra
     
     
137. Red-knobbed Coot ______  SP  (has also been called Crested Coot)
     Fulica cristata  (monotypic)
     
     
138. Common Crane (Ev) ______ HU PO SP SW
     Grus g. grus
     
     
139. Great Bustard (t3) (Ed) ______ HU SP
     Otis t. tarda
     
     
     
     
     Great Bustard
     
     
140. Little Bustard (nt) (Ev) ______ SP
     Tetrax tetrax  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus)
     
     
141. Houbara Bustard (Ee) ______ CI
     Chlamydotis undulata fuerteventurae
     
     
142. Eurasian Dotterel ______ SP SW
     Charadrius (formerly Eudromias) morinellus  (monotypic)
     
     
143. Grey Plover ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW TU  (has been called Black-bellied Plover in the Americas)
     Pluvialis s. squatarola
     
     
144. European Golden Plover ______ IC SP SW
     Pluvialis a. apricaria  (except IC)
     Pluvialis apricaria altifrons  (IC) 
     
     
145. Little Ringed Plover ______ BU CI HU PO SP TU
     Charadrius dubius curonicus
     
     
146. Common Ringed Plover ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW TU
     Charadrius h. hiaticula
     Charadrius hiaticula tundrae
     (these 2 subspecies overlap. with C.h.tundrae most easterly) 
     
     
147. Kentish Plover (Ed)  ______ BU SP TU (was conspecific with the Snowy Plover of North America  & South America)
     Charadrius a. alexandrinus
     
     
148. Northern Lapwing  ______ BU HU PO SK SP SW TU
     Vanellus vanellus  (monotypic)
     
     
149. White-tailed Lapwing  (Vme) ______ BU HU  (was called White-tailed Plover) 
     Vanellus (formerly Chettusia) leucura  (monotypic)
     
     
     
     
     A White-tailed Lapwing photographed during a FONT tour in Hungary in 2001
     (photo by Alan Brady)
     
     
150. Spur-winged Lapwing  (Ee) ______ TU  (was called Spur-winged Plover)
     Vanellus (formerly Hoplopterus) spinosus  (monotypic)
     
     
151. Ruddy Turnstone ______ BU IC PO SP 
     Arenaria i. interpres
     
     
152. Purple Sandpiper ______ IC
     Calidris maritima littoralis  (endemic subspecies in IC)
     
     
153. Dunlin (Ev) ______ BU HU IC SP SW
     Calidris a. alpina
     Calidris alpina schrinzii 
     (the 2 subspecies overlap in migration)
     
     
154. Curlew Sandpiper ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
     Calidris ferruginea  (monotypic)
     
     
155. Red Knot (El) ______ IC SP SW
     Calidris c. canutus
     
     
156. Sanderling ______ BU HU IC SP TU
     Calidris a. alba
     
     
157. White-rumped Sandpiper (Vna) ______ IC
     Calidris fuscicollis  (monotypic)
     
     
158. Semipalmated Sandpiper (Vna) ______ HU
     Calidris pusilla  (monotypic)
     
     
159. Little Stint ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
     Calidris minuta  (monotypic)
     
     
160. Temminck's Stint  ______ BU HU PO SP
     Calidris temminckii  (monotypic)
     
     
161. Pectoral Sandpiper (Vna) ______ SW TU
     Calidris melanotos  (monotypic)
     
     
162. Wood Sandpiper (Ed) ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Tringa glareola  (monotypic)
     
     
163. Common Greenshank ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
     Tringa nebularia  (monotypic)
     
     
164. Common Redshank (Ed) ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW TU
     Tringa t. totanus  (except IC)
     Tringa totanus robusta  (IC) 
     
     
165. Spotted Redshank ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
     Tringa erythropus  (monotypic)
     
     
166. Marsh Sandpiper ______ BU HU TU
     Tringa stagnatilis  (monotypic)
     
     
167. Green Sandpiper ______ BU PO SP TU
     Tringa ochropus  (monotypic)
     
     
168. Common Sandpiper ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Actitis hypoleucos  (monotypic)
     
     
169. Ruff / Reeve ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW
     Philomachus pugnax  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus)
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     Two photos (above) of a Reeve, from the back & front
     (photos by Howard Eskin)
     
     
170. "Eurasian" Whimbrel ______ HU IC PO SP SW
     Numenius p. phaeopus
     
     
171. Eurasian Curlew (Ed) ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW TU
     Numenius a. arquata
     
     
172. Black-tailed Godwit (Ev) ______ BU HU IC PO SP TU
     Limosa l. limosa  (except IC) 
     Limosa limosa islandica  (endemic breeder in IC)
     
     
173. Bar-tailed Godwit (El) ______ IC SP SW
     Limosa l. lapponica
     
     
174. Long-billed Dowitcher  (Vna) ______  IC
     Limnodromus scolopaceus  (monotypic) 
     
     
175. Eurasian Woodcock (Ev) ______ BU PO RM
     Scolopax rusticola  (monotypic)
     
     
176. Great Snipe (nt) (Ev) ______ PO
     Gallinago media  (monotypic)
     
     
177. Common Snipe ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW TU  (was considered conspecific with the Wilson's Snipe of North America, Gallinago delicata)
     Gallinago g. gallinago  (except IC)
     Gallinago gallinago faeroeensis  (IC) 
     
     
178. Jack Snipe (Ev) ______ SW
     Lymnocryptes minimus  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus)
     
     
179. Red-necked Phalarope ______ BU IC TU
     Phalaropus lobatus  (monotypic)
     
     
180. Red Phalarope ______  IC  (has been called Grey Phalarope in Europe) 
     Phalaropus fulicarius  (monotypic)
     
     
181. Eurasian Stone-Curlew (Ev) ______ BU CI HU SP
     Burhinus o. oedicnemus
     
     
182. Eurasian Oystercatcher ______ BU HU IC RM SP SW
     Haematopus o. ostralegus  (in western Europe)
     Haematopus ostralegus longipes  (in eastern Europe)
     
     
183. Pied Avocet  (El) ______ BU HU SP SW TU
     Recurvirostra avosetta  (monotypic)
     
     
184. Black-winged Stilt ______ BU HU SP TU
     Himantopus h. himantopus
     
     
185. Cream-colored Courser (Ev) ______ CI
     Cursorius cursor bannermani
     
     
186. Collared Pratincole (Ee) ______ BU HU SP
     Glareola p. pratincola
     
     
187. Audouin's Gull (nt) (El) ______ SP
     Larus audouinii  (monotypic)
     
     
188. Slender-billed Gull ______  BU SP TU
     Larus genei  (monotypic)
     
     
189. Common Black-headed Gull ______  BU HU IC PO RM SPp SW TU
     Larus ridibundus  (monotypic)
     
     
190. Mediterranean Gull ______  BU SP TU
     Larus melanocephalus  (monotypic)
     
     
191. Little Gull (Ed) ______  BU HU PO RM TU
     Larus minutus  (monotypic)
     
     
     
     
     Little Gull
     (photo by Alan Brady)
     
     
192. "European" Herring Gull ______ IC PO SP SW  (by some considered distinct from "American" Herring Gull of North America, Larus argentatus smithsonianus, and the Vega Gull of Asia, Larus vegae)
     Larus argentatus 
     
     
193. Yellow-legged Gull ______ BU CI HU RM SP SW TU
     Larus cachinnans michahellis  (CI, SP)
     Larus c. cachinnans  (BU, HU, RM, SW, TU)  ("Caspian, or Pontic Gull")  
     
     
194. Lesser Black-backed Gull ______ BU HU IC PO SP SW TU  
     Larus f. fuscus  ("Baltic Gull") 
     Larus fuscus graellsii
     
     
195. Great Black-backed Gull ______  IC PO SP SW
     Larus marinus  (monotypic)
     
     
196. Glaucous Gull ______  IC
     Larus h. hyperboreus
     
     
197. Iceland Gull ______  IC  (by some considered distinct from the race of the Iceland Gull breeding in northern North America, the "Kumlien's Gull", Larus glaucoides kumlini)
     Larus g. glaucoides
     
     
198. Mew Gull (Ed) ______  HU IC PO RM SP SW  (has been called Common Gull in Europe)
     Larus c. canus
     
     
199. Sabine's Gull ______  IC SW
     Xema (formerly Larus) sabini  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus)
     
     
200. Black-legged Kittiwake ______  IC SW
     Rissa tridactyla  (now said to be monotypic)
     
     
201. Gull-billed Tern (Ee) ______ BU SP TU
     Sterna (formerly Gelochelidon) n. nilotica
     
     
202. Caspian Tern (Ee) ______  BU SP TU
     Hydroprogne (formerly Sterna) caspia
     
     
203. Lesser Crested Tern (Er) ______  SP
     Thalasseus (formerly Sterna) bengalensis
     
     
204. Sandwich Tern (Ed) ______ BU SP SW TU
     Thalasseus (formerly Sterna) s. sandvicensis
     
     
205. Common Tern ______ BU HU PO SP SW TU
     Sterna h. hirundo
     
     
206. Arctic Tern ______ IC SW
     Sterna paradisaea  (monotypic)
     
     
207. Little Tern (Ed) ______  BU PO SP
     Sterna a. albifrons
     
     
208. Black Tern (Ed) ______  BU HU PO RM SP
     Childonias n. niger
     
     
209. White-winged Tern ______ BU HU PO TU
     Childonias leucopterus  (monotypic)
     
     
210. Whiskered Tern (Ed) ______  BU HU PO RM SP TU
     Childonias h. hybrida
     
     
211. Pomarine Skua  ______  SW  (has been called Pomarine Jaeger)
     Stercorarius pomarinus  (monotypic)
     
     
212. Parasitic Jaeger ______  BU IC  (has been called Arctic Skua in Europe)
     Stercorarius parasiticus  (monotypic)
     
     
213. Great Skua ______  CI IC SP
     Stercorarius (formerly Catharacta) skua  (monotypic)
     
     
214. Black Guillemot  (Ed)  ______  IC SW
     Cepphus g. grylle
     
     
215. Common Murre ______  IC SW  (in Europe has been called Guillemot)
     Uria a. aalge 
     
     
     
     
     The bridled form of the Common Murre (or Guillemot)
     
     
216. Thick-billed Murre ______  IC  (in Europe has been called Brunnich's Guillemot)
     Uria l. lomvia
     
     
217. Razorbill ______  IC SP
     Uria torda islandica 
     
     
218. Atlantic Puffin  (Ev) ______  IC
     Fratercula a. arctica 
     
     
     
     
     Atlantic Puffins photographed in Iceland
     
     
219. Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (Ee) ______  SP
     Pterocles a. alchata
     
     
220. Black-bellied Sandgrouse (Ev) ______  CI SP
     Pterocles o. orientalis  (except CI)
     Pterocles orientalis aragonica  (CI) 
     
     
221. Rock Pigeon / Feral Pigeon (i) ______  BU CI HU IC PO RM SK SPp SW TU
     Columba livia  (except CI)
     Columba l. canariensis  (CI) 
     
     
222. Stock Dove (or Stock Pigeon) ______  BU PO RM SP SW TU
     Columba o. oenas
     
     
223. Common Wood Pigeon ______  BU HU PO RM SK SP SW TU
     Columba p. palumbus
     
     
224. Eurasian Collared Dove ______  BU CI HU PO RM SK SPp SW TU
     Streptopelia d. decaocto
     
     
225. European Turtle-Dove (Ed) ______  BU CI HU PO SP TU
     Streptopelia t. turtur
     
     
226. Laughing (or Palm) Dove ______  TU
     Streptopelia senegalensis ermanni
     
     
227. Bolle's Pigeon (t3) (Ev) ______ CI  (has been called Dark-tailed Laurel Pigeon) 
     Columba bolli  (monotypic)
     
     
228. Laurel Pigeon (t3) (Ev) ______ CI  (has been called White-tailed Laurel Pigeon)
     Columba junoniae  (monotypic)
     
     
229. Monk Parakeet (i) ______  CI SP
     Myiopsitta monachus cotorra
     
     
230. Rose-ringed Parakeet (i) ______  TU
     Psittacula krameri
     
     
231. Great Spotted Cuckoo ______ BU SP
     Clamator glandarius  (monotypic)
     
     
232. Common Cuckoo ______  BU HU PO RM SK SP
     Cuculus c. canorus  (except most of SP) 
     Cuculus canorus bangsi  (most of SP) 
     
     
233. Barn Owl (Ed) ______   CI HU PO SP
     Tyto a. alba  (1 of 2 subspecies in CI)
     
     
234. Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Ev) ______ BU HU SP
     Bubo b. bubo (except SP) 
     Bubo bubo hispanus  (SP)
     
     
235. Long-eared Owl  ______ BU HU PO
     Asio o. otus
     
     
236. Short-eared Owl (Ev) ______ HU IC SW
     Asio f. flammeus
     
     
237. Eurasian Scops-Owl (Ed) ______ BU HU RM SPf
     Otus s. scops
     
     
238. Little Owl (Ed) ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Athene noctua indigena  (BU,TU) 
     Athene n. noctua  (HU,PO) 
     Athene noctua vidalii  (SP)  
     
     
     
     
     A painting of a Little Owl & a Dupont's Lark on a wall in Spain
        
     
239. Tawny Owl ______ HU PO SP
     Strix a. aluco  (except SP) 
     Strix aluco sylvatica  (SP) 
     
     
240. Ural Owl ______  HU PO
     Strix uralensis liturata
     
     
     
     
     It's there, in the crevice - a roosting Ural Owl
      
     
241. Boreal Owl ______  PO SK  (has been called Tengmalm's Owl in Europe)
     Aegolius f. funereus 
     
     
242. Eurasian Pygmy-Owl ______ PO
     Glaucidium p. passerinum
     
     
243. Eurasian Nightjar (Ed) ______ BU HU PO SP
     Caprimulgus europaeus
     
     
244. Red-necked Nightjar ______ SP
     Caprimulgus ruficollis
     
     
245. Common Swift ______ BU HU PO SK SPf SW TU
     Apus a. apus
     
     
246. Alpine Swift ______ BU RM SP TU
     Tachymarptis (formerly Apus) m. melba
     
     
247. Pallid Swift ______ BU CI SP TU
     Apus pallidus illyricus  (BU,TU) 
     Apus pallidus brehmorum  (CI,SP) 
     
     
248. White-rumped Swift ______ SP
     Apus caffer  (monotypic)
     
     
249. Little Swift ______ SP(m)
     Apus affinis galilejensis
     
     
250. Plain Swift ______ CI
     Apus unicolor  (monotypic)
     
     
251. Common Kingfisher (Ed) ______ HU SP SW TU
     Alcedo atthis ispida  (except TU) 
     Alcedo a. atthis  (TU) 
     
     
252. European Bee-eater (Ed) ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Merops apiaster  (monotypic)
     
     
253. European Roller (Ed) ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Coracias g. garrulus
     
     
254. Eurasian Hoopoe ______ BU HU PO RM SP TU
     Upupa e. epops
     
     
255. Eurasian Wryneck (Ed) ______ BU HU PO RM SK SP
     Jynx t. torquilla
     
     
256. Black Woodpecker ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW
     Dryocopus martius
     
     
257. Grey-headed Woodpecker (Ed) ______ BU HU PO RM
     Picus c. canus 
     
     
258. European Green Woodpecker (Ed) ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW
     Picus v. viridis  (BU,HU,PO,RM,SW) 
     Picus viridis sharpei  (SP)  ("Iberian Green Woodpecker")   
     
     
259. Syrian Woodpecker ______ BU HU PO RM TU
     Dendrocopos s. syriacus
     
     
260. Great Spotted Woodpecker ______ BU HU PO RM SK SP SW TU
     Dendrocopos m. major  (PO,SW) 
     Dendrocopos major pinetorum  (BU,HU,RM,SK,TU)
     Dendrocopos major hispanus  (SP) 
     
     
261. Middle Spotted Woodpecker ______ BU HU PO RM TU
     Dendrocopos m. medius
     
     
262. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker ______ BU HU PO SW TU
     Dendrocopos m. minor  (SW) 
     Dendrocopos minor hortorum  (BU,HU,PO) 
     Dendrocopos minor danfordi  (TU)  
     
     
263. White-backed Woodpecker ______ HU PO
     Dendrocopos l. leucotos
     
     
264. Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker (Ed)  ______  PO RM SK (was conspecific with the American Three-toed Woodpecker, Picoides dorsalis)
     Picoides tridactylus  
     
     
     
     
     Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker
     
     
265. Dupont's Lark (Ev) ______ SP
     Chersophilus d. duponti
     
     
266. Greater Short-toed Lark (Ev) ______ BU HU SP TU
     Calandrella b. brachydactyla  (except HU) 
     Calandrella brachydactyla hungarica  (HU) 
     
     
267. Lesser Short-toed Lark (Ev) ______ CI SP
     Calandrella rufescens apetzii  (SP) 
     Calandrella rufescens polatzeki (1 of 2 subspecies in CI)  
     
     
268. Calandra Lark (Ed) ______ BU SPp TU
     Melanocorypha c. calandra
     
     
     
     
     Calandra Lark
     
     
269. Woodlark (Ev) ______ BU PO RM SPf SW TU
     Lullula a. arborea  (except SP & TU) 
     Lullula arborea pallida  (SP,TU) 
     
     
270. Eurasian Skylark (Ev) ______ BU HU PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Alauda a. arvensis  (except TU & central SP)
     Alauda arvensis cantarella  (TU) 
     Alauda arvensis sierrae  (central SP) 
     
     
271. Crested Lark (Ed) ______ BU HU PO RM SK SPfp TU
     Galerida c. cristata  (except SP & TU) 
     Galerida cristata pallida  (SP)
     Galerida cristata caucasica  (TU) 
     
     
272. Thekla Lark (Ev) ______ SP
     Galerida t. theklae
     
     
273. Horned Lark ______ PO TU  (has been called Shore Lark in Europe) 
     Eremophila alpestris flava  (PO) 
     Eremophila alpestris penicillata  (TU) 
     
     
274. Barn Swallow (Ed) ______ BU CI HU IC PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Hirundo r. rustica 
     
     
275. Red-rumped Swallow ______ BU SP TU
     Cecropis (formerly Hirundo) daurica rufula
     
     
276. Eurasian Crag-Martin ______ BU RM SPfp TU
     Ptyonoprogne rupestris
     
     
277. Sand Martin (Ed) ______ BU HU PO SP TU  (has been called Bank Swallow in North America)
     Riparia r. riparia
     
     
278. Common House Martin ______ BU CI HU IC PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Delichon u. urbicum
     
     
279. Northern (or Winter) Wren ______ BU HU IC PO RM SK SP SW TU
     Troglodytes t. troglodytes  (except IC,TU & south SP)
     Troglodytes troglodytes islandicus (endemic subspecies in IC, the "Icelandic Wren")
     Troglodytes troglodytes cypriotes  (TU) 
     Troglodytes troglodytes kabylorum (south SP) 
     
     
280. Dunnock ______ BU PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Prunella m. modularis  (except SPf & TU)
     Prunella modularis mabbotti  (SPf)
     Prunella modularis euxima  (TU)  
     
     
281. Alpine Accentor ______ SP TU
     Prunella c. collaris  (SP) 
     Prunella collaris subalpina  (TU) 
     
     
282. White-throated Dipper ______ BU RM PO SP TU
     Cinclus cinclus aquaticus  (except TU & north SP)
     Cinclus c. cinclus  (north SP) 
     Cinclus cinclus caucasicus  (TU)  
     
     
283. Bohemian Waxwing ______ PO
     Bombycilla g. garrulus
     
     
284. Tree Pipit ______ BU HU PO RM SPf SW TU
     Anthus t. trivialis
     
     
285. Meadow Pipit ______ BU IC PO SP SW
     Anthus p. pratensis 
     
     
286. Berthelot's Pipit ______ CI (a Macaronesian endemic)
     Anthus b. berthelotii
     
     
287. Water Pipit ______ BU PO SPf TU
     Anthus s. spinoletta  (except TU) 
     Anthus spinoletta coutellii  (TU) 
     
     
288. Eurasian Rock Pipit  ______  SW  (was considered conspecific with the Water Pipit)
     Anthus petrosus littoralis
     
     
289. Red-throated Pipit ______ BU HU TU
     Anthus cervinus rufogularis
     
     
290. Tawny Pipit (Ev) ______ BU HU PO RM SPf TU
     Anthus c. campestris
     
     
291. Richard's Pipit  ______  SW
     Anthus richardi
     
     
292. White Wagtail ______  BU HU IC PO RM SPf SW TU 
     Motacilla a. alba
     
     
293. Grey Wagtail ______  BU CI HU PO RM SPf SW TU
     Motacilla c. cinerea  (except CI) 
     Motacilla cinerea canaraiensis  (endemic subspecies in CI) 
     
     
294. "Blue-headed" Western Yellow Wagtail ______  BU HU PO  (the Western Yellow Wagtail has been split from the Eastern Yellow Wagtail in eastern Asia & Alaska, Motacilla tschutschensis)
     Motacilla flava flava  
     
     
295. "Grey-headed" Western Yellow Wagtail ______ BU PO SW
     Motacilla flava thunbergi
     
     
296. "Black-headed"  Western Yellow Wagtail ______ BU RM TU
     Motacilla flava feldegg
     
     
297. "Iberian" Western Yellow Wagtail ______ SPp
     Motacilla flava iberiae
     
     
298. Western Yellow Wagtail ______ SP
     Motacilla flava flavissima
     
     
299. Citrine Wagtail ______ PO  (has also been called Yellow-hooded Wagtail) 
     Motacilla citreola werae
     
     
300. Spotted Flycatcher (Ed) ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Muscicapa s. striata
     
     
301. European Pied Flycatcher ______ HU PO SK SPp SW
     Ficedula h. hypoleuca  (except SP) 
     Ficedula hypoleuca iberiae  (SP) 
     
     
302. Collared Flycatcher ______ BU HU PO
     Ficedula albicollis
     
     
303. Semicollared Flycatcher (Ee) ______ BU
     Ficedula semitorquata
     
     
304. Red-breasted Flycatcher ______ BU PO SW  (was considered conspecific with what's now called the Taiga Flycatcher in eastern Asia) 
     Ficedula parva
     
     
305. Whinchat ______ BU HU PO RM SPfp SW TU
     Saxicola rubetra
     
     
306. Eurasian Stone Chat (Ed) ______ BU HU PO RM SPp TU
     Saxicola torquatus rubicola
     
     
307. Canary Islands Bush Chat (nt) (Ev) ______ CI  (has also been called Fuerteventura, or Canarian Chat)
     Saxicola d. dacotiae  (the other Canarian subspecies, S.d.murielae, is now extinct)  
     
     
308. Northern Wheatear ______  BU HU IC PO RM SPf SW TU
     Oenanthe o. oenanthe  (except IC & TU) 
     Oenanthe oenanthe leucorrha  (IC) 
     Oenanthe oenanthe libanotica  (TU) 
     
     
309. Pied Wheatear ______ BU
     Oenanthe pleschanka
     
     
     
     
     A Pied Wheatear in Bulgaria
      
     
310. "Western" Black-eared Wheatear (Ev) ______ SPp
     Oenanthe h. hispanica
     
     
311. "Eastern" Black-eared Wheatear ______ BU TU
     Oenanthe hispanica melanoleuca
     
     
312. Isabelline Wheatear ______ BU TU
     Oenanthe isabellina
     
     
313. Finch's Wheatear ______ TU
     Oenanthe f. finschii
     
     
314. Black Wheatear (Ee) ______ SP
     Oenanthe l. leucura
     
     
315. Black Redstart ______ BU HU PO RM SPf SW TU
     Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis  (except TU & most of SP)
     Phoenicurus o. ochruros  (TU)
     Phoenicurus ochruros aterrimus  (central & south SP)
     
     
316. Common Redstart (Ev) ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Phoenicurus p. phoenicurus  (except TU) 
     Phoenicurus phoenicurus samamisicus  (TU) 
     
     
317. European Robin ______ BU CI HU PO RM SK SPf SW TU  
     Erithacus r. rubecula  (except CI & south SP)
     Erithacus rubecula superbus  (endemic subspecies in CI)
     Erithacus rubecula sardus  (south SP)
     
     
     
     
     A European Robin photographed during a FONT tour 
     in Sweden in September 2007
     (photo by James Scheib)
       
     
318. Common Nightingale ______ BU HU PO RM SPf TU
     Luscinia megarhynchos bachrmanni  (except SP)
     Luscinia m. megarhynchos  (SP) 
     
     
319. Thrush Nightingale (or "Sprosser") ______ BU PO
     Luscinia luscinia
     
     
320. Bluethroat ______ HU PO SP
     Luscinia svecica cyanecula  (except SP) 
     Luscinia svecica nametum  (SP) 
     
     
321. Rufous-tailed Scrub-Robin ______ SP
     Cercotrichas g. galactotes
     
     
322. Blue Rock Thrush (Ev) ______ BU SP TU
     Monticola s. solitarius
     
     
323. Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush (Ed) ______ BU RM SP
     Monticola saxatilis
     
     
324. Common Blackbird ______ BU CI HU PO RM SPf SW TU
     Turdus m. merula  (except CI & TU)
     Turdus merula cabrerae  (endemic subspecies in CI)
     Turdus merula aterrimus  (TU) 
     
     
325. Ring Ouzel ______ BU PO RM
     Turdus torquatus alpestris
     
     
326. Fieldfare ______ PO RM SW
     Turdus pilaris
     
     
327. Redwing ______ IC PO SP SW
     Turdus i. iliacus  (except IC)
     Turdus iliacus coburni  (IC) 
     
     
328. Song Thrush ______ BU HU PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Turdus p. philomelos  (in eastern Europe)
     Turdus philomelos clarkei  (in western Europe) 
     
     
329. Mistle Thrush ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Turdus v. viscivorus
     
     
330. Zitting Cisticola ______ BU SP TU  (has also been called Fan-tailed Warbler, but a non-related species is so-named in Mexico; additionally the cisticolas are now in a family apart from the Old World Warblers) 
     Cisticola j. juncidis  (except SP)
     Cisticola juncidis cisticola  (SP) 
     
     
331. Common Grasshopper Warbler ______ BU HU PO
     Locustella n. naevia
     
     
332. Cetti's Warbler ______ SP TU
     Cettia c. cetti  (except TU)
     Cettia cetti sericea  (TU)
     
     
333. Savi's Warbler ______ HU PO SP
     Locustella l. luscinioides
     
     
334. River Warbler ______  BU HU PO
     Locustella fluviatilis
     
     
335. Marsh Warbler ______  BU HU PO
     Acrocephalus palustris
     
     
336. Eurasian Reed Warbler ______  BU HU PO SPp TU  (the former European Reed Warbler is now considered conspecific with the also former Caspian Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus fuscus)   
     Acrocephalus scirpaceus
     
     
337. Great Reed Warbler ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Acrocephalus a. arundinaceus
     
     
338. Aquatic Warbler (t3) (Ee) ______   HU PO
     Acrocephalus paludicola
     
     
339. Sedge Warbler ______  BU HU PO TU
     Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
     
     
340. Moustached Warbler ______  BU HU SP TU
     Acrocephalus m. melanopogon
     
     
341. Paddyfield Warbler ______ BU
     Acrocephalus agricola septimus
     
     
342. Western Olivaceous Warbler (Ev) ______ SP
     Hippolais opaca (SP)
     
     
343. Eastern Olivaceous Warbler ______  BU TU
     Hippolais pallida elaeica
     
     
344. Olive-tree Warbler (Er) ______ BU
     Hippolais olivetorum
     
     
345. Melodious Warbler ______ SPp
     Hippolais polyglotta
     
     
346. Icterine Warbler ______ BU HU PO
     Hippolais icterina
     
     
347. Common Whitethroat ______ BU HU PO RM SPfp TU
     Sylvia c. communis
     
     
348. Lesser Whitethroat ______  BU HU PO TU
     Sylvia c. curruca
     
     
349. Garden Warbler ______  BU PO SP
     Sylvia b. borin
     
     
350. Barred Warbler ______  BU HU PO
     Sylvia n. nisoria
     
     
351. Eurasian Blackcap ______  BU CI HU IC PO RM SK SW SPf TU
     Sylvia a. atricapilla  (except CI & SP) 
     Sylvia atricapilla obscura  (endemic subspecies in CI) 
     Sylvia atricapilla pauluccii  (SP) 
     
     
352. Orphean Warbler (Ev) ______ BU SP 
     Sylvia hortensis crassirostris  (BU)  ("Eastern Orphean Warbler")
     Sylvia h. hortensis  (SP)  ("Western Orphean Warbler") 
     
     
353. Sardinian Warbler ______ BU CI SP TU
     Sylvia m. melanocephala (except CI)
     Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra (endemic subspecies in CI, one of 2 subspecies there)
     
     
354. Subalpine Warbler ______ BU SP TU
     Sylvia cantillans
     
     
355. Spectacled Warbler ______ CI SP
     Sylvia conspicillata
     
     
356. Dartford Warbler (Ev) ______ SP
     Sylvia undata
     
     
357. Willow Warbler ______  BU PO SK SP SW TU
     Phylloscopus t. trochilus  (in western Europe)
     Phylloscopus trochilus acredula  (in north, central, eastern Europe)
     
     
358. Western Bonelli's Warbler ______  SP 
     Phylloscopus bonelli
     
     
359. Eastern Bonelli's Warbler ______ BU
     Phylloscopus orientalis
     
     
360. Wood Warbler ______ BU HU PO SW
     Phylloscopus sibilatrix
     
     
361. Common Chiffchaff ______ BU HU PO RM SK SW SPp TU
     Phylloscopus c. collybita
     Phylloscopus collybita abietinus 
     (these 2 subspecies overlap in migration)
     
     
362. Iberian Chiffchaff ______ SPf (was considered conspecific with the Common Chiffchaff)
     Phylloscopus brehmii
     
     
363. Canary Islands Chiffchaff ______ CI  (was considered conspecific with the Common Chiffchaff)
     Phylloscopus c. canariensis  (the other Canarian subspecies extinct since the beginning of the 20th Century) 
     
     
364. Yellow-browed Warbler (Vsib) ______  SW   
     Phylloscopus inornatus
     
     
365. Green Warbler ______ TU  (was considered conspecific with the Greenish Warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides)
     Phylloscopus nitidus
     
     
366. Firecrest ______ BU PO RM SP
     Regulus i. ignicapillus
     
     
367. Goldcrest ______ BU IC PO RM SK SP SW TU
     Regulus r. regulus  (except TU) 
     Regulus regulus buturlini  (TU) 
     
     
368. "Canary Islands Goldcrest" ______ CI (this subspecies of the Goldcrest has also been called the "Tenerife, or Canarian, Kinglet")
     Regulus regulus teneriffae 
     
     
369. Great Tit ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Parus m. major  (except south SP)
     Parus major corsus  (south SP)
     
     
370. Blue Tit ______ BU CI HU PO RM SK SPp SW TU
     Cyanistes (formerly Parus) c. caeruleus  (except CI & central & south SP)
     Cyanistes (formerly Parus) caeruleus teneriffae  (endemic subspecies in CI, one of 4 endemic subspecies there)
     Cyanistes (formerly Parus) caeruleus ogliastrae  (central & south SP) 
     
     
371. Coal Tit ______ BU PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Periparus (formerly Parus) a. ater  (except SP)
     Periparus (formerly Parus) arus ater vieirae  (SP)  
     
     
372. Marsh Tit ______ BU HU PO RM SPf SW TU
     Poecile (formerly Parus) p. palustris  (except TU)
     Poecile (formerly Parus) palustris stagnatilis  (TU)
     
     
373. Willow Tit ______ BU PO RM SK
     Poecile (formerly Parus) m. montanus
     
     
374. Sombre Tit ______ BU TU
     Poecile (formerly Parus) lugubris anatoliae
     
     
375. European Crested Tit ______ BU PO SK SPf SW TU
     Lophophanes (formerly Parus) c. cristatus  (except SP)
     Lophophanes (formerly Parus) cristatus mitratus  (north SP)
     Lophophanes (formerly Parus) cristatus weigoldi  (central & south SP)
     
     
376. Long-tailed Bushtit ______ BU HU PO SK SP SW TU  (has been called Long-tailed Tit)
     Aegithalos c. caudatus  (except BU,HU,SK,SP,TU)
     Aegithalos caudatus europaeus  (BU,HU,SK)
     Aegithalos caudatus tephronotus  (TU) 
     Aegithalos caudatus taiti  (north SP)
     Aegithalos caudatus irbii  (central & south SP)
     
     
377. Eurasian Penduline-Tit ______ BU HU PO SP
     Remiz p. pendulinus
     
     
378. Bearded Reedling ______ BU HU (has been called Bearded Tit)
     Panurus b. biarmicus
     
     
379. Eurasian Nuthatch ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Sitta e. europaea  (PO)
     Sitta europaea caesia  (BU,HU,RM,SW, north SP)
     Sitta europaea hispaniensis  (central SP) 
     Sitta europaea levantina  (west TU)
     Sitta europaea caucasica  (north & east TU)
     
     
     
     
     Eurasian Nuthatch
     Sitta europaea caesia
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
380. Kruper's Nuthatch ______ TU  (nearly endemic to TU)
     Sitta krueperi
     
     
381. Western Rock Nuthatch ______ BU TU
     Sitta n. neumayer
     
     
382. Wallcreeper ______ RM SP
     Tichodroma m. muraria
     
     
     
     
     The Wallcreeper
     
     
383. Eurasian Treecreeper ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW
     Certhia f. familiaris  (except SP)
     Certhia familiaris macrodactyla  (SP) 
     
     
384. Short-toed Treecreeper ______ BU HU PO SP TU
     Certhia b. brachydactyla  (except SP & TU)
     Certhia brachydactyla megarhyncha  (SP)
     Certhia brachydactyla harteri  (TU)
     
     
385. Northern Grey Shrike ______ PO RM SW  (also called Great Grey Shrike, conspecific with the Northern Shrike of North America)
     Lanius e. excubitor (SW)
     Lanius excubitor homeyeri (PO, RM)  
     
      
386. Southern Grey Shrike (Ed) ______ CI SPp  (was conspecific with the Northern, or Great, Grey Shrike that's been called Northern Shrike in North America; in the Asian part of its range, called the "Steppe Shrike")
     Lanius m. meridionalis  (except CI)
     Lanius meridionalis koenigi  (endemic subspecies in CI)
     
     
387. Lesser Grey Shrike (Ed) ______  BU HU RM TU
     Lanius minor
     
     
388. Masked Shrike (Ev) ______ BU
     Lanius nubicus
     
     
389. Woodchat Shrike (Ev) ______ BU SP TU
     Lanius s. senator  (except SP)
     Lanius senator rutilans  (SP)
     
     
390. Red-backed Shrike (Ed) ______ BU HU PO RM SK SPf TU
     Lanius c. collurio
     
     
     
     
     Red-backed Shrike
     
     
391. Eurasian Jay ______ BU HU PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Garrulus g. glandarius  (except TU & most of SP)
     Garrulus glandarius fasciatus  (most of SP)
     Garrulus glandarius ferdinandi  (European TU)
     Garrulus glandarius anatoliae  (Asian TU)
     
     
392. Spotted Nutcracker ______ BU HU PO RM SK SW
     Nucifraga c. caryocatactes
     
     
393. Iberian Magpie (i?) ______ SP  (has been considered conspecific with Azure-winged Magpie of eastern Asia)
     Cyanopica cooki
     
     
394. Eurasian Magpie ______ BU HU PO RM SK SPfp SW TU  (has been considered conspecific with Black-billed Magpie of North America)
     Pica p. pica  (except most of SP)
     Pica pica melanotos  (most of SP)
     
     
395. Red-billed Chough (Ev) ______ SPf
     Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax erythrorhamphus
     
     
396. Alpine Chough ______ SP TU
     Pyrrhocorax g. graculus
     
     
397. Northern Raven ______ BU CI HU IC PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Corvus c. corax  (except CI,IC,TU, & most of SP)
     Corvus corax canariensis  (a rare subspecies in CI)
     Corvus corax varius  (IC)
     Corvus corax laurenci  (TU)
     Corvus corax hispanus  (most of SP)
     
     
398. Rook ______ BU HU PO RM SW TU
     Corvus f. frugilegus
     
     
399. Hooded Crow ______  BU HU PO RM SW TU
     Corvus cornix
     
      
400. Carrion Crow ______  SPf
     Corvus corone
     
     
401. Western Jackdaw ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Corvus m. monedula  (except SP & TU)
     Corvus monedula spermologus  (SP)
     Corvus monedula soemmerringii  (TU)
     
     
     
     
     Western Jackdaw
     (photographed during the September 2007 FONT tour in Sweden
      by James Scheib)
      
     
402. Common Starling ______ BU HU IC PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Sturnus vulgaris
     
     
403. Spotless Starling ______ SPp
     Sturnus unicolor
     
     
404. Rosy Starling ______ BU IC SW  (has been called Rose-colored Starling)
     Sturnus roseus
     
     
405. Common Myna (i) ______ CI SP
     Acridotheres tristis
     
     
406. Eurasian Golden Oriole ______ BU HU PO RM SK SP TU
     Oriolus o. oriolus
     
     
407. House Sparrow (i) ______ BU HU PO RM SK SPfp SW TU
     Passer d. domesticus
     
     
408. Spanish Sparrow ______ BU CI SP TU
     Passer h. hispaniolensis
     
     
409. Eurasian Tree Sparrow ______ BU HU PO RM SK SP SW TU
     Passer m. montanus
     
     
410. Rock Sparrow  ______ SP TU  (has also been called Rock Petronia)
     Petronia petronia  (the single member of its genus)
     Petronia p. petronia  (except CI)
     Petronia petronia madeirensis  (endemic subspecies in CI)
     
     
411. Common Chaffinch ______ BU CI HU PO RM SK SPf SW TU
     Fringilla c. coelebs  (except CI & SP)
     Fringilla coelebs canariensis  (formerly F.c.tintillon)  (endemic subspecies in CI)
     Fringilla coelebs balearica  (SP)
     
     
412. Blue Chaffinch (nt) (Ev) ______ CI  (also called "Teydefinch") 
     Fringilla t. teydea  (1 of 2 subspecies in CI)
     
     
413. Brambling ______ PO SW
     Fringilla montifringilla  (monotypic)
     
     
414. European Goldfinch ______ BU CI HU PO RM SK SPfp SW TU
     Carduelis c. carduelis  (except CI,TU, & some in SP in the winter)
     Carduelis carduelis parva  (CI)
     Carduelis carduelis niediecki  (TU)
     Carduelis carduelis britannica  (some in SP in the winter) 
     
     
415. Eurasian Siskin ______ IC PO RM SP SW
     Carduelis spinus
     
     
416. Common Redpoll ______ SW  
     Carduelis flammea cabaret  ("Lesser Redpoll")
     
     
417. "Icelandic" Common Redpoll ______ IC  (a subspecies of the Common Redpoll)
     Carduelis flammea islandica  
     
     
418. European Greenfinch ______ BU CI HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Carduelis c. chloris  (except CI,SP,TU)
     Carduelis chloris aurantilventris  (CI,SP)
     Carduelis chloris muehlei  (TU)
     
     
419. Common Linnet ______ BU CI HU PO RM SPf SW TU
     Carduelis c. cannabina  (except CI,SP,TU)
     Carduelis cannabina meadewaldoi  (1 of 2 endemic subspecies in CI)
     Carduelis cannabina mediterranea  (SP,TU)
     
     
420. Eurasian Bullfinch ______ BU PO RM SK SP SW
     Pyrrhula p. pyrrhula  (except SP)
     Pyrrhula pyrrhula iberiae  (SP)
     
     
421. Hawfinch ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Coccothraustes c. coccothraustes
     
     
422. Citril Finch ______  SPf (was considered conspecific with what's now the Corsican Finch, Carduelis corsicana)
     Carduelis citrinella  (monotypic)
     
     
423. European Serin ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW TU
     Serinus serinus  (monotypic)
     
     
424. Atlantic Canary ______ CI (endemic to CI)  (has been called Island Canary)
     Serinus canaria  (monotypic)
     
     
425. Trumpeter Finch (Er) ______ CI
     Bucanetes githagineus amantum  (endemic subspecies in CI)
     
     
426. Common Rosefinch ______ PO  (has also been called Scarlet Rosefinch)
     Carpodacus e. erythrinus
     
     
427. Red Crossbill ______ BU RM SK SPf SW 
     Loxia c. curvirostra
     
     
428. Parrot Crossbill ______ SW
     Loxia pytyopsittacus
     
     
429. Two-barred Crossbill ______ SW  (has been called White-winged Crossbill in North America)
     Loxia leucoptera bifasciata
     
     
430. Corn Bunting ______ BU CI HU PO RM SK SP SW TU
     Emberiza (formerly Miliaria) c. calandria  (except CI)
     Emberiza (formerly Miliaria) calandria thanneri  (CI)
     
     
431. "Western" Rock Bunting (Ev) ______ BU RM SPf TU
     Emberiza c. cia
     
     
432. Cirl Bunting ______ BU SP TU
     Emberiza cirlus  (monotypic)
     
     
433. Yellowhammer ______ BU HU PO RM SP SW
     Emberiza c. citrinella
     
     
434. Ortolan Bunting (Ev) ______ BU RM PO SP
     Emberiza hortulana  (monotypic)
     
     
435. Black-headed Bunting (Ev) ______ BU
     Emberiza melanocephala  (monotypic)
     
     
436. Common Reed Bunting ______ BU HU PO SW SP
     Emberiza s. schoeniclus  (except HU & SP)
     Emberiza schoeniclus stresmanni  (HU)
     Emberiza schoeniclus witherbyi  (SP)
     
     
437. Snow Bunting ______ IC SW
     Plectrophenax n. nivalis  (SW)
     Plectrophenax nivalis insulae  (IC) 
     
     
     

Excellent reference and guide books for the birds of Europe include:
 
"Complete Guide to the Birds of Europe", with text by Lars Svensson and Peter Grant, illustrated by Killian Mullarney and Dan Zetterstrom, 1999. Harper Collins & Princeton Univ Press

"Birds of Europe with North Africa & the Middle East", by Lars Jonsson, 1993, Princeton Univ Press

Other related books:

"Raptors of the World", by James Ferguson-Lee & David Christie, 2001, Houghton Mifflin

"Icelandic Bird Guide", by Oli Johann, 2000, Prentsmidjan Oddi hf.

"Owls - A Guide to the Owls of the World", by C. Konig, Friedhelm Weick, & Jan-Hendrik Becking, 1999, Yale University Press

"Owls of Europe", by Heimo Mikkola, 1983, T & A D Poyser

"Guia de las Aves de las Islas Canarias", by Jose manuel Moreno, 1988, Editorial Interinsular Canaria, S.A.

"La Guia de Incafo de las Aves de la Peninsula Iberica", by Ramon Saez-Royuela, 1980, Incafo.

"Woodpeckers - An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World", by Hans Winkler, David Christie, & David Nurney, 1995, Houghton Mifflin

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