Part 2 of a List of selected

Butterflies & Moths
in Central America

in Belize,
Costa Rica,
Guatemala, 
Honduras,
Panama

(as during FONT tours 
 in the months of: 
January, February, March, 
April, July, December)


A Total of 5 Lists compiled by Armas Hill


In the following List #2: Whites, Yellows, Sulphurs, & Marbles (Pieridae)  

Links to other Butterfly groupings:

List #1 - Swallowtails (Papilionidae)

List #3 - Coppers, Hairstreaks, Blues (Lycaenidae) & Metalmarks (Riodinidae)

List #4 - Brushfoots (Nymphalidae)

List #5 - Skippers (Hesperlidae)

Codes relating to illustrations in various books:

Numbers noted as (AZ:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of Arizona - A Photographic Guide", by Bob Stewart, Priscilla Brodkin, & Hank Brodkin (with fine photographs).   

Numbers noted as (C:xx) refer to pages in "A World of Butterflies", with text by Brian Cassie, and photographs (superb) by Kjell Sandved

Numbers noted as (D1:xx) refer to plates in "The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History (Volume 1): Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae", by Philip J. DeVries   

Numbers noted as (F:xx) refer to pages in "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Butterflies", by Dr. John Feltwell  

Numbers noted as (K:xx) refer to pages in the "Kaufman Focus Guide to Butterflies of North America", by Jim Brock & Kenn Kaufman

Numbers noted as (PE:xx) refer to plates in the "Peterson Field Guides to Eastern Butterflies", by Paul Opler & Vichai Malikul, 1998 edition. Those noted as (PEp:xx) refer to a page with a photograph.

Numbers noted as (PW:xx) refer to plates in the "Peterson Field Guide to Western Butterflies", by Paul Opler & illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright, 1999 edition. Those noted as (PWp:xx) refer to a page with a photograph. 

Numbers noted as (S:xx) refer to pages in the "Smithsonian Handbook, Butterflies & Moths", by David Carter

Additional Codes:

CR: in Costa Rica
GU: in Guatemala
HN: in Honduras
PN: in Panama

(sl): at Sierra Llorona, in hills on the Caribbean side of Panama 

Butterflies observed during FONT tours noted by an (*) prior to the 2-letter country code. 

Other Links:

Itineraries for upcoming FONT Tours in:
Costa Rica,  Guatemala, Honduras, & Panama

Birds during previous tours in:
Costa Rica   Guatemala   Honduras   Panama

A List of Mammals & Other Wildlife in Central America (including Reptiles & Amphibians)

List of Butterflies:


          Family PIERIDAE: most are predominantly white, yellow, or orange in color, and are often referred to
          as WHITES, YELLOWS, SULPHURS, or MARBLES.
          Worldwide, over 1,000 species of WHITES & SULPHURS have been described.


          Subfamily DISMORPHIINAE: MIMIC WHITES. A long-winged, tropical group of about 1,000 species.    


          Genus PSEUDOPIERIS: in the Neotropics, with 2 species in Central & South America
  

1. Pseudopieris nehemia ______ (D1:6)
   (Mexico to southern Brazil)
   
   
   Genus DISMORPHIA: This grouping is of about 40 species of "atypical" PIERIDS.  They are large and widely distributed, mostly in South America. Many of the DISMORPHIDS are involved in mimicry, often being remarkable mimics of various distasteful butterflies. Their wingshapes and coloration can be misleading, causing them to be regarded as ITHOMIIDS or HELICONIDS. Also, these DISMORPHIDS often fly in the same localities and occupy the same habitats as the ITHOMIIDS ore HELICONIDS which they resemble. Thus, unlike more "typical" PIERIDS, they often prefer shady areas. Sometimes, however. they can be found resting on leaves, with their wings open, trying to catch some sunlight struggling to enter the dark places where they hide. At the beginning of the dry season, large numbers can be encountered imbibing nectar from flowers growing at the edge of the forest or along pathways. 
   The patterning of DISMORPHIDS is quite variable. 
   
   
2. Dismorphia lua idae ______
   Dismorphia lua costaricensis ______ (D1:6)
   (Costa Rica to Bolivia) (subspecies costaricensis: Costa Rica)
   
   
3. Dismorphia amphione praxinoe ______ (D1:6) (S:74)
   Tiger Pierid
   (Mexico thru South America; also Trinidad, Cuba, Hispaniola, & Puerto Rico) (subspecies: Mexico to Colombia) (This is a highly variable species, so variable that different populations have hitherto been regarded as different species.)     
   
   
4. Dismorphia eunoe desine ______ (D1:6)
   (Mexico to Panama) (subspecies: Nicaragua to Panama) (forest habitats, also coffee & conifer plantations)
   
   
5. Dismorphia crisia lubina ______ (D1:6)
   (southern Mexico to Brazil) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama) (in cloud forests - from 1,000 to 2,000 m in CR)
   
   
6. Dismorphia zaela oreas ______ (D1:7)
   (Costa Rica to Ecuador) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama)
   
   
7. Dismorphia theucharila fortunata ______ (C:363) (D1:7)
   Pierid Mimic (this species looks like an ithomiine clearwing - D1:35)
   (Mexico to Brazil) (subspecies: Mexico to Panama)
   
   
8. Dismorphia zathoe pallidula ______ (D1:7)
   (Costa Rica to Ecuador) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama)
   
   
   Genus LIENIX 
   
   
9. Lieinix nemesis ______ (D1:7)
   (Mexico to Venezuela & Peru)
   
   
10. Lieinix cinerascens ______ (D1:7)
    (Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
11. Lienix viridifascia ______ (D1:7)
    (Costa Rica & Panama) (a rare species, apparently restricted to volcanoes)  
    
    
    Genus PATIA
    
    
12. Patia orise sororna ______ PN (sl) (D1:7)
    (Costa Rica to Bolivia) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
    Genus ENANTIA: 4 species closely related to DISMORPHIA. They are by some regarded as DISMORPHINES, but they are not as strongly sexually dimorphic. They are fond of sun & flowers, and can be encountered in numbers usually at the close of the rainy season.
         
    
13. Enantia licinia marion ______ (D1:7)
    (Mexico to Brazil) (subspecies: Mexico to Panama)
    
    
14. Enantia melite amalia ______ (D1:7)
    (Mexico to Uruguay) (subspecies: Nicaragua to Panama) (A most variable butterfly, which has suffered heavily at the hands of nomenclatorialists!)
    
    
    Subfamily PIERINAE: a cosmopolitan group, well represented in both temperate and tropical regions, with as many as 1200 species worldwide.
    
    
    Genus HESPEROCHARIS: This is a grouping of 10 mostly South American species, whose biology is mostly, as yet, unknown. These butterflies can be quite active, flying in the "optimum" daylight period (late morning), and not being seen after about midday.
    
    
15. Hesperocharis graphites ______ CR (D1:7)
    (Mexico to Panama)
    
    
16. Hesperocharis costaricensis ______ (D1:7)
    (Nicaragua to Panama)
    
    
17. Hesperocharis crocea ______ (D1:7)
    (Mexico to Panama)
    
    
    Genus ARCHONIAS:  This interesting grouping of 3 (some say 5) species appears to mimic PARIDES and HELICONIUS species of butterflies, and one species of an ARCTIID day-flying moth. Butterflies in this genus are comparatively slow-flying, with a fondness for settling on leaves in the sunshine, or simply visiting flowers where they may appear to spend a considerable effort on 1 or 2 blooms.
    
    
18. Archonias eurytele ______ (D1:7)
    (Guatemala to Colombia)
    
    
19. Archonias tereas approximata ______ (*) PN (sl) (D1:7) (F:82)
    (Mexico to Brazil) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama)
    (This species looks like a smaller mimic of a female Parides swallowtail. It lives in open parts of rainforests.)
    
    
    Genus MELETE: There are about 10 species in this genus, but there is some doubt about these generally colorful, mostly South American butterflies being PIERIDS. They are identified by their long antennae and the black bar which runs through the forewing. They may breed on members of the mistletoe family, and they may also be migratory as they are powerful fliers.
        
     
20. Melete florinda ______ (D1:10)
    (Costa Rica to Colombia) (along forest edges of montane rain forests - in CR: both slopes, 500 to 1,500 m)
    
    
21. Melete isandra ______ (D1:10)
    (Mexico to Costa Rica)  (from forest to open habitats - in CR: sea level to 500 m, Pacific slope) 
    
    
    Genus CATASTICTA:  This group, mostly South American, has over a hundred species of checkered butterflies. It is by far the largest genus of PIERIDS in Central & South America. 
    These are most mercurial butterflies, fond of flying rapidly in singles from flower to floer, or hurrying down to rushing streams where they alight on wet pebbles, oblivious to the splashing water all around them.   
    There is variation amongst individuals of local populations. But all CATASTICTA species ahve a characteristic milk-chocolate brown verso with distinctive white and yellow streaks in the interspaces between the veins.
    
    
22. Catasticta nimbice bryson ______ (D1:11) (K:51) (PW:7)         
    Mexican Dartwhite
    (Mexico to Panama) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama) 
    
    
23. Catasticta theresa ______ (D1:11)
    (Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
24. Catasticta flisa ______ (D1:11)
    (Mexico to Colombia)
    
    
25. Catasticta teutila flavomaculata ______ (*) CR (D1:11)
    (Mexico to Colombia) (Probably the most abundant Catasticta in Costa Rica, where it occurs in high-elevation wet forests from 900 to 3,800 meters.)   
    
    
26. Catasticta cerberus ______ (D1:11)
    (Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
27. Catasticta strigosa actinotis ______ (D1:11)
    (Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
28. Catasticta prioneris hegemon ______ (D1:11)
    (Costa Rica to Peru) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
29. Catasticta sisamnus sisamnus ______ (D1:11)
    (Honduras to Bolivia) (subspecies: Honduras to Venezuela)
    
    
    Genus LEODONTA: The number of species in this genus is amatter of conjecture - some claim no more than 2 or 3; others say as many as 10! The distinctive underside pattern, however, along with their fondness for flying along pathways or by narrow stream banks makes them a rather easily recognisable group in the Neotropics.      
    
    
30. Leodonta dysoni ______ (D1:11)
    (Costa Rica to Peru)
    
    
31. Leodonta zenobina ______
    (Costa Rica to Bolivia)
    
    
    Genus PEREUTE: This is a grouping of mostly South American butterflies with a black ground color and strident yellow or red bands. These 8 species are actually among the most subtly beautiful PIERIDS in any region of the world, with their outstanding colors being soft rose-pinks, blue-grays, and cadmium yellow streaks and patches. (They are similar to the Indo-Australian DELIAS group, the JEZEBELS, in their appearance and behavior.)
      
    
32. Pereute charops charops ______ (D1:11)
    (Mexico to Peru) (subspecies: Mexico to Panama) (One of the most attractive features of both sexes of this butterfly is the almost completely white antennae.)
    
    
33. Pereute cheops ______ (D1:11)
    (Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
    Genus APPIAS: A distinctive group with strongly curved wings (especially in the males), which makes them powerful fliers. Many dwell in the rainforest. Males commonly mud-puddle. The sexes are usually completely different in color, with the females darker with more subdued coloration.  
    This genus occurs in Asia (mainly), Africa, and Australia, in addition to the Americas. This genus in the New World is also said by some, for structural reasons, to be GLUTOPHRISSA (with 2 species).
    (Note: The APPIAS butterflies in the Old World are referred to as THE GULLS.)  
     
    
34. Appias drusilla ______  (AZ:357) (D1:12) (K:53) (PE:7)(PW:7) (RG:39)
    Tropical White (also called Florida White)
    (southern US, Central & South America, also West Indies) (lowland tropical evergreen or semideciduous forests) 
    (This is an extraordinarily swift butterfly, "so swift that, in a few seconds, they traverse long distances. Not only do they fly extremely fast, but they also take their nourishment from flowers in the greatest haste. Only in imbibing water from the damp ground, where these butterflies, particularly the males, sometimes settle in large groups close together, do they allow themselves time, and engage in this activity for the moment as an amusement".   
      
    
    Genus LEPTOPHOBIA: 15 or 16 species whose common characteristic is the silvery-white color of the underside of the hindwing. These species occur moderate to high elevations (to about 9,000 feet, or 3,000 meters). 
    
      
35. Leptophobia aripa ______ (*) GU  (D1:12) (RG:40)
    Mountain White
    (Mexico to Brazil)
    
    
36. Leptophobia caesia tenuicornis ______ (D1:12)
    (Mexico to Ecuador) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
    Genus ITABALLIA: This is a group of 4 mostly South American species whose biology is mostly, as yet, unknown.
    
    
37. Itaballia demophile centralis ______ (D1:12)
    (Mexico to Paraguay) (subspecies: Central America)
    
    
38. Itaballia pandosia kicaha ______ (D1:12)
    (Honduras to Venezuela) (subspecies: Honduras to Panama)
    
    
    Genus PIERIBALLIA
    
    
39. Pieriballia mandela noctipennis ______ (D1:12)
    (Costa Rica to Peru) (subspecies: Costa Rica & Panama)
    
    
    Genus PERRHYBRIS: The 4 species in this genus are in a group of closely related genera of almost a dozen species which have very strong coloring and markings. In 1 or 2 instances, they fall into the now well-known  mode of imitation-heliconid livery. 
    
    
40. Perrhybris pyrrha ______ (D1:12)
    (Costa Rica to Brazil)
    
    
41. Perrhybris lypera ______ (D1:12)
    (Costa Rica to Ecuador)  (The male of this species is polymorphic.)
    
    
    Genus ASCIA: in North, Central, and South America. 8 species of large plain white butterflies with some brown or gray markings, especially in the females. They live in open areas.
    
    
42. Ascia limona ______ (D1:12) (K:53)
    (Mexico to Colombia)
    
    
43. Ascia josephina josepha ______ (D1:12)
    (Central & South America, also the Antilles) 
    
    
44. Ascia monuste ______ (*) GU, (*) PN  (AZ:357) (D1:12) (K:53) (PE:8)(PW:8) (RG:43)
    Great Southern White 
    (southern US, Central & South America, also the Antilles)
    (coastal salt marshes & dunes; also open places such as fields & gardens; migrants in a variety of open habitats) 
    (The migrating females are almost totally gray in color, while non-migratory females are largely yellowish-white with dark brown margins.)
    
    
    Genus GANYRA: This group of North, Central, and South American butterflies are powerful fliers, and some are strong migrants. They live in open areas, and breed on members of the caper, crucifer or cabbage, and nasturtium families.  
    
    
45. Ganyra josephina ______ (*) GU (PE:8)(PW:8) (RG:44)
    Giant White
    (Mexico & Central America, also Greater Antilles) (forest edges, usually in seasonally dry tropical lowlands) 
    
    
    Subfamily COLIADINAE: SULPHURS
    (300 species worldwide)
    
    Genus COLIAS: SULPHURS. A large and successful group of "YELLOWS", "SULPHURS" and "CLOUDED YELLOWS". Mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, in North America & Asia. Also in the Australian region, and in Africa, and Central & South America. The sexes are often dimorphic. Many are strong migrants. They breed extensively on members of the pea family, Leguminosae.  
    Regarding ZERENE, sometimes considered separate from COLIAS: These have quite distinctive markings on the uppers.  
    
    
46. Colias (or Zerene) cesonia centralamericana ______ (C:249) (D1:8) (F:109) (K:69) (PE:10)(PW:12)
    (Southern) Dogface 
    (or Zerene) cesonia centralamericana ______  (AZ:39) (C:249) (D1:8) (F:109) (K:69) (PE:10)(PW:12) (RG:48)
    (Southern) Dogface 
    (Mexico to Argentina) (subspecies: Guatemala to Panama)
    (Common, particularly so where there is cattle ranching. The leguminous plants on which it breeds are used for cattle.)  (open places, brushy hills, and weedy pastures)
    
     
47. Colias philodice ______ (*) GU   (AZ:41) (F:89) (K:61) (PE:9)(PW:10)
    Common or Clouded Sulphur (also called "Mud-puddle" from the male's behavior of drinking at puddles & streams)
    (North America into Mexico, with isolated population in Guatemalan highlands)
    (many open habitats, including fields, lawns, and road edges)
    
    
    Genus ANTEOS: ANGLED SULPHURS, also called "MAMMOTH SULPHURS".  In this genus, 3 species of relatively large yellow butterflies. In Central & South America. Powerful fliers, all migratory (some fly north into the southern USA). They live in open, flowery habitats, and ly high over the canopy or along rivers. Males mud-puddle. 
    
    
48. Anteos clorinde ______ (*) GU,(*) CR,(*) PN  (AZ:43) (D1:8) (F:78) (K:77) (PE:10)(PW:12) (RG:49) (S:71)
    White-angled Sulphur (or the Clorinde) (also called Ghost Brimstone)
    (Mexico to Paraguay) (open sunny areas, with various tropical plants; migrants nearly anywhere)
    
    
49. Anteos maerula ______ (*) GU  (AZ:43) (D1:8) (F:78) (K:77) (PE:10)(PW:12) (RG:50)
    Yellow-angled Sulphur (also called Yellow Brimstone)
    (also called Yellow Brimstone)
    (southern US to Colombia & Peru) (open sunny areas, with various tropical plants; migrants nearly anywhere)
    
    
    Genus PHOEBIS: GIANT SULPHURS. This grouping of 10 species is found exclusively in the Americas. They are the most conspicuous of the tropical sulphurs, being common and large. They are given to vast migrations and are often found in open areas & forest edges. They are fast flying, and all members of the genus are migrants. The sexes are dimorphic. Males, more often than females, cluster on moist sand along rivers & streams. The females usually has less active behavior, flying not far from vegetation, or simply visiting flowers. 
    
    
50. Phoebis rurina ______ (D1:8) (F:105)
    (Mexico to Brazil)  (A strong migrant, it is in both lowlands &highlands.) 
    
    
51. Phoebis trite ______ (D1:8)
    (Mexico to Argentina, also the Antilles)
    
    
52. Phoebis philea ______ (*) GU,(*) CR, (*) PN  (AZ:49) (D1:8) (F:105) (K:75) (PE:10)(PW:12) (RG:52) (S:70)
    Orange-barred Sulphur (also commonly known as the Yellow Apricot)
    (southern United States to southern Brazil)  (forest edges, city gardens)
    (A common species. In Costa Rica, widespread.) (In addition to visiting flowers, males visit wet sand and mud, probably to obtain sodium. This general habit of many Pierids has been known since Henry Bates was on the Amazon.) 
    
    
53. Phoebis sennae ______ (*) GU,(*) CR,(*) PN  (AZ:45) (C:247) (D1:9) (F:105) (K:75) (PE:10)(PW:12) (RG:51)
    Cloudless Sulphur
    (southern US to Argentina, also in Antilles)
    (Can be abundant in both lowlands & highlands. It prospers in open land, with weedy tropical & subtropical plants.)
    
    
54. Phoebis argante ______ (*) GU  (D1:9) (F:104) (PW:text)
    Argante Giant Sulphur (also called Apricot Sulphur)
    (Mexico to Paraguay) (another subspecies in the Antilles)
    (tropical forest clearings, roadsides, gardens, pastures)
    
      
55. Phoebis agarithe ______ (*) GU  (AZ:47) (D1:9) (F:104) (K:75) (PE:10)(PW:13) (RG:53)
    Large Orange Sulphur
    (southern US to Brazil)  (many lowland tropical open areas, including forest edges, pastures, city gardens) 
    
    
56. Phoebis neocypris ______  (AZ:359) (PE:text)(PWp:178) (RG:54)
    Yellow Long-tailed Sulphur (or Tailed Sulphur)
    (Mexico into Central America)  (in the tropics, especially in forests at moderate elevations) 
    
    
    Genus KRICOGONIA
    
    
57. Kricogonia lyside ______  (AZ:41) (D1:8) (K:77) (PE:8)(PW:13) (RG:56)
    Lyside Sulphur (or Lyside)
    (southern US to Venezuela, also the Antilles)  (lowland scrub & seasonally dry forest edges)
    
    
    Genus APHRISSA: Central & South American WHITES, similar to (or part of) Phoebis. With shiny undersides.
    
    
58. Aphrissa ( or Phoebis) statira ______ (*) PN (sl) (D1:9) (F:80) (PE:10)(PW:13) (RG:54) 
    Statira (also called Yellow Migrant, Migrant Sulphur, or Statira Sulphur)
    (Mexico to Brazil) (several subspecies in the Antilles)
    
    
59. Aphrissa boisduvalii ______ (D1:9)
    (Guatemala to Brazil & Bolivia)
    
    
    Genus NATHALIS
    
    
60. Nathalis iole ______  (AZ:57) (K:71) (PE:10)(PW:13) (RG:67)
    Dainty Sulphur
    (North America to Guatemala, also West Indies) 
    (dry open areas, including weedy fields, sandy coastal flats, hillsides)
    (This species is unique among SULPHURS, in several structural features, so much so that some say it belongs in a separate subfamily. Forewings elongated. Sexually dimorphic & seasonally diphenic.)  
    
    
    Genus EUREMA: SMALL YELLOWS. This widespread genus, of 35-40 species, has a circumtropical distribution. They are usually lemon-yellow with black borders. Males often have a long scent patch on the forewing. These are familiar little butterflies that fly along paths and roadways, usually in considerable numbers after rains. Blistering heat will often send them to pools of water or to the watering holes of cattle where the sand moistened with the animals's urine furnishes them with mineralized liquid.  
    
    
61. Eurema nicippe ______  (AZ:57) (K:69) (PE:11)(PW:13) (RG:66)
    Sleepy Orange
    (US to Costa Rica, also West Indies) (very rare in Costa Rica) 
    (low areas in lower austral & subtropical zones: open woods, pines, open fields) 
    
     
62. Eurema proterpia ______  (AZ:51) (D1:10) (F:97) (K:69) (PE:11)(PW:13) (RG:62)
    Tailed Orange (or Little Jaune)  
    (southern US, thru Central & South America, also the Antilles) 
    (seasonally dry scrub, forest edges, pastures)  (There are seasonally different forms of both sexes.)
    
    
63. Eurema mexicana ______  (AZ:51) (D1:10) (F:97) (K:73) (PE:11)(PW:13) (RG:60)
    Mexican Yellow
    (southern US, thru Central & South America) (dry open hillsides, thorn scrub, & prairies)
    
    
64. Eurema salome ______ (D1:10) (K:69) (PE:text) (RG:61)
    Salome Yellow
    (southern US to Colombia & Venezuela) (forest edges & openings, road edges; middle elevations in the tropics)
    
    
65. Eurema xanthochlora ______ (D1:10)
    (Costa Rica to Bolivia)
    
    
66. Eurema gratiosa ______ (D1:10)
    (Costa Rica to Venezuela)        
    
    
67. Eurema boisduvaliana ______  (AZ:51) (D1:10) (K:73) (PE:11)(PW:13) (RG:59)
    Boisduval's Yellow
    (Mexico to Costa Rica, also the Antilles)  (thorn scrub, pastures, & roadsides)
    
    
68. Eurema dina westwoodii ______ (*) GU  (AZ:55) (D1:10) (K:73) (PE:11)(PW:13) (RG:65)
    Dina Yellow
    (southern US to Panama, also the Antilles) (subspecies: Mexico to Panama)
    (edges of brushy fields & in open forests)
    
    
69. Eurema albula ______ (D1:10) (RG:58)
    Ghost Yellow
    (Mexico to Brazil, also West Indies)
    
    
70. Eurema nise ______  (AZ:53) (D1:10) (K:71) (PE:11)(PW:13) (RG:64)
    Mimosa Yellow (also called Jamaican Sulphur)
    (also called Jamaican Sulphur)
    (southern US to Argentina, also West Indies)(brushy edges of woods)
    
    
71. Eurema lisa ______  (AZ:53) (D1:10) (K:71) (PE:11)(PW:13) (RG:63)
    Little Yellow (or Little Sulphur)
    (US to Panama, also West Indies)  (found in open flowery areas, also dry sandy fields, roadsides)
    
    
72. Eurema daira ______ (*) PN (sl)  (AZ:55) (D1:10) (F:96) (K:71) (PE:11)(PW:13) (RG:57)
    Barred Yellow (or Barred Sulphur)
    (southern US to Uruguay, also West Indies)  (this species is subject to seasonal dimorphism in both sexes) 
    
    
73. Eurema elathea ______ (D1:10)
    (Nicaragua to Brazil & Bolivia, also West Indies)  
    (pastures, dunes, & forest edges in tropical & subtropical zones)