Butterflies and Moths

in Europe


noting those seen during 
Focus On Nature Tours  
in Spain, Sweden, 
and other countries



A List of European Butterflies and Moths 
compiled by Armas Hill


Upper right photo: PAINTED LADY 
(photograph by Doris Potter)


Codes:

Numbers noted as (C:xx) refer to pages in "A World of Butterflies", with text by Brian Cassie, and photographs (superb) by Kjell Sandved

Numbers noted as (F:xx) refer to pages in "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Butterflies", by Dr. John Feltwell  

Numbers noted as (S:xx) refer to pages in the "Smithsonian Handbook, Butterflies & Moths", by David Carter


Status of the butterflies in Europe:

(ce):  critically endangered
(en):  endangered 
(vu):  vulnerable
(nt):   near-threatened

In Europe, nearly 9% of the butterflies are threatened, and another 105 are near-threatened. 
Almost a third (31%) of the butterflies of the continent are known to have a declining population. 

Geographical Codes, relating to European countries:

IC:   Iceland
SP:  Spain
SW: Sweden 


Throughout the world, there are over 180,000 described species of butterflies and moths (in the order Lepidoptera). 

In Europe, there are 482 species of BUTTERFLIES. The highest density of butterfly species is in mountainous areas in southern Europe, such as the Pyrenees and the Alps.
BUTTERFLIES are only 5% of the European Lepidoprera. the remaining species, which belong to 29 superfamilies, are colloquially referred to as MOTHS. Most of them fly during the night.

In the following list of European butterflies and moths, over 380 species are included.  
 

Links to Groupings in this List:

Gossamer Wings:  Family Lycaenidae

Brushfoots:  Family Nymphalidae

Skippers:  Family Hesperiidae

Moths



SOME COMMENTARY REGARDING BUTTERFLY IDENTIFICATION:

"Get a guidebook, take a few years, and you'll still make mistakes. Butterfly identification has an initial, deceptive simplicity. 
Individuals in a species vary naturally, an eyespot slightly larger, a color brighter.
Males and females of a species can be strikingly dissimilar.
So can genetic morphs or forms within a gender.
In a single species, butterflies that live in a range of habitats can vary in appearance and produce different populations or geographical races, each better adapted to its environment.
Species can also produce generations of distinct morphs in the same place at different times of the year."

The above commentary taken from the book, "An Obsession with Butterflies", by Sharman Apt Russell (a wonderful read).  

Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in Europe

A List & Photo Gallery of European Birds, in 2 parts:
Part #1: Grouse to Puffin
Part #2: Sandgrouse to Buntings

Mammals in Europe  (with some photos) 

Directory of Photos in this Website

A List of European Butterflies:

1. Parnassius apollo  (nt)  ______
   Apollo
   (Range: European and central Asian mountain ranges)
   
   
2. Parnassius phoebus  (nt)  ______
   Small Apollo
   
   
3. Parnassius mnemosyne  (nt)  ______
   Clouded Apollo
   
   
   Genus ARCHON
   
   
4. Archon apollinus  (nt)  ______
   False Apollo
   
   
   Genus PAPILIO: FLUTED SWALLOWTAILS - one of the most widespread of genera, with over 200 species. Most are tropical (some subtropical). Most have tails. Many are migratory. 
   
   
5. Papilio machaon  ______  (C:41) (F:61, but not this particular subspecies) (S:51)
   Old World Swallowtail (or Common Yellow Swallowtail, or Artemisia Swallowtail)
   (Range: across Europe & Asia, also in North Africa and in subarctic North America)  
   
   The Old World Swallowtail is an attractive migrant butterfly, easily recognized in flight. Throughout its range, there are a large number of subspecies of assorted colors, ranging from dark black to orange. There is always a pair of tails on the hindwing.     
   The last of the above 3 common names reflects a food plant, Artemesia, in North America, but in Eurasia, the food may be Wild Carrot, Fennel, or Milk Parsley.
   The full-grown caterpillars have the same colors as the adult butterfly, and they evert an orange osmeterium from behind the head to scare away predators. 
   
   
6. Papilio hospiton  ______
   Corsican Swallowtail
   
   Papilio hospiton is a large and impressive butterfly that is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia, where it inhabits the rocky slopes of mountains.
   
   
   Genus IPHICLIDES
   
   
7. Iphiclides podalirius  ______
   Scarce Swallowtail
   (Range: from central & southern Europe to China, and in North Africa) 
   
   
   Genus ZERYNTHIA
   
   
8. Zerynthia polyxena  ______  
   Southern Festoon 
   (Range: from central & southern Europe to western Asia) 
   
   
9. Zerynthia rumina  ______
   
   
10. Zerynthia cerisy  (nt)  ______
    Eastern Festoon
    
    
    Genus ALLANCASTRIA
    
    
11. Allancastria cerisii  ______
    
    
    Family PIERIDAE:  most are predominantly white, yellow, or orange in color, and are often referred to as WHITES, YELLOWS, SULPHURS, or MARBLES
    
    Worldwide, approximately 1,000 species of whites & sulphurs have been described.  
     
    
    Subfamily COLIADINAE: SULPHURS
    
    300 species worldwide
    
    
    Genus COLIAS:  A large group of "YELLOWS", "SULPHURS", and "CLOUDED YELLOWS" mostly in the Northern Hemisphere (in North America & Asia), but also in Australia, Africa, and South America. Sexes are dimorphic. Many of the species are strong migrants. They breed extensively on members of the Leguminosae, the pea family.
    
    
12. Colias hyale  ______  
    Pale Clouded Yellow
    (Range: northern & central Europe)
    
    
13. Colias australis  ______
    New Clouded Yellow
    
    
14. Colias crocea  ______
    Clouded Yellow
    (Range: in central & southern Europe)
    
    
15. Colias palaeno  ______  (F:88) 
    Colias palaeno  ______ 
    Moorland Clouded Yellow (also called Arctic Sulphur)
    
    Colia palaeno is a larger member of its genus with conspicuous black edges to its wings. The male is a rich lemon color, and the female is a pale cream. Both sexes have pink fringes to the wings, pink legs, and pink antennae. As indicated by its common names, this butterfly occurs on arctic moorlands, and at bogs where its caterpillar food plant, the whortleberry, is found. 
    
    
16. Colias myrmidone  (en)  ______
    Danube Clouded Yellow
    
    
17. Colias chrysotheme  (vu)  ______
    Lesser Clouded Yellow
    
    
18. Colias hecla  (nt)  ______
    Northern Clouded Yellow
    
    
19. Colias phicomone  (nt)  ______
    Mountain Clouded yellow 
    
    
    Genus EUCHLOE
    
    
20. Euchloe bazae  (vu)  ______
    Spanish Greenish Black-tip
    
    
    Genus GONEPTERYX:  Extending from Europe to Asia, large yellow and pale green butterflies. The wings are broad and slightly hooked, and the underside is fairly cryptic.  
    
    
21. Gonepteryx rhamni  ______  (F:98)  
    (Common) Brimstone (or the Sulphur)
    (Range: in Europe, from Britain to the Mediterranean)
    
    The sexes of Gonepteryx rhamni are different colors. The male is bright lemon-yellow, the female lime-green. Each sex has a single small orange spot in the center of the wings. The wings are strongly curved. This butterfly lives along waysides and in scrubby areas and light woodlands. Its foodplants are buckthorns. 
    
    
22. Gonepteryx cleopatra  ______
    Cleopatra
    (Range: in Mediterranean Europe & North Africa)
      
    
23. Gonepteryx maderensis  (en)  ______
    Madeiran Brimstone
    
    
24. Gonepteryx cleobule  (vu)  ______
    Canary Brimstone      
    
    
    Genus ANTHOCHARIS:  Mostly small "WHITE" butterflies which have brightly colored marks inside the tips of the forewings. The colors are usually orange-red (as are the orange tips). They exploit cruciferous plants.
    
     
25. Anthocharis cardamines  ______  (F:79) (S:73)
    Orange Tip
    (Range: across Eurasia)
    
    The male of Anthocharis cardamines is distinguished by the orange tip on the forewing. Both sexes have a green mottling on the underside of the hindwing, which is partially visible on the upperside. The butterfly frequents damp areas, roadsides, and hedges. It can be a wanderer rather than a migrant, and can colonize areas away from where it emerged. There is a single generation a year and a long flight period from March to May.    
      
    
    Genus ZEGRIS
    
    
26. Zegris eupheme  (nt)  ______
    Sooty Orange-tip
    
    
    Genus APORIA:  Large butterflies found throughout Europe & Asia.
    
    
27. Aporia crataegi  ______  (S:66)
    Black-veined White 
    (Range: Much of Eurasia, from Portugal to Japan; Also: Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; extinct in Britain.) 
    
    Black veins cross the white wings, giving the Black-veined White its common name. The wings are rather papery, and the butterflies lose their scales rapidly during their courtship rituals. 
    
    
    Genus LEPTIDEA
    
    
28. Leptidea sinapis  ______
    Wood White
    (Range: across Europe) 
    
    
29. Leptidea morsei  (nt)  ______
    Fenton's Wood White
    
    
    Genus PIERIS (or said to be in the Genus ARTOGEIA)  
    
    PIERIS is a widespread and successful genus in North America. Europe, and Asia, and with introductions to South America (as well as into North America) and into the Australian region. Some species are strong migrants.    
       
    
30. Pieris brassicae  ______
    Large (or Cabbage) White
    (Range: widespread across Europe, and in north Africa)
    
    
31. Pieris (or Artogeia) rapae  ______  (C:39) (F:106) 
    Small White (also called: Small Cabbage White or Sharp-veined White)
    (Range: in much of the Northern Hemisphere, including Eurasia & North Africa, and in North America where introduced; also Australia & Hawaii.) 
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Two photographs of Small Cabbage Whites
    (photos by Marie Gardner)
    
    
32. Pieris napi  ______
    Green-veined White
    (Range: across Europe)
    
    
33. Pieris wollatoni  (ce)  ______
    Madeiran Large White
    
    
34. Pieris cheiranthi  (en)  ______
    Canary Islands Large White 
    
    The introduction of alien parasites might be the cause of the decline of the Canary Islands Large White, Pieris cheiranthi. It is considered "endangered".
    
    
    Genus PONTIA
    
    
35. Pontia daplidice  ______
    Bath White
    (Range: from central & southern Europe across Eurasia, also North Africa)  
    
    
    Family LYCAENIDAE (GOSSAMER WINGS), including: COPPERS, HAIRSTREAKS, BLUES
     
    Throughout the world but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The sexes often differ in coloration, and the undersides usually differ from the upper surfaces.
    Among several distinct groups are the HAIRSTREAKS, with tails and bright eyespot markings on the hindwings, creating a "false head" at the rear, to divert attackers. 
    Thus far, worldwide, about 5,000 species in this family have been discovered and named. Caterpillars of many of these species are closely associated with ants.
    
    
    Genus THECLA
    
    
36. Thecla betulae  ______
    Brown Hairstreak
    (Range: across Eurasia) 
     
    
    Genus CALLOPHRYS:  Small-sized HAIRSTREAKS, occurring in Europe and Asia, and in North and South America. Many species breed on a variety of plant families.
    
     
37. Callophrys rubi  ______
    Green Hairstreak
    (Range: across Eurasia, and in North Africa)
    
    
    Genus QUERCUSIA
    
    
38. Quercusia quercus  ______
    Purple Hairstreak
    (Range: across Eurasia, and in North Africa)
    
    
    Genus TOMARES
    
    
39. Tomares nogelii  (vu)  ______
    Nogel's Hairstreak
    
    The Nogel's Hairstreak, Tomares nogelii, is a habitat specialist that feeds solely on Astragalus ponticus. It has a highly fragmented distribution, which is little known. Tourist activities and agricultural improvement have diminished many colonies and the remaining populations are mainly threatened by changes in agricultural practices. The butterfly has disappeared from the European Union countries, but can still be found in Ukraine.    
    
    
    Genus STRYMONIDIA (was FIXENIA):  a genus of BROWNS
    
    
40. Strymonidia w-album  ______  
    White Letter Hairstreak
    (Range: across Eurasia)
    
    
    Genus HEODES
    
    
41. Heodes virgaureae  ______
    Scarce Copper
    
    
    Genus LYCAENA: COPPERS  Widespread in Europe and Asia, with some in North America and Australia. They occur mostly in temperate climates. Their colors are in the coppery and orange range, and the undersides often have dark spots. 
    
    
42. Lycaena dispar  ______  
    Large Copper
    (Range: localized in northern & central Europe)  
    
    The Large Copper, Lycaena dispar, occurs in a range of grassland types, where it breeds on docks and sorrels. It has been protected, as it has declined in many countries. 
    However, it has been expending its range in some central and eastern European countries.   
    
    
43. Lycaena phlaeas   ______   (C:31) (F:251) 
    Common (or Small) Copper
    (Range: across Eurasia, also in western & eastern temperate North America) 
    
    Lycaena phlaeas is a widespread species that frequents wild habitats as well as urban sites, and breeds on docks which are very common as weeds. There are, throughout its vast range, a number of subspecies.
    
    
    
    
    A Small Copper photographed during a FONT tour in Sweden
    in September 2007
    (photo by James Scheib)
    
    
44. Lycaena tityrus  ______  
    Sooty Copper
    (Range: across Europe, but not in Britain or Scandinavia)
    
    
45. Lycaena helle  (en)  ______
    Violet Copper
    
    The Violet Copper, Lycaena helle, is a rare and threatened butterfly in Europe. Most of the decline happened prior to 1995. The few remaining populations have been more or less stable in the last 10 years. The butterfly is found mostly on cool and wet meadows. 
    
    
46. Lycaena alciphron  ______
    Purple-shot Copper
    
    
47. Lycaena hippothoe  ______
    Purple-edged Copper
    
    
    Genus PALAEOCHRYSOPHANUS 
    
    
48. Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe  ______
    Purple-edged Copper
    
    
    Genus ARICIA
    
    
49. Aricia agestis  ______
    Brown Argus
    (Range: temperate northern Europe)
    
    
50. Aricia anteros  (nt)  ______
    Blue Argus
    
    
    Genus CELASTRINA
    
    
51. Celastrina argiolus  ______
    Holly Blue
    (Range: across Europe to western Asia, also North Africa)
    
    
    Genus LAMPIDES: A genus with one species which has colonized much of the world. 
    
    
52. Lampides boeticus ______  (F:246) 
    Pea Blue (or Long-tailed Blue)
    (Range: in Mediterranean Europe & North Africa)
    
    Lampides boeticus is one of the most successful of butterflies. This migrant breeds on many leguminous plants. The tail and eye-spot on the underside of the hindwing mirror the head and antennae to confuse predators. Females are a darker blue. Both sexes have a rippled underside pattern.
    
    
    Genus EVERES:  a small grouping of butterflies found in Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are usually sexually dimorphic and tailed, and breed on members of the pea family, Leguminosae. 
    
    
53. Everes argiades  ______
    Short-tailed Blue
    
    
54. Everes alcetas  ______
    Provencal Short-tailed Blue
    
    
55. Everes (or Cupido) decoloratus  ______
    Eastern Short-tailed Blue
    
    
    Genus CUPIDO
    
    
56. Cupido minimus  ______
    Small (or Little) Blue
    
    
57. Cupido lorquinii  ______
    Lorquin's Blue
    
    
58. Cupido osiris  ______
    Osiris Blue 
    
    
    Genus GLAUCOPSYCHE:  About 11 species of BLUES, found in North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Some are brightly colored. They breed on members of the pea family, Leguminosae. 
    
    
59. Glaucopsyche alexis  ______
    Green-underside Blue
    
    
60. Glaucopsyche melanops  ______
    Black eyed Blue
    
    
61. Glaucopsyche paphos  ______
    Paphos Blue
    
    
    Genus SCOLITANTIDES:  Small-sized BLUES in Europe and Asia. They have checkered margins and exhibit sexual dimorphism. They occur in flowery habitats. 
    
    
62. Scolitantides orion  ______  (F:271) 
    Checkered Blue
    
    The checkering around the margins, after which the butterfly is named, is pronounced on the uppers. The sexes are fairly similar, both having blue scales overlapping a greater suffusion of black. The male usually has more blue on the wings. The undersides are remarkably checkered, with lots of bold black spots over a white-gray background and an orange band on the hindwing. There is no tail. This butterfly lives in flowery habitats, and breeds on stonecrops, Sedum.
    
    
    Genus PLEBEJUS:  BLUES which occur in temperate regions of North America and Eurasia. They are relatively small butterflies which exhibit sexual dimorphism. The males are often with striking blues on the uppers. They live in open flowery areas, such as meadows. They bask in the sunlight, and breed on members of the pea family, Leguminosae.)
    Species in this genus were formerly in LYCAEIDES. 
    
       
63. Plebejus argus  ______   (F:263) (S:99) 
    Silver-studded Blue
    (Range: across Eurasia)
    
    The male of Plebejus argus has purplish blue uppers with a black margin, and pale-gray undersides. The female has dark brown uppers with a set of orange lunules inside the margin. The undersides are a light brown speckled with black. Both sexes have a white fringe and a distinctive band of orange lunules on the underside of the hindwings. The silvery-blue "studs" in each lunule are not always clear. 3 subspecies are recorded. The butterflies live in grassy areas, and coastal scrub. They breed on gorse, Ulex.  
    
    
64. Plebejus idas  ______
    Idas Blue
    (Range: across northern & central Europe, and in higher altitudes)
    
    
    
    
    Idas Blue
    (photo by Karl Frafjord)
    
    
65. Plebejus zullichi  (en)  ______
    Zullich's Blue 
    
    
66. Plebejus dardanus  (nt)  ______
    Bosnian Blue
    
    
67. Plebejus trappi  (nt)  ______
    Alpine Zephyr Blue
    
    
68. Plebejus pylaon  (nt)  ______
    Eastern Zephyr Blue
    
    
    Genus LYSANDRA
    
    
69. Lysandra coridon  ______  
    Chalk-bill Blue
    
    
70. Lysandra bellargus  ______
    Adonis Blue
    (Range: from western Europe to western Asia) 
    
    
    Genus POLYOMMATUS
    
    
71. Polyommatus icarus  ______  
    Common Blue
    (Range: across Eurasia, and in North Africa)
    
    
72. Polyommatus humedasae  (en)  ______
    Piedmont Anomalous Blue
    
    The Piedmont Anomalous Blue, Polyommatus humedasae, occurs only on a few warm, dry, rocky slopes in one valley in northern Italy alone. It is classified as "endangered".   
    
    
73. Polyommatus galloi  (vu)  ______
    Higgin's Anomalous Blue
    
    
74. Polyommatus golgus  (vu)  ______
    Sierra Nevada Blue
    
    
75. Polyommatus orphicus  (vu)  ______ 
    
    
76. Polyommatus violetae  (vu)  ______
    Andalusian Anomalous Blue
    
    
77. Polyommatus damon  (nt)  ______
    Damon Blue
    
    
78. Polyommatus dorylas  (nt)  ______
    Turquoise Blue
    
    
79. Polyommatus eros  (nt)  ______
    Eros Blue
    
    
80. Polyommatus nivescens  (nt)  ______
    Mother-of-Pearl Blue 
    
    
81. Polyommatus ripartii  ______
    Ripart's Anomalous Blue
    
    
    Genus IOLANA
    
    
82. Iolana iolas  (nt)  ______
    Iolas Blue
    
    
    Genus PSEUDOPHILOTES
    
    
83. Pseudophilotes panoptes  (nt)  ______
    Panoptes Blue
    
    
84. Pseudophilotes vicrama  (nt)  ______
    Eastern Baron Blue  
    
    
    Genus MACULINEA:  "Large BLUES", found in Europe and Asia. They are tailless and have darker blue colors than many other BLUES. These butterflies have attracted a lot of attention from collectors, and some species are now scarce. All of those in Europe are classified as "endangered".
    The caterpillars start by feeding on their food plant and then switch to being looked after by ants.  
    
     
85. Maculinea (or now Phengaris) arion  (en)  ______
    Large Blue
    (Range: across Eurasia east to China; not in Britain)
    
    
86. Maculinea (or now Phengaris) teleius  (vu)  ______
    Scarce Large Blue
    
    The Scarce Large Blue, Phengaris teleius, is a species of wet meadows with Great Burnett (Sanguisorba officinalis. 
    The small caterpillars only feed on the flowerheads for 2 to 3 weeks. They then go down to the ground where they wait to be picked up by the worker ants of the genus Myrmica and carried off to the ants' nest. There they feed on ant grubs. The caterpillars also hibernate and pupate in the ants' nest. The species of host ant varies in different parts of is range. 
    Because of this complicated lifestyle the butterfly is vulnerable to any changes in the environment that affect either the hostplants or the hostants. 
    In much of Europe this species has declined due to either agricultural intensification (drainage, fertilization, pesticide use) or abandonment (where the habitat gets invaded by shrubs and later forest. Thus, the species is classified as "vulnerable".
     
    
87. Maculinea (or now Phengarius) nausithous  (nt)  ______
    Dusky Large Blue  
    
    
88. Maculinea (or now Phengarius) alcon  ______
    Alcon Blue
    
    
    Genus CUPIDO
    
    
89. Cupido minimus  ______
    Small Blue 
    
    
90. Cupido decoloratus  (nt)  ______
    Eastern Short-tailed Blue 
    
    
    Genus TURANANA
    
    
91. Turanana taygetica  (en)  ______
    Odd-spot Blue
    
    
    Subfamily RIODINIDAE: METALMARKS
    
    
    Genus HAMEARIS
    
    
92. Hamearis lucina  ______
    Duke of Burgundy Fritillary
    (Range: western and central Europe)
    
    Hamearis lucina is the only metalmark native to Europe. It bears a resemblance to fritillaries, but its behavior is closer to that of the blues.
    The butterflies are often found on meadows with scrub or near woods with their major foodplant, Primulas, are present. the species is declining in many European countries. overall, the decline is somewhat less than 30% in the last 10 years.
           
    
    
    Family NYMPHALIDAE: BRUSHFOOTS
    
    Cosmopolitan, with subfamilies range from 8 to 25, depending upon taxonomic treatment
    
    This is the most diverse family of butterflies, with approximately 6,000 known species worldwide. Brushfoot butterflies appear 4 rather than 6-legged as their 2 front legs are much reduced.  
    
    
    Subfamily LIBYTHEINAE: SNOUTS
    
    Genus LIBYTHEA: SNOUTS  With long palps which protrude under the head like snout (as do those in the genus LIBYTHEANA). Occur in both the Old and New Worlds.   
    
     
93. Libythea celtis celtoides ______  (F:174) (S:145)
    Nettle-tree Butterfly (or Eurasian Beak) 
    
    This species is recognized by its hooked forewings, and has orange blobs over its warm brown wings. This, the only snout butterfly in Europe, also occurs in North Africa, and has a wide distribution across Eurasia through to Japan. It lives in wooded areas, especially in valleys. One of its common names is from its caterpillar food plant, the Nettle Tree. The butterfly hibernates. it feeds on exudates from tree buds in the spring.    
    
    
    Genus CLOSSIANA:  A large grouping of medium-sized FRITILLARIES in Europe, Asian, and North America. Found in meadows, both lowland and alpine. They breed on bog plants, including violets. 
    
    
94. Clossiana selene  ______  
    Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary
    
    
95. Clossiana euphrosyne  ______  
    Pearl-bordered Fritillary
    
    
    
    
    A Pearl-bordered Fritillary
    (photo by Karl Frajord)
     
    
96. Clossiana dia  ______
    Violet Fritillary   
    
    
    Genus BRENTHIS:  Small-sized FRITILLARIES occurring in Europe and Asia.
    
    
97. Brenthis ino  ______  (S:117)
    Lesser Marbled Fritillary
    (Range: in central & northern Europe, and into Asia)
    
    
98. Brenthis aquilonaris  ______  
    Cranberry Fritillary 
    
    
    Genus PROCLOSSIANA
    
    
99. Proclassiana eunomia  ______
    Bog Fritillary
    
    
    Genus ISSORIA
    
    
100. Issoria (formerly Argynnis) lathonia  ______
     Queen of Spain Fritillary
     (Range: from North Africa into Europe and Asia)  
     
     
     Genus ARGYNNIS:  This genus of FRITILLARIES is composed of woodland butterflies occurring in Europe and Asia. Butterflies are large, orange, and speckled with black spots. The males have large black brands on the forewings. Some species in this genus breed on violets.
     
        
101. Argynnis paphia  ______ (F:120) (S:135)
     Silver-washed Fritillary
     (Range: across Europe and in North Africa and western Asia)
     
     Of the species in this genus, the Silver-washed Fritillary may well be the most impressive. The male is very attractive with its long dark marks along the veins on the upper forewing. There are prominent spots all over the uppers of the female, which is very slightly larger. Unlike other fritillaries which lay eggs on violets, this species lays eggs on a tree trunk so the freshly emerged larvae have to walk to their food plants. 
     
     
102. Argynnis laodice  ______
     Pallas's Fritillary
     
     
     Genus FABRICIANA:  Large FRITILLARIES that occur in Europe & Asia, closely related to, an same say part of, the genus ARGYNNIS. 
     
     
103. Fabriciana (or Argynnis) adippe pallescens  ______
     High Brown Fritillary 
     
     
104. Fabriciana (or Argynnis) niobe  ______  (F:156)
     Niobe Fritillary
     
     The Niobe Fritillary lives in meadows and pastures and breeds on violets.
     
     
     Genus BOLORIA
     
     
105. Boloria selene  ______
     Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary  (in North America called the Silver-bordered Fritillary)
     (Range: across Eurasia, and in temperate North America)
     
     
106. Boloria improba  (en)   ______
     Dusky-winged Fritillary
     
     
107. Boloria polaris  (vu)  ______
     Polar Fritillary
     
     
108. Boloria chariclea  (nt)  ______
     Arctic Fritillary
     
     
109. Boloria titania  (nt)  ______
     Titania's Fritillary
     
     
     Genus MESOACIDALIA
     
     
110. Mesoacidalia aglaja  ______  
     Dark Green Fritillary  
     
     
     Genus MELITAEA:  some 40 species of FRITILLARIES, found in Europe, Asia, and North America. 
     They are medium-sized, and allied to the ARGYREUS genus. Spotting on the wings is quite variable.  
     
     
111. Melitaea didyma  ______  
     Spotted Fritillary
     (Range: in southern Europe, north Africa, and some cooler parts of Asia)
     
     
112. Melitaea cinxia  ______
     Glanville Fritillary
     
     
113. Melitaea britomartis  (nt)  ______
     Assmann's Fritillary
     
     
114. Melitaea aurelia  (nt)  ______
     Nickerl's Fritillary
     
     
115. Melitaea diamina  ______
     False Heath Fritillary
     
     
116. Melitaea trivia  (nt)  ______
     Lesser Spotted Fritillary 
     
     The Lesser Spotted Fritillary is one of the most colorful butterflies in Europe. Its population has recently had a marked decline, and the species is considered "near-threatened". 
     
     
     Genus MELLICTA:  About a dozen species found in Europe & Asia. They are spotted, variable, and good fliers.
     
      
117. Mellicta athalia  ______  
     Heath Fritillary
     
     
     Genus EUPHYDRYAS
     
     
118. Euphydryas maturna  (vu)  ______
     Scarce Fritillary
     
     The Scarce Fritillary, Euphydryas maturna, occurs in clearings, where young ash trees are growing in open, mixed woodland. In Europe, it has had a strong decline in the 20th century, but the few remaining populations have shown only a small decline in the last 10 years, not enough for it to be a threatened species according to Red List criteria. That may soon change however as the butterfly now continues to decline, and even large populations are disappearing.     
     
     
119. Euphydryas aurinia  ______
     Marsh Fritillary
     (Range: across Europe, into central Asia)
     
     
120. Euphydryas desfontainii  (nt)  ______
     Spanish Fritillary
     
     
121. Euphydryas iduna  (nt)  ______
     Lapland Fritillary
     
     
     Genus CHARAXES
     
     
122. Charaxes jasius  ______
     Two-tailed Pasha
     (Range: in Mediterranean Europe & North Africa)
     
     Charaxes jasius is the only double-tailed butterfly in Europe.
     
     
     Genus LIMENITIS:  White-marked admiral butterflies closely allied or part of the LADOGA genus. Found in North America, Europe, Asia, and the Australian region. 
     
     
123. Limenitis (or Ladoga) populi  ______  (F:175)  
     Poplar Admiral
     
     Limenitis populi is the largest of the admirals. Females are larger, but they have the same basic pattern as the male, a dark ground color with white marks. In this species, there is a series of orange chevrons, which run around the inside of the margins. This butterfly lives in woodland areas, and breeds on aspens and poplars, hence its common name.    
     
     
124. Limenitis (or Ladoga) camilla  ______  (C:77) 
     White Admiral
     (Range: across Eurasia) 
     
     
     Genus NEPTIS:  40 small-sized species that occur in Africa, Europe, Asia, and in the Australian region. They are commonly called "GLIDERS" or "SAILORS" because of the way in which they glide through the air. Their colors are characteristic, with a black ground color beneath white lines and spots.    
     
     40 small-sized species that occur in Africa, Europe, Asia, and in the Australian region. They are commonly called "GLIDERS" or "SAILERS" because of the way in which they glide through the air. Their colors are characteristic, with a black ground color beneath white lines and spots.    
     
        
125. Neptis sappho  ______
     Common Glider (or Pallas' Sailer)
     (Range: from eastern Europe across Asia) 
     
     
126. Neptis rivularis  ______   
     Hungarian Glider 
     
     
     Genus ARASCHNIA:  Characterized by their map-like patterning, these butterflies are found in Europe and Asia.
     
     
127. Araschnia levana  ______  (C:79) (F:120) (S:108)
     Map Butterfly
     
     The spring form of Araschnia levana is orange with dark brown markings; the summer form is a dark chocolate-brown with white bands. There is a characteristic map-like pattern of yellowish-white lines on the dark underside.
     There's not just seasonal differences in plumage, but also between male and female. The male, smaller & brighter, is tawny and black. The dark brown female has a yellow band crossing the wings and a partial red band toward the hingwing margins, with white spots near the apex of the forewing. The species flies in open woodland, and breeds on nettles.  
     
     
     Genus PANDORIANA
     
     
128. Pandoriana pandora  _______
     Cardinal
     (Range: in southern Europe and in north Africa & western Asia) 
     
     
     Genus POLYGONIA:  Known as "Comma" Butterflies in Europe, or "Question Mark" or "Anglewing" Butterflies in the USA, they also occur in Asia. They have dark brown, orange, and black wings with ragged edges and an underside which is usually cryptic. The butterflies are strong fliers and hibernate. They often breed on nettles, Urtica species.    
     
     
129. Polygonia c-album  ______  (C:103) (F:196) (S:125)
     Eurasian Comma
     (Range: in western & southern Europe and in north Africa & western Asia) 
     
     The white mark on the underside of the hindwing is the feature after which the Comma is named. There are seasonal variations, the first generation being lighter than the second generation. The butterfly is territorial, not migratory. It breeds on nettle, Urtica, and hops, Humulus.) 
     
     
     Genus NYMPHALIS:  A small grouping of butterflies occurring in Europe, Asia, and North America. They are generally powerful fliers. Some species are migratory and hibernate as adults.
     
       
130. Nymphalis antiopa ______  (C:43) (F:187) (S:122)
     Camberwell Beauty  (in North America called the Mourning Cloak)
     (Range: in Europe and cooler regions of Asia; also in North America)  
     
     This spectacular butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa, has a dark velvety maroon upperside with blue marginal spots and broad, pale yellow borders to the wings. These creamy-appearing borders are quite distinctive in flight. A fine line of blue spots separate the contrasting maroon and yellow colors. The species occurs in the Northern Hemisphere in both the Old and New Worlds. It is a migrant, often found in pine woodlands and along forest rides and glades, where it breeds on willows, beeches, and elms. Many places this butterfly is the first to be seen in the spring, as it ventures out of its overwintering hibernation for brief sorties on warm, sunny days of late-winter and early-spring. 
     
     
131. Nymphalis polychloros  ______  
     Large Tortoiseshell
     (Range: across Eurasia)  
     
     
132. Nymphalis vaualbum  ______
     False Comma   
     
     
133. Nymphalis xanthomelas  ______
     Yellow-legged Tortoiseshell   
     
     
     Genus INACHIS:  This genus has a single species with "eyes" resembling the markings on a Peacock's tail (that is the Peacock, the bird).
     
      
134. Inachis io ______  IC  (C:53) (S:126)
     Peacock
     (Range: across Eurasia, occurring into cooler areas)
     
     Inachis io is an exquisite butterfly, with a unique pattern, and a favorite of both gardeners and naturalists. It emerges from its chrysalis in summer and is quite fond of garden and hedgerow flowers. In the fall, it retires to a hollow log or tree to hibernate. When it flies again in the spring, it's most likely found along the edges of woodlands, to find a mate. The geographic range is across temperate Eurasia. The butterfly lives around farmyards and in valleys, and breeds on nettles.  
     
     
      
     
     Peacock
     (photo by Karl Frafjord)
     
     
     Genus VANESSA: LADY BUTTERFLIES - A widespread grouping of strong fliers, sometimes migratory, with bright oranges and reds.
     
     
135. Vanessa atalanta  ______  IC
     Red Admiral
     (Range: across the Northern Hemisphere, in Eurasia, North Africa, & in North America) 
     
     
     
     
     Red Admiral
     A nice number of these, at times, have been seen 
     during FONT tours in southern Sweden in September. 
     (photo by Karl Frafjord)
     
     
     Genus CYNTHIA:  Representatives of this grouping occur in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Many are powerful migrants, such as Cynthia cardui, the Painted Lady. This genus is very closed related to the genus VANESSA. 
     
       
136. Cynthia cardui  ______  IC  (C:27) (F:140) (S:141) 
     Painted Lady
     (Range: widespread around the world, but more common in warmer climes)
     
     Cynthia cardui is the most widespread of the world's butterflies. Its range is worldwide, except for Australia and New Zealand. It is a very powerful migrant. Throughout is vast range, this species is quite uniform in its pattern and coloration, although some subspecies do exist. A reason for its success is that it breeds on a wide variety of plants. These include common members of the mallow and daisy families, especially thistles.
     
     
     
     
     Painted Lady
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
     Genus AGLAIS:  In this grouping, there are more species in Europe and Asia than in North America. They are relatively small butterflies with orange, yellow, and black markings. Some species are migratory. They hibernate.  
     
      
137. Aglais urticae  ______  IC   (F:114)  (S:110)
     Small Tortoiseshell (or Mountain Tortoiseshell)
     (Range: across Eurasia)
     
     The sexes of the Small Tortoiseshell are similar, with three black bars on the leading edge of the forewing. This species is very common in all sorts of habitats from gardens to uplands. It breeds on the ubiquitous nettle Urtica species, and is a strong migrant.
     
     
     
     
     The Small Tortoiseshell is one of only 4 species of butterflies that occur in Iceland.
     This butterfly was photographed during a FONT tour in Sweden in September 2007.
     (photo by James Scheib) 
     
     
     Genus APATURA:  Large and powerful butterflies that occur in Europe, Asia, and the Australian region.
     
     
138. Apatura iris  ______
     Purple Emperor
     (Range: from western Europe to western Asia) 
     
     
139. Apatura ilia  ______
     Lesser Purple Emperor   
     
     
     Subfamily SATYRIDAE: 
     
     
     Genus MELANARGIA
     
     
140. Melanargia galathea  ______
     Marbled White
     (Range: in western & central Europe and North Africa and into Asia)
     
     
     Genus BRINTESIA
     
     
141. Brintesia circe  ______
     Great Banded Grayling
     
     
     Genus HIPPARCHIA
     
     
142. Hipparchia semele  ______
     Grayling
     (Range: across Europe into Asia)
     
     
143. Hipparchia bacchus  (vu)  ______
     El Hierro Grayling
     
     
144. Hipparchia tilosi  (vu)  ______
     La Palma Grayling
     
     
145. Hipparchia fagi  (nt)  ______
     Woodland Grayling
     
     
146. Hipparchia hermione  (nt)  ______
     Rock Grayling
     
     
147. Hipparchia leighebi  (nt)  ______
     Eolian Grayling
     
     
148. Hipparchia sbordonii  (nt)  ______
     Ponza Grayling
     
     
149. Hipparchia statilinus  (nt)  ______
     Tree Grayling
     
     
     Genus PSEUDOCHAZARA
     
     
150. Pseudochazara cingovskii  (ce)  ______  
     Macedonian Grayling
     
     
151. Pseudochazara euxina  (en)  ______
     
     
152. Pseudochazara amymone  (vu)  ______
     
     
153. Pseudochazara orestes  (vu)  ______
     Dils' Grayling
     
     
     Genus OENEIS
     
     
154. Oeneis norna  (nt)  ______
     Norse Grayling
     
     
     Genus CHAZARA
     
     
155. Chazara briseis  (nt)  ______
     The Hermit
     
     
     Genus EREBIA:  A large grouping of BROWNS with over 100 species, represented in Europe, Asia, North America, and the Australian region. Most live at high elevations. These butterflies are medium-sized and have dark red colors.   
     
     
156. Erebia aethiops  ______
     Scotch Argus  (or Northern Brown)  
     
     
157. Erebia ligea  ______  
     Arran Brown
     
     
158. Erebia euryale  ______
     Large Ringlet
     
     
159. Erebia epiphron  ______
     Mountain Ringlet
     
     
160. Erebia pandrose  ______  
     Dewy Ringlet
     
     
161. Erebia gorge  ______
     Silky Ringlet 
     
     
162. Erebia christi  (vu)  ______
     Raetzer's Ringlet
     
     
163. Erebia sudetica  (vu)  ______
     Sudeten Ringlet 
     
     The Sudeten Ringlet, Erebia sudetica, is a European endemic found on alpine and sub-alpine grasslands, especially those near the tree-line. Its population has declined by more than 30% in the last 10 years. It is considered "vulnerable".  
     
     
164. Erebia claudina (nt)  ______
     White Speck Ringlet
     
     
165. Erebia epistygne (nt)  ______
     Spring Ringlet
     
     
166. Erebia flavofascitata  (nt)  ______
     White-banded Ringlet
     
     
     Genus MANIOLA
     
     
167. Maniola jurtina  ______
     Meadow Brown
     (Range: across Europe, into Asia) 
     
     
168. Maniola halicarnassus  (nt)  ______
     Thomson's Meadow Brown
     
     
     Genus HYPONEPHELE
     
     
169. Hyponephele lycaon  ______
     Dusky Meadow Brown
     
     
     Genus LOPINGA
     
     
170. Lopinga achine  (vu)  ______
     Woodland Brown
     
     
     Genus PYRONIA
     
     
171. Pyronia (or Maniola) tithonus  ______
     The Gatekeeper
     (Range; in western & southern Europe) 
     
     
     Genus APHANTOPUS
     
     
172. Aphantopus hyperantus  ______
     Ringlet
     (Range: across Eurasia)
     
     
     Genus COENONYMPHA
     
     
173. Coenonympha pamphilus  ______
     Small Heath
     (Range: in northern Europe, including Britain & Scandinavia) 
     
     
174. Coenonympha arcania  ______  
     Pearly Heath
     (Range: from western Europe to western Asia)
     
     
175. Coenonympha tullia  ______
     Large Heath  (in North America called the Ringlet)
     (Range: in central & northern Europe, into Asia; also in North America)
     
     
176. Coenonympha phryne  (ce)  ______
     
     Coenonympha tullia occurs on pristine steppes in Russia and Ukraine. It is listed as "critically endangered" in Europe.
     
     
177. Coenonympha oedippus  (en)  ______
     False Ringlet
     
     
178. Coenonympha hero  (vu)  ______
     Scarce Heath
     
     
179. Coenonympha tullia  (vu)  ______
     Large Heath
     
     
180. Coenonympha orientalis  (vu)  ______
     Balkan Heath 
     
     
     Genus MINOIS:  Medium-sized butterflies in the SATYRIDS. 
     
     
181. Minois dryas  ______ (C:65) (F:182) (S:175)
     Dryad 
     (Range: in southern Europe and across Asia) 
     
     The dark males of Minois dryas are easy to see in their mountainous habitat. The females, slightly larger and lighter, are usually near by. On the forewings are a pair of bluish eye-spots. Throughout the range, there are a number of subspecies. Breeding is on various grasses. 
     
     
     Genus PARARGE
     
     
182. Pararge aegeria  ______
     Speckled Wood
     (Range: across Europe, into Asia) 
     
     
183. Pararge xiphia  (en)  ______
     Madeiran Speckled Wood
     
     
     Genus LASIOMMATA:  A grouping of European & Asian BROWNS. They have brown or orange ground colors, sometimes speckled, and with false eyes on the wings. They live in open sunny sites and breed on grasses.  
     
     
184. Lasiommata maera  ______
     Large Wall Brown
     
     
185. Lasiommata petropolitana  ______
     Northern Wall Brown
     
     
186. Lasiommata (formerly Pararge) megera  ______
     Wall Brown
     (Range: across Europe into Asia) 
     
     
     Family HESPERIIDAE: SKIPPERS 
     
     A very large family (3,000 species throughout the world) of stout-bodied short-winged butterflies that resemble day-flying moths. The adult butterfly's flight resembles a 'skipping' motion when going from flower to flower. Their forewings are closed above their back when they are settled.
     
     
     Genus PYRGUS 
     
     
187. Pyrgus malvae ______  (S:45)
     Grizzled Skipper
     (Range: across Europe east to Mongolia)  
     
     
188. Pyrgus cirsii  (vu)  ______
     Cinquefoil Skipper
     
     
189. Pyrgus serratulae  ______
     Olive Skipper
     
     
     Genus CARCHARODUS
     
     
190. Carcharodus alceae  ______
     Mallow Skipper  
     
     
191. Carcharodus lavatherae  (nt)  ______
     Marbled Skipper
     
     
192. Carcharodus flociferus  (nt)  ______
     Tufted Marbled Skipper
     
     
     Genus CARTEROCEPHALUS
     
     
193. Carterocephalus palaemon  ______  (C:47) 
     Checkered Skipper (also called Arctic Skipper)
     (Range: in cold and temperate Europe, Asia, and North America) 
     
     
     Genus ERYNNIS
     
     
194. Erynnis tages  ______
     Dingy Skipper
     (Range: from western & northern Europe across Eurasia)
     
     
     Genus MUSCHAMPIA
     
     
195. Muschampia cribrellum  (nt)  ______
     Spinose Skipper
     
     
     Genus THYMELICUS
     
     
196. Thymelicus sylvestris  ______  
     Small Skipper
     
     Thymelicus sylvestris and Thymelicus lineola are very closely related, and can only be distinguished by the darker color of the antennae of T. lineola.
     
     
197. Thymelicus lineola  ______
     European Skipper  (also known as the Essex Skipper)
     (Range: in Europe, North Africa, and Asia; introduced in North America) 
     
     
198. Thymelicus acteon  (nt)  ______
     Lulworth Skipper
     (Range: from western & southern Europe east into Asia) 
     
     
     Genus OCHLODES
     
     
199. Ochlodes venatus  ______  (S:45)
     Large Skipper
     (Range: across Eurasia)  
     
     
     Genus HESPERIA 
     
     
200. Hesperia comma  ______
     Silver-spotted Skipper
     
     
     
     A LIST OF EUROPEAN MOTHS
       
       
     
     Family THYATIRIDAE
     
     
201. Thyatira batis ______ (S:188)
     Peach Blossom
     
     
     Family ENDROMIDAE: in this family, one one genus, with only one species 
     
     
202. Endromis versicolora  ______
     Kentish Glory
     
     
     Family GEOMETRIDAE:  This is the second largest family of moths, with over 15,000 species worldwide. These moths are generally slender-bodied and weak fliers, and many rely on camouflage for survival. However there are some exceptions. 
     Their CATERPILLARS are popularly known as INCHWORMS or LOOPERS for their mannerism of drawing up the center of their body in order to move forward, as they have legs only at their head and tail ends.      
     
     
203. Archiearis parthenias  ______
     Orange Underwing
     
     
204. Geometra papilionaria ______ (S:194)
     Large Emerald
     (Range: across Eurasia)
     
     The Large Emerald is a large, robust Geometrid moth that has, as its name suggests, green wings.
     Green is definitely an unusual color for lepidopterans. Only in a few families is there an occasional green species, for example, in the noctuids and tortricids.
     However, among the geometrids there is an entire subfamily, the GEOMETRINAE, whose members are colored various shades of green. Some 25 species of these are found in Europe. 
     The largest is the Large Emerald, from which the entire family GEOMETRIDAE gets its name. It inhabits broad-leaved forests in Europe and Asia, with its range extending as far east as Kamchatka and Sakhalin (in far-eastern Siberia). It prefers damp, rather warm, broad-leaved forests with birch, and valley forests with alder. This moth is not particularly abundant anywhere, but it is found most frequently in foothills. 
     The pattern on the wings is variable. The green coloration is not constant. When the moth emerges from the pupa it is dark green, but gradually it becomes increasingly lighter.               
     
     
     
     
     A Large Emerald, Geometra papilionaria 
     (photo by Karl Frafjord)
     
     
205. Alcis repandata  ______
     Mottled Beauty
     
     
206. Operophtera brumata ______ (S:196)
     Winter Moth
     
     
207. Eulithis prunata  ______
     Phoenix
     
     
208. Lycia hirtaria  ______  (S:200)
     Brindled Beauty
     (Range: western & northern Europe) 
     
     Lycia hirtaria is a generally brown and white Geometrid moth that is particularly effective at camouflage. 
     
     
209. Orthonama obstipata  ______  IC
     Gem
     
     
210. Xanthorhoe fluctuata ______ (S:197)
     Garden Carpet
     
     
211. Xanthorhoe designata  ______  IC
     Flame Carpet
     
     
212. Xanthorhoe munitata  ______  IC
     Red Carpet
     
     
213. Epirrhoe alternata  ______  IC
     Common Carpet
     
     
214. Entephria falvicinctata  ______  IC
     Yellow-ringed Carpet
     
     
215. Entephria caesiata  ______  IC
     Gray Mountain Carpet
     
     
216. Chloroclysta citrata  ______  IC
     Dark Marble Carpet
     
     
217. Hydriomena furcata  ______  IC
     July Highflyer
     
     
218. Rheumaptera hastata  ______  IC  (S:197)
     Argent and Sable
     
     
219. Perizoma blandiata  ______  IC
     Pretty Pinion
     
     
220. Perizoma alchemillata  ______  IC
     Small Rivulet
     
     
221. Eupithecia plumbeolata  ______  IC
     Lead-colored Pug
     
     
222. Eupithecia satyrata  ______  IC
     Satyr Pug
     
     
223. Eupithecia sobrinata  ______  IC
     Juniper Pug
     
     
224. Eupithecia nanata  ______  IC
     Narrow-winged Pug
     
     
225. Erannis defoliaria  ______  IC  (S:200)
     Mottled Umber 
     
     
226. Camptogramma bilineata  ______
     Yellow Shell
     
     
227. Abraxas grossulariata ______ (S:198)
     Magpie Moth
     
     
228. Opisthograptis lutelata  ______
     Brimstone Moth
     
     
229. Ourapteryx sambucaria  ______  (S:201)
     Swallow-tailed Moth
     (Range: across Europe into temperate Asia) 
     
     Ourapteryx sambucaria is a relatively large Geometrid with a striking appearance. When found during the day, it can be mistaken for a butterfly. 
     
     
230. Ennomos autumnaria  ______
     Large Thorn
     
     
231. Biston betularia ______ (S:198)
     Peppered Moth
     
     
232. Biston strataria  ______
     Oak Beauty
     
     
233. Rboarmia roboraria  ______  (S:199)
     Great Oak Beauty
     
     
234. Rhodometra sacraria  ______  (S:196)
     The Vestal
     
     
235. Venusia cambrica  ______  (S:197)
     Welsh Wave
     
     
236. Angerona prunaria  ______  (S:198)
     Orange Moth
     
     
237. Plagodis dolabraria  ______  (S:201)
     Scorched Wing 
     
     
238. Selenia tetralunaria  ______  (S:202)
     Purple Thorn
     
     
     Family PTEROPHORIDAE
     
     
239. Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla  ______
     
     
240. Stenoptila pterodactyla  ______
     
     
241. Stenoptila islandica  ______  IC
     Icelandic Plume
     
     
242. Pterophorus pentadactyla  ______  
     White Plume Moth
     (Range: across Eurasia)
     
     Pterophorus pentadactyla is a pure white moth. It, and others in its family, are commonly known as "plume moths" since their wings have the appearance of fine feathers. The forewing of this species is divided 2 two lobes, or ""plumes"", while its hindwing is divided into 3.
     The White Plume Moth holds its wings out when it rests, adopting a T-shape. This is accentuated by the proportionally long, white hindlegs, which trail alongside its abdomen.  
     
     
     Family PYRALIDAE
     
     
243. Crambus nemorella (has been C. pratellus)  ______
     
     
244. Crambus pascuella  ______  IC
     
     
245. Pyralis farinalis  ______
     Meal Moth
     
     
246. Nymphula nymphaeata  ______
     Brown China-mark 
     
     
247. Gesneria centuriella  ______  IC
     Pyralid Moth
     
     
248. Udea ferrugalis  ______  IC
     
     
249. Nomophila noctuella  ______  IC
     Rush Veneer
     
     
250. Pyla fusca  ______  IC
     
     
251. Ectomyelois ceratoniae  ______  IC
     Carob Bean Moth
     
     
252. Ephestia kuehniella  ______  IC
     Mediterranean Flour Moth
     
     
253. Phodia interpunctella  ______  IC
     Indian Meal Moth
     (Range: in Eurasia & North America)
     
     
     Family LASIOCAMPIDAE, LAPPET MOTHS:  These are stocky and often furry moths which unlike all others lack the wing-cupling device which distinguishes moths from butterflies.
     Their CATERPILLARS are also hairy and they form egg-shaped cocoons, hence the common name for some in this family of EGGAR MOTHS. 
     
     
254. Gastropacha quercifolia ______ (S:204)
     Lappet Moth
     (Range: across Eurasia)
     
     
255. Macrothylacia rubi  ______
     The Fox 
     
     
256. Philudoria potatoria  ______
     Drinker
     
     
257. Malacosoma neustria  ______  IC
     Lackey
     
     
258. Lasiocampa quercus  ______  (S:207)
     Oak Eggar
     (Range: across Europe and in North Africa)
     
     
259. Dendrolimus pini  ______  (S:204)
     Pine-tree Lappet
     
     
     Family BRAHHAEIDAE:  A small family of 20 or so described species in Africa, Asia, and Europe.
     
     
260. Acanthobrahmaea eurppaea  ______  (S:217)
     Hartig's Brahmaea
     
     The Hartig's Brahmaea occurs in woodlands by the shores of a volcanic lake in Licania, Italy. It is now a protected species. 
     
     
     Family SATURNIIDAE:  A family of SILKMOTHS, known as EMPEROR MOTHS. They are large and attractive species, many of which spin a coarse silk for their cocoons.      
     
     
261. Saturnia pyri  ______
     Greater (or Viennese) Emperor  (another name is Great Peacock Moth)  (S:235)
     (Range: in southern Europe and North Africa and western Asia)
       
     
     Saturnia pyra is Europe's largest moth, and generally it is observed in southern areas. 
     
     
262. Saturnia pavonia  ______
     Emperor Moth
     (Range: across Europe, into Scandinavia)
     
     
263. Aglia tau ______ (S:222)
     Tau Emperor
     
     
     Aglia tau is sometimes placed in a separate family, the SYSSPHINGIDAE.
     
     
264. Graellsia isabellae  ______  (S:229)
     Spanish Moon Moth
     
     
     Family SPHINGIDAE: HAWK MOTHS: This family has around 1,000 species. They have a fast powerful flight and a particularly long tongue or proboscis. Many in this family resemble other types of insects and even birds, particularly hummingbirds.
     
     
265. Smerinthus ocedllata  ______
     Eyed Hawkmoth
     
     
266. Laothoe populi  ______  (S:239)
     Poplar Hawkmoth
     
     
267. Acherontia atropos  ______  IC  (S:236)
     Death's-head Hawkmoth
     
     
268. Agrius convolvuli ______  IC
     Convolvulus Hawkmoth
     
     
269. Sphinx ligustri  ______  (S:237)
     Privet Hawkmoth
     
     
270. Hyloicus pinastri ______ 
     Pine Hawkmoth
     
     During the 20th Century, a melanistic form of Sphinx ligustri began to appear in industrial regions.
     
     
271. Hyles lineata  ______  (S:245)
     White-lined Sphinx
     (Range: nearly worldwide, in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, North America, and South America)
     
     
     
     
     A White-lined Sphinx photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Doris Potter)
     
     
272. Hyles euphorbiae  ______
     Spurge Hawkmoth
     
     
273. Hyles gali  ______
     Bedstraw Hawkmoth
     
     
274. Deilephila elpenor  ______  (S:245)
     Elephant Hawkmoth
     
     
275. Deilephila porcellus  ______
     Small Elephant Hawkmoth
     
     
276. Macroglossum stellatarum ______  IC SP  (S:243)
     Hummingbird Hawkmoth
     
     
277. Proserpinus proserpina  ______
     Willowherb Hawkmoth
     
     
278. Mimas tiliae  ______  (S:240)
     Lime Hawkmoth
     
     
279. Hippotion celerio  ______  (S:245)
     Silver-striped Hawkmoth
     
     
     Family NOTODONTIDAE:  A family with its members distinguished by hairy features. The moths have tufts of scales on the forewings which stand upright when the moth is at rest. As a result, they are usually referred to as PROMINENTS.  
     
     
280. Cerura vinnula ______ (S:246)
     Puss Moth
     (Range: across Eurasia) 
     
     When threatened, Cerura vinnula raises its head, showing a pink "face" with false "eyes".
     
     
281. Stauropus fagi ______ (S:249)
     Lobster Moth
     
     
282. Eligmodonta ziczac  ______
     Pebble Prominent
     
     
283. Notodonta dromedarius  ______
     Iron Prominent
     
     
284. Phalera bucephala  ______
     Buff-tip
     
     
285. Pygaera curtula  ______
     Chocolate-tip
     
     
286. Pygaera pigra  ______
     Small Chocolate-tip 
     
     
     Family ARCTIIDAE: This family contains over 10,000 species worldwide and contains two distinct groups known as TIGER MOTHS and ERMINES. 
     The TIGER MOTHS have earned their popular name from their bright colors and eye-catching patterning. The coloring of these species is an indicator that they are poisonous. As with a number of butterflies, their displays of color act as a warning to potential predators.
     ERMINES are pale, with black spots.      
     
     
287. Tyria jacobaeae  ______  IC
     Cinnabar Moth
     
     
288. Eilema complana ______ 
     Scarce Footman
     
     
289. Spiris striata  ______
     Feathered Footman
     
     
290. Spilosoma lubricipeda ______ (S:278)
     White Ermine
     (Range: across Eurasia)
     
     The White Ermine is a relatively small Arctid moth with forewings that closely resemble the fur of its mammalian namesake, being pure white with black dots.  
     
     
291. Spilosoma urticae  ______
     
     
292. Spilosoma luteum  ______  
     Buff Ermine
     
     
293. Hyphantria cunea (i) ______ 
     Fall Webworm Moth
     
     
294. Arctia caja ______ (S:274)
     Garden Tiger
     (Range: in Europe and cooler parts of Asia; also in North America)   
     
     The caterpillar of Arctia caja is covered in poisonous spines, and is commonly referred to a a "Woolly Bear".
     
     
295. Arctia villica  ______  
     Cream-spot Tiger
     
     
296. Arctia hebe (or Ammogiota festiva)  ______
     
     
297. Hyphoraia aulica  ______
     
     
298. Panaxia dominula  ______  
     Scarlet Tiger
     
     
299. Euplagia quadripunctaria  ______
     Jersey Tiger
     
     
300. Parasemia plantaginis  ______
     Wood Tiger
     
     
301. *Phragmatobia fuliginosa ______ (S:277)
     Ruby Tiger Moth
     
     
     Family NOCTUIDAE, NOCTUID MOTHS:  These can range from small micromoths to larger macromoths. Some are drab and remarkable, while others are as striking as butterflies. 
     This is one of the largest families of moths containing over 25,000 species. It also includes a number of highly destructive caterpillars.     
     
     
302. Euxoa islandica islandica  ______  IC  (a subspecies endemic to Iceland)
     Iceland Dart
     
     
303. Acronicta alni  ______
     Alder Moth
     
     
304. Acronicta rumicis ______ 
     Knot Grass
     
     
305. Acronicta psi  ______
     Gray Dagger
     
     
306. Acronicta cuspis  ______
     
     
307. Acronicta tridens  ______
     
     
308. Acronicta menyanthidis  ______
     
     
309. Agrotis segetum ______  
     Turnip Moth
     
     
310. Agrotis exclamationis  ______
     Heart and Dart
     
     
311. Agrotis ipsilon ______ IC
     Dark Sword Grass
     
     
312. Standfussiana lucernea  ______  IC
     Northern Rustic
     
     
313. Rhyacia quadrangula  ______  IC
     
     
314. *Noctua pronuba  ______  IC
     Large Yellow Underwing
     
     
315. *Noctua fimbriata  ______
     Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing
     
     
316. Peridroma saucia  ______  IC
     Pearly Underwing
     
     
317. Diarsia mendica  ______  IC
     Ingrailed Clay
     
     
318. Eurois occulta  ______  IC
     Great Brocade
     
     
319. Ceramica pisi  ______
     Broom Moth
     
     
320. Cerapteryx graminis  ______
     Antler Moth
     
     
321. Mamestra brassicae ______ 
     Cabbage Moth
     
     
322. Mamestra persicariae  ______
     The Dot
     
     
323. Mythimna pallens  ______
     Common Wainscot  
     
     
324. Mythimna unipuncta  ______  IC
     White-speck (or American Wainscot)
     
     
325. Rhizedra lutosa  ______  IC
     Large Wainscot
     
     
326. Cucullia artemisiae  ______
     Scarce Wormwood
     
     
327. Cucillia verbasci  ______
     Mullein 
     
     
328. Xylena vetusta  ______  IC
     Red Sword Grass
     
     
329. Xylena exsoleta  ______  IC
     Sword Glass 
     
     
330. Blepharita adusta  ______  IC
     Dark Brocade
     
     
331. Eupsilia trnsversa  ______  IC
     Satellite
     
     
332. Amphipyra pyramidea  ______
     Copper Underwing
     
     
333. Amphipyra tragopogonis  ______
     The Mouse
     
     
334. Diachrysia chrysitis  ______
     Burnished Brass Moth
     
     
335. Autographa gamma  ______
     Silver Y Moth
     
     
336. Catocala fraxini   ______  IC  (S:260)
     Clifden Nonpareil
     
     
337. Catocala nupta  ______
     Red Underwing
     
     
338. Catocala sponsa  ______
     Dark Crimson Underwing 
     
     
339. Ephesia fulminea  ______
     
     
340. Agrochola circellaris  ______  IC
     Brick
     
     
341. Phlogophora meticulosa  ______  IC
     Angle Shades
     
     
342. Apamea maillardi  ______  IC
     Exile 
     
     
343. Photedes stigmatica  ______  IC
     Square-spotted Clay
     
     
344. Caradrina clavipalpis  ______  IC
     Pale Mottled Willow
     
     
345. Autographa gamma  ______  IC
     Silver Y
     
     
346. Syngrapha interrogationis  ______  IC
     Scarce Silver Y
     
     
     Family LYMANTRIIDAE: TUSSOCK-MOTHS:  Those in this family are often slightly hairier than NOCTUID MOTHS. Within this family, only the male is capable of flight. The female is generally large-bodied and immobile, with wings that can not function.      
     
     
347. Calliteara pudibunda ______ (S:268)
     Pale Tussock
     
     
348. Orgyia antiqua  ______  IC
     Vapourer
     
     
349. Lymantria monacha ______  (S:271)
     Black Arches Moth
     
     
350. Lymantria dispar  ______  
     Gypsy Moth
     (Range: across Eurasia; introduced in North America in the 19th Century)
     
     Males and females of Lymantria dispar are very different. The male is smaller with mottled brown, orange and yellow forewings, which are bordered with white and dark brown checkering. The female has creamy white wings with dark markings on the forewings, including a characteristic V shape near the leading edges. The borders of both of her wings are checkered with white and black. Her body is very large, and when carrying a huge egg sac, it doubles in size.   
     
     
     Family ZYGAENIDAE
     
     
351. Zygaena filipendulae  ______
     Six-spot Burnet
     
     
352. Zygaena carniolica  ______
     
     
353. Zygaena ephialtes
     
     
     Family OECOPHORIDAE
     
     
354. Harpella forficella  ______
     
     
355. Oecophor bractella  ______
     
     
356. Diurnea fagella  ______
     
     
     Family SESIIDAE
     
     
357. Sesia apiformis  ______
     Hornet Moth
     
     
358. Synanthedon tipuliformis  ______
     Currant Clearwing
     
     
359. Pennisetia hylaeiformis  ______
     
     
     Family GRACILLARIIDAE:  about 200 species in Europe out of about 2,000 worldwide
     
     
360. Graciliaria syringella  ______
     Lilac Leaf Miner
     
     
361. Phyllonorycter blancardella  ______
     
     
362. Phyllonorycter kleemannella  ______
     
     
363. Phyllonorycter sylvella  ______
     
     
     Family TORTRICIDAE
     
     
364. Rhyacionia buoliana  ______
     Pine-shoot Moth
     
     
365. Tortrix viridana  ______
     Green Oak Tortrix
     
     
366. Hedya nubiferana  ______
     Marbled Orchard Tortrix
     
     
367. Olethreutes siderana  ______ 
     
     
368. Epinotia caprana  ______  IC
     
     
369. Epinotia solandriana  ______  IC
     
     
370. Lobesia littoralis  ______  IC
     Marble
     
     
371. Apotomis sororuculana  ______  IC
     
     
372. Eana osseana  ______  IC
     Dotted Shade
     
     
373. Acleris maccana  ______  IC
     Marbled Button
     
     
374. Acleris ferrugana  ______  IC
     Rusty Button  
     
     
     Family COSSIDAE
     
     
375. Cossus cossus  ______
     Goat Moth
     
     
376. Zeuzera pyrina  ______
     Leopard
     
     
     Family ADELIDAE
     
     
377. Adela degeerella  ______
     
     
378. Adela reaumurella  ______
     
     
     Family HEPIALIDAE
     
     
379. Hepialus humuli  ______
     Ghost Moth
     
     
380. Hepialus humuli  ______
     Gold Swift
         

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