The Birds of 
North America 


Jaegers to Cuckoos


Part 3 of a List of
North American Birds
compiled by Armas Hill






Noting those found during Focus On Nature Tours in Alaska, Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, North Carolina, Nebraska, Newfoundland, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Washington State, & Wyoming, including offshore pelagic trips  

Birds found during FONT tours & pelagic trips have an (*).   

PHOTO AT UPPER RIGHT: ROSS'S GULL 
(photo by Alan Brady)



CODES:

In the list that follows, pertaining to FONT tours, the US state or Canadian province & the months are noted.

(The codes below relate to the United States unless indicated otherwise) 

AK:    Alaska
AZ:    Arizona
BC:    British Columbia, Canada (until 2001, during our West Coast Tours in September) 
CA:    California  (during our September West Coast Tours)
CO:    Colorado
DE:    Delaware (including offshore pelagic trips from DE & some land-birding tours) 
FL:     Florida
IA:     Iowa  (with our Nebraska Tours in March)
KS:    Kansas  (with our Colorado Tours in April)
NC:    North Carolina  (including offshore pelagic trips and spring & summer land-birding tours)
NE:    Nebraska  (tours in March & with our Colorado tours in April) 
NF:    Newfoundland, Canada
NM:   New Mexico  (with our West Texas Tours in the spring & our Arizona Tours in the late-summer)   
OK:   Oklahoma  (with our Colorado Tours in April)    
TX:    Texas
VA:    Virginia  (in conjunction with a NC Tour in the spring)
WA:   Washington State  (during our September West Coast Tours) 
WY:   Wyoming  (with our Colorado Tours in April)

During FONT pelagic trips:

DEP:    offshore from Delaware
CAP:    offshore from California  
NCP:    offshore from North Carolina 
NJP:    offshore from New Jersey
WAP:   offshore from Washington State 

The months when the birds have been found are with the above codes. 

(ac):        north of the Arctic Circle 
(DT):       in the area of the Dry Tortugas islands in Florida
(PI):        at the Pribilof Islands in Alaska


(USe):          endemic to the USA 
(USqe):        quasi (or nearly) endemic to the USA
(USeb):        endemic-breeder in USA 
(USneb):      near-endemic breeder in the USA
(NAi):           species introduced into North America
(NAri):          re-introduced species
(r/NA):          rare in North America, having occurred in both the United States & Canada 
(r/US):          rare in the United States

(t): a globally threatened or rare species, designated by Birdlife International
(t1): critical   (t2): endangered   (t3): vulnerable
(nt): a near-threatened species globally


(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT web-site  

       
Links:

North American Birds, Part #1 of List:  Grouse to Anhinga

North American Birds, Part #2 of List:  Condor to Shorebirds 

North American Birds, Part #4 of List:  Owls to Flycatchers

North American Birds, Part #5 of List:  Shrikes to Pipits

North American Birds, Part #6 of List:  Olive Warbler to Buntings

Birds (with some photos) during FONT Tours in:

Alaska   Arizona   California   Colorado    North Carolina    Texas    Washington State 

North American Mammals  (with some photos)

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in North America

Directory of Photos in this Website 

A Photo Gallery of Birds that in North America would be Rare

List of Birds:

357. Pomarine Jaeger (*) (ph) ______ AK:may,jun  CAP:sep  DEP:may,jun,sep  FL:apr (DT)  NCP:may,jun,aug  NJP:may,sep,nov,dec  WAP:sep   (has also been called Pomarine Skua)
     Stercorarius pomarinus
     
     Outside North America, the Pomarine Skua has been seen during FONT tours in Chile (at sea), Japan (at sea), Sweden, and south of the US during FONT tours in Dominica (offshore in March/April).
     
     
358. Parasitic Jaeger (*) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  CAP:sep  DEP:jun  NC:aug  NCP:jun,aug  NJP:may,aug,sep,nov  WAP:sep  (called Arctic Skua in the Old World) 
     Stercorarius parasiticus 
     
     Outside North America, the Arctic Skua, or Parasitic Jaeger, has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Chile, Iceland, Japan. 
     In Iceland, where the species breeds, both the light and the dark morphs have been commonly observed.  
     
     South of the US, the Parasitic Jaeger has been seen during FONT tours in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, where one time a few were seen resting on a beach.)
     
     
     
     
     An immature Parasitic Jaeger
     (photo by Jens B. Bruun)
     
     
359. Long-tailed Jaeger (*) (ph) ______  AK:may,jun  (PI)  CAP:sep  DEP:sep  NCP:may,aug  NJP:may,aug,sep  WAP:sep  (called Long-tailed Skua in the Old World) 
     Stercorarius longicaudus
     
     Outside North America, the Long-tailed Jaeger has been seen during FONT tours in Chile (at sea).
      
     
360. South Polar Skua (*) ______  CAP:sep  DEP:jun,sep  NCP:may,jun,aug  NJP:may,aug  WAP:sep
     Stercorarius (formerly Catharacta) maccormicki
     
     A species of the Southern Hemisphere.  
     
     Outside North America, the South Polar Skua has been seen during FONT tours, during the spring & summer of the Northern Hemisphere, in the Canary Islands, Japan, and south of the US the South Polar Skua has been seen during FONT tours in Chile. 
     
     
361. Subantarctic Skua  (*) ______  (r/NA)   NJP:may,aug  (has also been called Brown Skua)
     Stercorarius antarcticus
     
     A species of the Southern Hemisphere. Photos have been taken of some birds that appear to be this species off the Mid-Atlantic Coast of North America. However, the Subantarctic Skua has been found to hybridize with the South Polar Skua, and so genetic analysis would help giving a firm ID.    
     
     South of the US, the Subantarctic Skua has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Chile (southern).
       
     
362. Great Skua (*) (ph) ______ NJP:dec
     Stercoraius (formerly Catharacta) skua
     
     Outside North America, the Great Skua has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland, Spain (in the winter). More Great Skuas breed in Iceland than anywhere else in the world.
     
     South of the US, the Great Skua has been seen during FONT tours in Dominica (at sea in March/April)  
      
     
363. Laughing Gull (*) (ph) ______ DE:may,jun  FL:apr  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  TX:apr,may
     Leucophaeus (formerly Larus) atricilla
     
     South of the US, the Laughing Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, the Cayman Islands, Chile (far-north), Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico (with an obvious seasonal fluctuation in numbers), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Venezuela.
     
     
364. Franklin's Gull (*) (ph) ______ CO:apr  IA:mar  KS:apr  NE:mar  TX:may  WA:sep  WY:apr
     Leucophaeus (formerly Larus) pipixcan
     
     South of the US, the Franklin's Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Chile (mostly at sea), Costa Rica, the Galapagos Islands (of Ecuador), Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.  
     
     
365. Bonaparte's Gull (*) (ph) ______ AK:may,jun  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:apr  DE:may  KS:apr  NE:mar  WA:sep  WY:apr
     Chroicocephalus (formerly Larus) philadelphia
     
     South of the US, the Bonaparte's Gull has been seen during a FONT tour in Mexico (Sonora).
     
     
     
     
     A first-winter Bonaparte's Gull
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
366. Black-headed Gull (*) (ph) ______ AK:may,jun (PI)  WA:sep     
     Chroicocephalus (formerly Larus) ridibudus 
     
     A Black-headed Gull was seen in the Puget Sound area of Washington State during the FONT West Coast Tour in September 2004.   
     
     A mostly Old World species. Outside North America, the Black-headed Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Iceland, Japan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Turkey.
     
     
367. Heermann's Gull (nt) (*) (ph) ______  CA:sep  BC:sep  WA:sep
     Larus heermanni
     
     South of the US, the Heermann's Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico. The Heermann's Gull is an endemic Mexican breeder.
        
     
368. Mew Gull (*) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  BC:sep  WA:sep   
     (called Common Gull in Eurasia; the subspecies in eastern Asia is called the "Kamchatka Gull")
     Larus canus brachyrhynchus
     
     The two subspecies normally ranging in Eurasia occur rarely in North America. The Asian "Kamchatka Gull", L. c. kamtschatschensis, occurs rarely in the Aleutians and on other Alaskan islands. The European race, L. c. canus, occurs rarely in northeastern North America. It is annual in Newfoundland, Canada.     
     
     Outside North America, the Common, or Mew, Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Hungary, Iceland, Japan (the "Kamchatka Gull"), Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden. 
     
     
369. Ring-billed Gull (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jul  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:may  FL:apr (DT)  IA:mar  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NE:mar  NF:jul  TX:apr,may  WA:sep  WY:apr
     Larus delawarensis
     
     South of the US, the Ring-billed Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica (where rare), Dominica (where rare), the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico.
     
     
370. California Gull (*) (ph) ______  AZ:aug  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  TX:may  WA:sep  WY:apr
     Larus californicus
     
     Away from its breeding & wintering ranges in western North America, the species also occurs rarely to the east across the continent to the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in the winter.
     
     South of the US, the California Gull has been seen during a FONT tour in Mexico (Sonora). 
      
     
371. "American" Herring Gull (*) ______ CA:sep  CO:apr  DE:may,sep  FL:apr (DT)  IA:mar  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NE:mar  NF:jul  TX:apr  WA:sep  WY:apr
     Larus argentatus smithsonianus
     
     A race of the "European" Herring Gull, Larus argentatus argentaeus, of western Europe (including Iceland & the Faroe Islands), occurs rarely in Newfoundland, Canada. The nominate, L. a. argentatus, also ranges in Europe, but generally further east.      
     
     Outside North America, the "European" Herring Gull has been seen during FONT birding tours in Iceland, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and south of the US in the Dominican Republic, Mexico (Sonora), Panama, Puerto Rico.  
     
     
372. Vega Gull (*) (ph) ______  AK;may,jun (PI)  (has been part of the Herring Gull)
     Larus vegae   
     
     A bird of east Asia. Outside North America, the Vega Gull has been seen commonly during FONT tours in Japan.
     
     
373. Lesser Black-backed Gull (*) (ph) ______  DEP:jun  NJP:may,jun,dec
     Larus fuscus graellsii   
     
     A primarily Old World species of the western Palearctic. But recently it has become more common, during the non-breeding season, at certain places in eastern North America, for example, in the US, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where hundreds can occur. It also occurs less commonly elsewhere in eastern North America, and rarely on the West Coast of the continent and in Alaska.   
     
     Outside North America, the Lesser Black-backed Gull, including the "Baltic Gull", L. f. fuscus, has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Iceland ( L. f. graellsii ), Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey. 
     The population of Lesser Black-backed Gulls in Iceland in the summer has increased considerably in recent decades.
     
     Further east in Eurasia, the Heuglin's Gull, Larus heuglini, has been considered as part of the Lesser Black-backed Gull. It has also been said by some to be conspecific with the Herring Gull, Larus argentatus. 
     Outside North America, the Heuglin's Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Japan.
     
     South of the US, the Lesser Black-backed Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Dominica (where rare), the Dominican Republic, Guatemala (where rare), Mexico (the Yucatan), Panama (where rare), Puerto Rico (where on occasion surprisingly common, but local).  
           
      
374. Great Black-backed Gull (*) (ph) ______ DE:may,jun,sep  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NF:jul  NJP:may,jul,aug,sep,nov,dec 
     Larus marinus 
     
     Outside North America, the Great Black-backed Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland, Poland, Spain, Sweden.
     
     South of the US, the Great Black-backed Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Puerto Rico (where rare).
     
     
     
     
     Great Black-backed Gull - the largest gull in the world
     (photo by Doris Potter)
     
     
375. Slaty-backed Gull (*) (ph) ______  (r/NA)   AK:may,jun (PI)
     Larus schistisagus
     
     An east Asian species. It occurs rarely in coastal Alaska, most often in the Bering Sea area. Also it occurs rarely in the winter south along the Pacific Coast of North America, and more rarely elsewhere across the continent, with sightings recently in Colorado, Florida, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Newfoundland, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin. Maybe due to better coverage in bird guidebooks, there has, during the decade 2000-10, been an increase in sightings across North America.   
     
     Outside North America, the Slaty-backed Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Japan, and especially in Hokkaido where the bird is very common in the winter.
      
     
376. Iceland Gull (*) (ph) ______ NJP:dec
     Larus glaucoides kumlieni
     
     The other subspecies of the Iceland Gull, L. g. glaucoides, occurs rarely in northeast North America.   
     
     Outside North America, the Iceland Gull has been seen during a FONT tour in Japan on Hokkaido (where rare). 
     
     Also during FONT tours, the Iceland Gull has been seen in Iceland, where the bird is a non-breeding visitor. They breed in Greenland, and they are a different subspecies than the Iceland Gulls of most of  North America. Those in Iceland, L. g. glaucoides.. 
     
     The prevalent Iceland Gull of North America, Larus g. kumlieni, has been referred to as the "Kumlien's Gull", which has been said by some to be a hybrid between L. g. glauciodes and the Thayer's Gull.          
     
     
377. Glaucous Gull (*) (ph) ______  AK:may,jun (ac) (PI)  BC:sep  NJP:dec  TX:may
     Larus hyperboreus
     
     Outside North America, the Glaucous Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland, Japan (especially in Hokkaido where the bird is common in the winter).
     
     
     
     
     An immature Glaucous Gull
      
     
378. Glaucous-winged Gull (*) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  BC:sep  CA:sep  WA:sep
     Larus glaucescens
     
     Outside North America, the Glaucous-winged Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Japan.
     
     
379. Western Gull (*) ______  CA:sep  BC:sep  WA:sep
     Larus occidentalis 
     
     
380. Little Gull  (ph) ______
     Hydrocoloeus (formerly Larus) minutus
     
     Mostly a species of the western Palearctic in the Old World, but in North America it has bred irregularly in Canada from the Great Lakes to the Hudson Bay. It occurs rarely in the area of the Great Lakes in migration, and along the East Coast of the US in the winter. It has occurred more rarely elsewhere in North America.
     
     Outside North America, the Little Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain, Turkey. 
       
     
381. Black-tailed Gull  (ph) ______  (r/NA)
     Larus crassirostris
     
     An east Asian species, as a breeder nearly endemic to Japan. In North America, it occurs rarely in coastal Alaska, and more rarely elsewhere including the California and the East Coast.   
     
     Outside North America, the Black-tailed Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Japan; commonly seen there, especially during spring tours. 
      
     
382. Belcher's Gull ______  (r/US)  (was part of the Band-tailed Gull, with the Olrog's Gull of southeastern South America now distinct)
     Larus belcheri
     
     A species normally along the west coast of South America. It has occurred rarely in California and Florida.
     
     South of the US, the Belcher's Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Chile. 
     
     
383. Kelp Gull  (ph) ______  (r/US)  (at various places in the Southern Hemisphere called the Dominican Gull)
     Larus dominicanus
     
     A widespread & common circumpolar species of the Southern Hemisphere. It has occurred rarely along the Gulf Coast of the US. A few nested on Chandeleur Island, southeast Louisiana, for about a decade starting in the early 1990s. This resulted in some pure Kelp pairings, and some mixed pairings with Herring Gulls that produced hybrids. 
     In Texas, an adult was found at Galveston in January 1996, remaining there until April.
     The species has occurred more rarely elsewhere in North America, including a bird present multiple-winters in Maryland, and another bird in Indiana.
     Additionally, in the Northern Hemisphere, there have been occurrences in Mexico along the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, starting in 1993, and in northern Tamaulipas.    
     
     South of the US, the Kelp Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Uruguay.
        
     
384. Yellow-legged Gull  (ph) ______  (r/NA)
     Larus michahellis atlantis 
     
     An Old World species. It has been conspecific with what is now the Caspian Gull, Larus cachinnans. Further east in Eurasia, the now Mongolian Gull, Larus mongolicus, has been also been conspecific.
     
     The Yellow-legged Gull occurs rarely along the East Coast of North America, from Newfoundland south to the mid-Atlantic states of the US.
     
     Outside North America, the Yellow-legged Gull has been seen during FONT tours in the Canary Islands, Spain.
     Also outside North America, the Caspian Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Sweden (where rare), Turkey.  The Mongolian Gull has been seen during FONT tours outside North America in Japan.  
     
     
385. Yellow-footed Gull  (ph) ______
     Larus livens
     
     To the south of the US, the Yellow-footed Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico (Sonora).
     
     
386. Thayer's Gull ______
     Larus thayeri 
     
     A species that has a confused and controversial taxonomy. It has on occasion been treated as a subspecies of both the Herring Gull and the Iceland Gull. With the Iceland Gull, it hybridizes. Identification of the Thayer's Gull can be difficult.   
     
     Outside North America, the Thayer's Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Japan in the winter. The species is rare there.
     
     South of the US, a bird appearing to be Thayer's Gull was seen once during a FONT tour in Mexico (along the Pacific coast).
      
     
387. Gray-hooded Gull ______  (r/NA)
     Chroicocephalus (formerly Larus) cirrocephalus
     
     A species of southern South America & Africa. An adult was photographed at Apalachicola, Florida on December 26, 1998.  
     
     South of the US, the Gray-hooded Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Ecuador.
     
     
388. Ivory Gull (*) (ph) ______  AK:may,jun
     Pagophila eburnea  (the single member of its genus)
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     ABOVE: 3 photographs of immature Ivory Gulls
     (the top & middle photos by Howard Eskin in 2009; the bottom photo by Alan Brady in 1975)
     
     
389. Ross's Gull (*) (ph) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)
     Hydrocoloeus (formerly Rhodostethia) rosea  (the single member of its genus) 
     
     Outside North America, the Ross's Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Japan (where rare in the winter). 
      
     
     
     
     ABOVE & BELOW; Two photos of Ross's Gulls
     
     
     
     
390. Sabine's Gull  (*) (ph) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  CAP:sep  WAP:sep
     Xema sabini  (the single member of its genus)
     
     Outside North America, the Sabine's Gull has been seen during FONT tours in Chile (at sea), Iceland (where rare), Sweden (where rare).
     
     
     
     
     A juvenile Sabine's Gull
     (photo by Jens Bruun)
      
     
391. Black-legged Kittiwake (*) (ph) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  NJP:may,nov,dec  WAP:sep
     Rissa tridactyla
     
     Outside North America, the Black-legged Kittiwake has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland (at nesting sites), Japan (mostly at sea), Sweden (an uncommon migrant).
     
     
392. Red-legged Kittiwake (t3) (*) (ph) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  
     Rissa revirostris
     
     In the mid-1970s, the total population of the Red-legged Kittiwake was estimated at about 260,000 individuals. It declined to about 168,000 by the mid-1990s. Much of this decline was in the Pribilof Islands of Alaska.   
     
     
     
     
     A Red-legged Kittiwake during a FONT Tour in Alaska
     
     
393. Gull-billed Tern (*) ______ NC:may,jun,jul,aug  TX:apr,may
     Gelochelidon (formerly Sterna) nilotica
     
     Outside North America, the Gull-billed Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Japan (on Okinawa), Spain, Turkey, and south of the US in Argentina, Belize, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.
      
     
394. Caspian Tern (*) (ph) ______ BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:jul  DE:may  NC:jun,jul,aug  TX:apr,may  WA:sep
     Hydroprogne (formerly Sterna) caspia
     
     Outside North America, the Caspian Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Spain, Turkey. Some of those birds may have made their way to the Caspian Sea. 
     
     South of the US, the Caspian Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico.
     
     
395. Royal Tern (*) (ph) ______ CA:sep  (r/CA)  DEP:may,jun  FL:apr (DT)  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  TX:apr,may
     Thalasseus (formerly Sterna) m. maxima
     
     South of the US, the Royal Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, the Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Venezuela.
     
     
396. Elegant Tern (nt) (*) ______  AZ:jul (r/AZ)  CA:sep
     Thalasseus (formerly Sterna) elegans
     
     South of the US, the Elegant Tern has been seen in Chile, Mexico (Sonora).
     
     
397. Sandwich Tern (*) (ph) ______ FL:apr (DT)  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  TX:apr,may
     Thalasseus (formerly Sterna) sandvicensis acuflavida
     
     Outside North America, the Sandwich Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and south of the US in Belize, Chile (where rare; far-north), Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia. 
      
     The Cayenne Tern, Thalasseus eurygnatha, of mostly coastal South America, has been said to be conspecific with the Sandwich Tern. South of the US, the Cayenne Tern ahs been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Puerto Rico (where rare).
       
     
398. Common Tern (*) ______ AK:jun (PI)  BC:sep  CA:sep  DEP:may,jun  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  TX:may  WA:sep
     Sterna h. hirundo
     
     Outside North America, the Common Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan (the subspecies S. h. longipennis), Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and south of the US in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico.
     
     
399. Forster's Tern (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jul  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:may  DEP:jun  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NE:apr  TX:apr  WA:sep
     Sterna forsteri
     
     This bird was historically named by John James Audubon after an acquaintance. He called it "Havell's Tern" in honor of his engraver, the Englishman, Robert Havell, Jr. 
     For years since, however, it has been with the name, instead, of another man, Johann Reinhold Forster, who traveled around the world with Captain Cook in 1772.
      
     
     South of the US, the Forster's Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Mexico, Panama. 
     
     
     
     
     A Forster's Tern in non-breeding plumage
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
400. Roseate Tern (*) (ph) ______ FL:apr (DT)
     Sterna dougallii
     
     Outside North America, the Roseate Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Japan, and south of the US in the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Venezuela.
       
     
401. Arctic Tern (*) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  CAP:sep  NC:jun  NCP:may,jun  NJP:may,sep  WAP:sep
     Sterna paradisaea  
     
     During a FONT North Carolina Tour in June 1996, a couple birds of the sea were seen on a beach. One of them was a Wilson's Storm Petrel, seen closely as it rested, before it flew back out over the ocean. The other was an Arctic Tern, seen on the same beach at the same time.
     
     Outside North America, the Arctic Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Chile (mostly at sea), Iceland (where it is a very common breeder), Sweden (as a migrant).  
     
     
402. Aleutian Tern (*) ______ AK:may,jun
     Onychoprion aleutica
     
     
403. Least Tern (*) ______ DE:may  FL:apr  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NJP:may  TX:apr,may
     Sternula (formerly Sterna)  antillarum
     
     South of the US, the Least Tern has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico. Least Terns that breed on Caribbean islands spend their non-breeding season further south.    
     
     
404. Bridled Tern (*) (ph) ______ DEP:jun,sep  FL:apr (DT)  NCP:may,jun,jul,aug  NJP:aug,sep
     Onychopion (formerly Sterna) anaethetus
     
     South of the US, the Bridled Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Puerto Rico (at sea), Saint Lucia.
     
     
405. Sooty Tern (*) (ph) ______ FL:apr (DT)  NC:aug  NCP:aug
     Onychopion (formerly Sterna) fuscata 
     
     During a FONT North Carolina Tour in August 1994, a Sooty Tern was seen in flight over the Outer Banks, not far from Cape Hatteras where a pair nested that year in a colony of other tern species. 
     The previous summer, all-dark juvenile Sooty Terns were seen during a FONT NC pelagic trip in August 1993.  
     
     South of the US, the Sooty Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Dominica (at sea), Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia.
     
     
406. Black Tern (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  CO:jul  DEP:sep  NC:aug  NCP:aug  NJP:aug,sep  WA:sep
     Chlidonias niger surinamensis
     
     Outside North America, the European race of the Black Tern, C. n. niger, has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain, 
     
     South of the US, the Black Tern, C. n. surinamensis, has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     Two photographs of Black Terns
     (upper photo by Kim Steininger; lower photo by Doris Potter)
     
     
407. White-winged Tern (*) (ph) ______  (r/NA)   CA:sep
     Chlidonias leucopterus
     
     A Eurasian species. In North America, it occurred as a rarity along the East Coast, in the area of the Great Lakes, and along the West Coast. Along the Pacific Coast, there have been occurrences in the western Aleutian Islands of Alaska, in south-coastal Alaska, and in coastal California.      
     
     A single White-winged Tern was seen in California during the FONT West Coast Tour in September 1999. 
     
     Outside North America, the White-winged Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Turkey. 
     
     
408. Whiskered Tern ______  (r/US)
     Chlidonias hybridus
     
     An Old World species, where it is widespread. In North America, there were records of adult birds in the mid-1990s. 
     In 1993, one was at Cape May, New Jersey, from July 12 to 15. That bird moved to nearby Delaware where it was present from July 19 to August 24. Another occurrence was at Cape May, August 8 to 12, 1998.       
     
     Outside North America, the Whiskered Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan, Poland, Romania, Spain, Turkey.
     
     
409. Large-billed Tern  (ph) ______  (r/US)
     Phaetusa simplex
     
     A South American species, normally at freshwater. In North America, it has occurred as a rarity in Illinois, Ohio, and New Jersey. It has also occurred out-of-range in Bermuda and Cuba.
     
     South of the US, the Large-billed Tern has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela.
      
     
410. Brown Noddy (*) ______ FL:apr (DT)
     Anous stolidus
     
     South of the US, the Brown Noddy has been seen during FONT tours in the Galapagos Islands (of Ecuador), Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia.
     
     
411. Black Noddy ______  (r/US)
     Anous minutus
     
     A species of tropical oceans. It has occurred rarely, and irregularly, with Brown Noddies, at the Dry Tortugas in Florida. Black Noddies at the Dry Tortugas have been mostly immature birds. The species has also occurred rarely along the Texas Gulf Coast.
     
     
412. Black Skimmer (*) (ph) ______ DE:may  FL:apr  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  TX:may
     Rynchops niger
     
     South of the US, the Black Skimmer has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala (where rare), Honduras, Mexico, Venezuela.  
     Black Skimmers in North & South America are different populations that do not meet.   
     
     
413. Common Murre  (*) (ph) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  BC:sep  CA:sep  CAP:sep  NF:jul  NJP:dec  WA:sep  WAP:sep  (called Guillemot in Europe)
     Uria aalage 
     
     Outside North America, the Common Murre, or Guillemot, has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland (where it breeds), Japan (mostly at sea), Sweden.
     
     
414. Thick-billed Murre (*) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  NF:jul  NJP:dec  (called Brunnich's Guillemot in Europe)
     Uria lomvia 
     
     Outside North America, the Thick-billed Murre, or Brunnich's Gullemot, has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland (where it breeds), Japan (mostly at sea).
      
     
415. Razorbill (*) (ph) ______  NF:jul  NJP:nov,dec 
     Alca torda
     
     Outside North America, the Razorbill has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland (where it breeds), Spain (in winter). 
     
     
416. Black Guillemot (*) (ph) ______ AK:jun  NF:jul
     Cepphus grylle
     
     Outside North America, the Black Guillemot has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland. 
     
     
417. Pigeon Guillemot (*) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  BC:sep  CA:sep  CAP:sep  WA:sep 
     Cepphus columba
     
     Outside North America, the Pigeon Guillemot has been seen during FONT tours in Japan (at sea).
     
     
418. Dovekie (*) ______ AK:jun  NJP:dec  (called Little Auk in the Old World) 
     Alle alle
     
     
419. Marbled Murrelet (t2) (*) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  BC:sep  CA:sep  CAP:sep  WAP:sep
     Brachyramphus marmoratus
     
     
420. Kittlitz's Murrelet  (t1) (*) ______ AK:may,jun
     Brachyramphus brevorostris
     
     
421. Long-billed Murrelet  (nt)  ______  (r/NA)
     Brachyramphus perdix
     
     A species of coastal northeast Asia. It occurs rarely, and seemingly without any pattern, throughout North America, with most occurrences in the fall of birds in winter-plumage.
     
     Outside North America, the Long-billed Murrelet has been seen during FONT tours in Japan (mostly at sea). 
      
     
422. Ancient Murrelet (*) ______ AK:jun
     Synthliboramphus antiquus 
     
     Outside North America, the Ancient Murrelet has been seen during FONT tours in Japan, including Hegura Island. 
     
     
423. Xantu's Murrelet (t3) (*) ______  CAP:sep  WAP:sep
     Synthliboramphus hypoleucus scrippsi (northern race: Washington & California)
     Synthliboramphus h. hypoleucus (southern race: California)
     
     
424. Craveri's Murrelet (t3) (*) ______  CA:sep
     Synthliboramphus craveri
     
     South of the US, the Craveri's Murrelet has been seen during a FONT tour in Mexico (Sonora).
       
     
425. Cassin's Auklet  (*) _____  CAP:sep  WAP:sep
     Ptychormphus aleuticus
     
     
426. Rhinoceros Auklet (*) ______  AK:may,jun  BC:sep  CAP:sep  WA:sep  WAP:sep
     Cerohinca monocerata  (the single member of its genus)
     
     Outside North America, the Rhinoceros Auklet has been seen during FONT tours in Japan.
     
     
427. Parakeet Auklet (*) ______ AK:may,jun (PI)
     Aethia psittacula
     
     
428. Least Auklet (*) (ph) ______ AK:may,jun (PI)
     Aethia pusilla
     
     Outside North America, the Least Auklet has been seen during FONT tours in Japan (mostly at sea).
     
     
     
     
     Least Auklet
     (photo by Mike Danzenbaker)
     
     
429. Crested Auklet (*) ______ AK:may,jun (PI)
     Aethia cristatella
     
     Outside North America, the Crested Auklet has been seen during FONT tours in Japan (at sea). 
     
     
430. Whiskered Auklet ______
     Aethia pygmaea 
     
     
431. Tufted Puffin (*) ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  WAP:sep
     Fratercula cirrhata
     
     Outside North America, the Tufted Puffin has been seen during FONT tours in Japan (at sea).
     
     
     
     
     Tufted Puffin
     (photo by Paul West)
      
     
432. Horned Puffin (*) (ph) ______ AK:may,jun (PI)
     Fratercula corniculata
     
     Outside North America, the Horned Puffin has been seen during FONT tours in Japan (at sea).
     
     
     
     
     Horned Puffin
     (photo by Paul West)
      
     
433. Atlantic Puffin (*) (ph) ______ DEP:jun  NF:jul  NJP:may,dec
     Fratercula arctica
     
     Outside North America, the Atlantic Puffin has been seen during FONT tours in Iceland (where it breeds). 
     
     
434. Great Auk ______  (extinct)
     Pinguinus impennis 
     
     Outside North America, during FONT tours in Iceland, the island has been seen where the last Great Auks lived.   
     
     
435. Common (or Feral) Pigeon (i) (*) ______  AK:may,jun (ac)  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:may  FL:apr  IA:mar  KS:apr  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NE:mar,apr  NF:jul  NM:apr,aug  OK:apr  TX:apr,may  WA:sep  WY:apr 
     Columba livia
     
     Outside North America, the Common, or Feral, Pigeon has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Iceland, Japan, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey. 
     Wild Rock Pigeons have been seen during FONT tours in the Canary Islands, and in parts of Spain.
     
     South of the US, the Common, or Feral, Pigeon has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, the Cayman Islands, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Venezuela.
      
     
436. Band-tailed Pigeon (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jul,aug,sep  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:jul  WA:sep
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) fasciata
     
     South of the US, the Band-tailed Pigeon has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama.
      
     
437. Red-billed Pigeon ______  (r/US)
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) flavirostris
     
     A Mexican and Central American species. It occurs rarely in south Texas, less now than formerly.  
     
     South of the US, the Red-billed Pigeon has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.  
     
     
438. White-crowned Pigeon  (nt) ______
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) leucocephala
     
     South of the US, the White-crowned Pigeon has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico (Cozumel Island), Puerto Rico.
     
     
439. Scaly-naped Pigeon ______  (r/US)
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) squamosa
     
     A common species of West Indian islands. Two old specimens at from Key West, Florida: August 24, 1898 and May 6, 1929.  
     
     South of the US, the Scaly-naped Pigeon has been seen during FONT tours in Barbados, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent.
     
     
440. Passenger Pigeon ______  (extinct)
     Ectopistes migratorius 
     
     
441. Eurasian Collared Dove (NAi) (*) ______ AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CO:apr  FL:apr  KS:apr  NC:aug  NE:apr  NM:apr  OK:apr  TX:apr,may
     Streptopelia decaocto
     
     Outside North America, the Eurasian Collared Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, the Canary Islands, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey. 
     In Europe, during the last couple decades, this species has had a major range expansion, spreading west, and with it a large increase in population. During FONT European tours in the 1990s, for example, in Spain, the species was not commonly seen as it is now.
     
     South of the US, the Eurasian Collared Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Dominica, Mexico. As far west as Sonora, the species is now very common, especially in towns.    
     
     
442. Spotted Dove (NAi) ______  
     Streptopelia chinensis
     
     
443. Oriental Turtle Dove ______  (r/NA)
     Streptopelia orientalis
     
     An Asian species. In occurs rarely in the Aleutian Islands and the Bering Sea area of Alaska in the spring and summer. It has occurred more rarely on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada, and in California.    
     
     Outside North America, the Oriental Turtle Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Japan. 
     
     
444. European Turtle Dove ______  (r/US)
     Streptopelia turtur
     
     An Old World species that has occurred in Florida, once, the only known occurrence in North America.
     
     The European Turtle Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, the Canary Islands, Hungary, Poland, Spain, Turkey.
      
     
445. White-winged Dove (*) (ph) ______  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  FL:apr  NM:apr  TX:apr,may
     Zenaida asiatica
     
     South of the US, the White-winged Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, the Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico.
     
     
446. Mourning Dove (*) ______ AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:may  FL:apr  IA:mar  KS:apr  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NE:mar,apr  NM:apr,jul,aug  OK:apr  TX:apr,may  WA:sep  WY:apr
     Zenaida macroura
     
     South of the US, the Mourning Dove has been seen during FONT tours Belize, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico. 
     
     
447. Zenaida Dove  (ph) ______  (r/US)
     Zenaida aurita
     
     Primarily a species of West Indian islands. It has occurred in recent years as a rarity in the Florida Keys and on the southern Florida mainland. Historically, it was noted by Audubon as breeding in the Florida Keys in 1832. 
     
     South of the US, the Zenaida Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Barbados, the Cayman islands, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico (Cozumel Island & the nearby Yucatan), Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent.
      
     
448. Inca Dove (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jul,aug  TX:apr,may
     Columbina (formerly Scardafella) inca
     
     South of the US, the Inca Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
      
     
449. Common Ground Dove (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jan,jul,aug  FL:apr  TX:apr,may
     Columbina passerina
     
     South of the US, the Common Ground Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Barbados, Belize, Brazil, the Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Venezuela.
     
     
450. Ruddy Ground Dove ______  (r/US)
     Columbina talpacoti
     
     Most US records are of the west Mexican race eluta. Some Texas records are of the east Mexican race rufipennis, which as a richer cinnamon coloration. 
     
     South of the US, the Ruddy Ground Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela.
      
     
451. White-tipped Dove (*) ______ TX:may
     Leptotila verreauxi
     
     South of the US, the White-tipped Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela.
     
     
452. Key West Quail Dove ______  (r/US)
     Geotrygon chrysia
     
     A West Indian species. In 1832, Audubon told of it breeding at Key West, Florida. That population disappeared by the mid-19th century. Now, it occurs rarely on the Florida Keys and in south Florida.    
     
     South of the US, the Key West Quail Dove has been seen during FONT tours in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.
     
     
453. Ruddy Quail Dove ______  (r/US)
     Geotrygon montana
     
     A species of Central & South America and the West Indies. It has occurred rarely in Florida and in south Texas.
     
     South of the US, the Ruddy Quail-Dove has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Venezuela. 
     
     
454. Carolina Parakeet ______  (extinct; it was the only native North American psittacid)
     Conuropsis carolinensis 
     
     
455. Rosy-faced Lovebird  (NAi)  ______  AZ:sep  (also called Peach-faced Lovebird) (native to Africa)
     Agapornis roseicollis   
     
     
456. Monk Parakeet (NAi) ______  DE:may  TX:may
     Myiopsitta monachus
     
     Outside North America, the Monk Parakeet has been seen, where it is not native, during FONT tours in the Canary Islands, and in Spain. 
     
     South of the US, the Monk Parakeet has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina (where native), Bolivia (where native), Brazil (where native), the Cayman Islands (where not native), Puerto Rico (where not native), Uruguay (where native).
     
     
457. Green Parakeet (*) ______ TX:may
     Aratinga holochlora
     
     South of the US, the Green Parakeet has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala. 
     
     
458. Red-masked Parakeet (NAi) (*) ______  CA:sep  (The native range of this species is in South America, mostly Ecuador, also Peru. It occurs in San Francisco, especially near Telegraph Hill, and that's where we've seen it during our FONT tour in California.)
     Aratinga erythrogenys
     
     South of the US, the Red-masked Parakeet has been seen during FONT tours in Ecuador (where native).
     
     
459. White-winged Parakeet (NAi) (*) ______  CA:sep  (was merged with the Yellow-chevroned Parakeet; when so, was called the Canary-winged Parakeet) 
     Brotogeris versicolurus   
     
     South of the US, the White-winged Parakeet has been seen during FONT tours in Puerto Rico (where not native). 
     
     
460. Yellow-chevroned Parakeet (NAi) ______
     Brotogeris chiriri  
     
     South of the US, the Yellow-chevoned Parakeet has been seen during FONT tours in Brazil (where native).
      
     
     Other PARAKEETS that have been introduced in North America, and are either established or have been, in varying degrees, include: 
     Dusky-headed Parakeet, Aratinga weddellii
     Blue-crowned Parakeet, Aratinga acuticaudata
     Mitred Parakeet, Aratinga mitrata
     Nanday (or Black-hooded) Parakeet, Nandayus nenday  (ph)
     Rose-ringed Parakeet, Psittacula krameri
     Budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus    
     
     
461. Thick-billed Parrot  (t2)  ______  (no longer occurs north of Mexico)
     Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
     
     
462. Red-crowned Amazon (or Parrot) (t2) (*) ______ TX:may
     Amazona viridigenalis 
     
     South of the US, the Red-crowned Amazon has been seen during a FONT tour in Mexico.
      
     
     Other PARROTS that have been introduced in North America, and are either established or have been, in varying degrees, include:
     Orange-winged Amazon (or Parrot), Amazona amazonica
     Lilac-crowned Amazon (or Parrot), Amazona finschi
     Red-lored Amazon (or Parrot), Amazona autimnalis
     Yellow-headed Amazon (or Parrot), Amazona oratrix 
      
     
463. Black-billed Cuckoo ______ DE:may
     Coccyzus erythropithlmus
     
     South of the US, the Black-billed Cuckoo has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina (about as far south as it occurs), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama.
     
     
464. Yellow-billed Cuckoo (*) ______ AZ:jul,aug,sep  DE:may  FL:apr (DT)  NC:may,jun  TX:apr,may  VA:may
     Coccyzus americanus
     
     South of the US, the Yellow-billed Cuckoo has been seen during FONT tours in Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia.
     
     
465. Mangrove Cuckoo  (ph) ______
     Coccyzus minor
     
     South of the US, the Mangrove Cuckoo has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent.
     
     
466. Greater Roadrunner (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  TX:apr,may
     Geococcyx californianus
     
     South of the US, the Greater Roadrunner has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.
     
     
467. Groove-billed Ani (*) (ph) ______ TX:may
     Crotophaga suicirostris
     
     South of the US, the Groove-billed Ani has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.
     
     
468. Smooth-billed Ani  (ph) ______
     Crotophaga ani
     
     South of the US, the Smooth-billed Ani has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, the Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico (Cozumel Island & the Yucatan), Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Venezuela.
     
     
469. Common Cuckoo (*) ______  (r/US)   AK:jun (PI) 
     Cuculus canorus 
     
     A widespread Old World species, migratory. In Alaska, it is a rare spring and summer visitor to the western & central Aleutian Islands, and to the Pribilof Islands. There is also a late-June record in Anchorage, Alaska. 
     In eastern North America, there is a record of one, as a vagrant, on the offshore island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.   
     
     As the Common Cuckoo and the following species, the Oriental Cuckoo, can be so similar when seen and not heard, some birds over the years in Alaska could have been either.    
     
     Outside North America, the Common Cuckoo has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan (including Hegura Island), Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain.
     
     
470. Oriental Cuckoo ______  (r/US)
     Cuculus optatus  (formerly C. saturatus)
     
     An east Asian species, migratory. It has occurred as a rarity in Alaska from the late spring through the fall in the western Aleutian islands, the Pribilof Islands, and on St. Lawrence Island. It has also occurred (once) in mainland Alaska.  
     
     Outside North America, the Oriental Cuckoo has been seen during FONT tours in Japan, including Hegura Island.  
     
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