Wildflowers 
and some other plants
in Northern Places
such as Alaska 
and Iceland
and including alpine plants 
of Hokkaido in Japan

with those during 
Focus On Nature Tours
noted with an (*) 

1996 thru 2013

during tours in the months of May, June, September, & October


In this list, there are notes relating to MEDICINAL PLANTS.

An excellent book, and a source of some of the information in this list, is "Medicinal Plants of Iceland" by Arnbjorg Linda Johannsdottir.


The compilation of the following list by Armas Hill 


Photo at upper right:  LADY SMOCK  (photograph by Gerin Hood) 

Most of the photos below were taken during the June 2009 FONT tour in Iceland by tour participant, Gerin Hood. And she also took the time to do most of the identifications. Thanks Gerin! 

A fine book about the plant life of Iceland is "A Guide to the Flowering Plants & Ferns of Iceland" by Hordur Kristinsson, published in 1986. There is a version in English.

A fine book about wildflowers and other plant life in Alaska is a "Field Guide to Alaskan Wildflowers", by Verna Pratt, published in 1989. 
Again, this book is a source of some of the information in this list, as are the other books noted here.  


There have been 19, nearly 20 FONT tours in Iceland. And nearly 10 FONT tours in Alaska.        


Among the Plant Families in this list, links to these:

Adder's-tongue    Algae    Arum    Beach-fern    Bellflower (or Bluebell)    Birch    Birchroot

Bladderwort    Bogbean    Borage    Broomrape    Bunchflower    Bur-reed    Buttercup (or Crowfoot) 

Clubmoss    Crowberry    Cypress    Daisy (or Aster)    Diapensia    Dock (or Buckwheat, Knotweed)    

Dogwood    Earthsmoke (or Fumitory)    Eel-grass    Fern & Hard-fern    Figwort (or Snapdragon)    Flax    

Gentian    Geranium    Ginseng    Gooseberry    Goosefoot    Grass    Heath    Honeysuckle    Horsetail    

Iris    Lady-fern   Legume (or Pea)    Lily    Madder    Mare's-tail    Mint    Mountain Parsley    Mustard    

Nettle    Oleaster    Orchid    Parnassus-grass    Parsley (or Celery)    Phlox (or Polemonium)    Pine    

Pink    Plantain    Polypody    Pondweed    Poppy    Primrose    Purslane    Quillwort    Rose    Rush    

Sandlewood    Saxifrage    Sea Lavender    Sedge   Spikemoss    Spleenwort    Starwort    

Stonecrop    Sundew    Teasel    Valerian    Violet    Water Lily    Water-milfoil     Willow   
 
Willow Herb (or Evening Primrose)    Wintergreen    Wood-sorrel 

AN ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY OF PLANT GENERA IN THIS WEBSITE NOTING FAMILIES

Additional Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in:   Iceland    Alaska    Japan   

Upcoming FONT Tours Elsewhere

Birds during FONT Iceland Tours     Birds during FONT Alaska Tours 

Other Photo Galleries of Plants     Directory of Photos in this Website

Codes:

AK:  occurs in Alaska
HK:  occurs in Hokkaido, Japan  (as an alpine plant)  
IC:   occurs in Iceland

(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT website


A List of Northern Wildflowers and some Other Plants:

       
        Adder's-tongue Family,  

1. Northern Moonwort  ______  IC
   Botrychium boreale
   
   
2. Lance-leaved Moonwort  ______  IC
   Botrycjium lanceolatum
   
   
3. Common Moonwort  ______  IC
   Botrychium lunaria
   
   
4. Glossy Moonwort  ______  IC
   Botrychium simplex
   
   
5. Small Adder's-tongue  ______  IC(very rare)
   Ophioglossum azoricum  
   
   
   Algae Family, FUCACEAE
   
   
6. Bladderwrack (or Black Tang)  ______  IC
   Fucus vesiculosus
   
   Bladderwrack grows on rocky beaches. In Iceland, it is common along such coastlines.
   
   MEDICINAL USE: the entire plant
   Kelp tablets are available in health food stores and some pharmacies.
   Active substances are mucrilage, mannitol, fucosterin, fucoxanthin, sisantin, volatile oils and many minerals such as iodine. 
   
   Bladderwrack is used to treat an underactive thyroid gland (goitre). It is also useful for chronic fatigue and tiredness.
   
   Bladderwrack poultices are good for swollen joints and muscles.
   
   
   Arum Family, ARACEAE
   
   
7. Wild Calla  ______  AK
   Calla palustris
   
   The entire plant of the Wild Calla is poisonous, especially the berries.  
   
   
   Beach-fern Family, 
   
   
8. Beech Fern  ______  IC
   Thelypteris phegopteris
     
   
   Bellflower, or Bluebell Family, CAMPANULACEAE
   
   
9. Campanula aurita  ______  AK
   
   
10. Mountain Harebell  ______  AK
    Campanula lasiocarpa
    
    
11. Common Harebell  (or Bluebells of Scotland)  ______  AK  IC    
    Campanula rotundifolia 
    
    
12. Arctic Harebell  ______  AK  IC  
    Campanula uniflora  
    
    
    Birch Family, BETULACEAE
    
    
13. Dwarf Birch  ______  IC
    Betula nana
    
    
14. Paper Birch  ______  AK
    Betula papyrifera 
    
    
15. Downy Birch  ______  IC
    Betula pubescedns
      
    
    Birchroot Family,
    
    
16. Herb-Paris  ______  IC(rare)
    Paris quadrifolia 
    
    
    Bladderwort Family, LENTIBULARIACEAE
    
    
17. Common Butterwort  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
    Pinguicula vulgaris
    
    In Iceland, the Common Butterwort is common throughout. It grows in peat bogs and marshlands.
    Common Butterwort was used, in the past, for making Icelandic skyr, and therefore has also been called the "curdle herb".
    The plant is carnivorous, catching and digesting small insects.  
    
    
    MEDICINAL USE: the leaves. 
    
    The Common Butterwort has been used successfully to treat whooping cough. Still, the herb can be used for dry, tickling coughs and persistent coughing attacks.
    The leaves are good for placing on bad sores, inflammation or cracked skin, and have been used to kill lice on the scalp.   
    
    
    
    Common Butterwort
    (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
    
    
18. Lesser Bladderwort  ______  IC
    Utricularia minor
    
    
    Bogbean Family,
    
    
19. Bogbean  ______  AK  IC
    Menyanthes trifoliata
    
    
    Borage Family, BORAGINACEAE
    
    
20. Oysterplant  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
    Mertensia maritima  
    
    
    
    Oysterplant
    (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
    
    
21. Bluebells  ______  AK
    Mertensia paniculata
    
    Other names for Mertensia paniculata are: Lungwort, Languid Lady, Chiming Bells 
    
    
22. Alpine Forget-me-not  ______  AK
    Myosotis alpestris asiatica
    
    
23. Field Forget-me-not  ______  IC
    Myosotis arvensis
    
    
24. Changing Forget-me-not  ______  IC
    Myosotis discolor
    
    In Iceland, the Changing Forget-me-not is a rare alien in the south and southwest.
    
    
25. Water Forget-me-not  ______  IC
    Myosotis scorpioides
    
    
26. Strict Forget-me-not  ______  IC
    Myosotis stricta
    
    
27. Brook Forget-me-not  ______  AK
    Myosotis palustris
    
    In Alaska, the Brook Forget-me-not is an introduced species.
    
    
    Broomrape Family, OROBANCHACEAE
    
    
28. Broomrape (or Ground Cone)  ______  AK
    Boschniakia rossica
    
    
    Bunchflower Family,
    
    
29. Scottish Asphodel  ______  IC
    Tofieldia pusilla
    
    
    Bur-reed Family,
    
    
30. Floating Bur-reed  ______  IC
    Sparganium angustifolium 
    
    
31. Northern Bur-reed  ______  IC
    Sparganium hyperboreum
    
    
32. Least Bur-reed  ______  IC
    Sparganium minimum  
    
    
    Buttercup, or Crowfoot Family, RANUNCULACEAE
    
    
33. Monkshood  ______  AK
    Aconitum delphinifolium delphinifolium
    Aconitum delphinifolium chamissonianum
    
    Monkshood is a poisonous plant. It was once called Wolfbane, as it was used in bait for killing wolves. 
    
    
34. Baneberry  (or Snakeberry)  ______  AK
    Actaea rubra
    
    Baneberry is a very poisonous plant. As many as 6 berries has been known to cause death for a small child.   
    
    
35. Cut-leaf Anemone  ______  AK
    Anemone multifida
    
    
36. Narcissus-flowered Anemone  ______  AK
    Anemone narcissiflora
    
    
37. Windflower  ______  AK
    Anemone parviflora
    
    
38. Yellow Anemone  (or Richardson's Anemone)  ______  AK
    Anemone richardsonii
    
    This and other Anemone species are very poisonous, and should not be eaten.
    
    
39. Blue Columbine  ______  AK
    Aquilegia brevistylla
    
    
40. Western Columbine  ______  AK
    Aquilegia formosa
    
    
41. Mountain-marigold  ______  AK
    Caltha leptosepala 
    
    
42. Marsh-marigold  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)
    Caltha palustris
    
    The Marsh-marigold contains a poison when raw. 
    
    
    
    Marsh-marigold
    (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
    
    
43. Larkspur  ______  AK
    Delphinium glaucum
    
    Larkspur is a poisonous plant.
    
    
44. Pasque Flower  (or Spring Crocus)  ______  AK
    Pulsatilla patens
    
    
45. Meadow Buttercup  ______  IC
    Ranunculus acris
    
    The species in the Ranunculus genus (this & the following) are poisonous and should not be eaten. 
    
    
46. Goldilocks Buttercup  ______  IC(rare)
    Ranunculus auricomus
    
    
47. Mountain Buttercup  (or Eschscholtz Buttercup)  ______  AK
    Ranunculus eschscholtzii
    
    
48. Arctic Buttercup  ______  IC
    Ranunculus hyperboreus
    
    The Arctic Buttercup is a species characteristic of iron-rich spring-water seeping up through mud in bogs, in Iceland especially in the Central Highlands.
    In such places, in Iceland, it is often accompanied by Water Whorlgrass.  
    
    
49. Glacier Buttercup  ______  IC
    Ranunculus glacialis 
    
    
50. Snow Buttercup  ______  AK(*)
    Ranunculus nivalis
    
    In Alaska, the Snow Buttercup is in the eastern, central, and northern parts of the state.
    
    
51. Western Buttercup  ______  AK
    Ranunculus occidentalis
    
    
52. Pigmy Buttercup  ______  IC
    Ranunculus pygmaeus
    
    
53. Creeping Buttercup  ______  IC
    Ranunculus repens
    
    In Iceland, the Creeping Buttercup is a rather common naturalized alien. It is found on cultivated homefields, fertile pastures in villages, near houses and abandoned farms, and in gardens.
    
    
54. Creeping Spearwort  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
    Ranunculus reptans 
    
    Creeping Spearwort is found in moist soil.
    
    
    
    Creeping Spearwort
    (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
    
    
55. Thread-leaved Water-crowfoot  ______  IC
    Ranunculus trichophyllus
    
    
56. Alpine Meadow-rue  ______  IC
    Thalictrum alpinum
    
    
    Clubmoss Family, LYCOPODIACEAE
    
    
57. Alpine Clubmoss  ______  IC
    Dipharium alpinum
    
    
58. Fir Clubmoss  ______  IC
    Huperzia selago
    
    
59. Interrupted Clubmoss  ______  AK  IC
    Lycopodium annotinum
    
    
    Crowberry Family, EMPETRUM
    
    
60. Crowberry  (or Mooseberry)  ______  AK  IC
    Empetrum nigrum
    
    AN EDIBLE PLANT: The berries of Crowberry may be used for jelly or pies. They are easy to pick and keep well.      
    
    
    Cypress Family,
    
    
61. Juniper  ______  IC
    Juniperas communis
    
    
    Daisy, or Aster Family, ASTERACEAE
    
    
62. Achillea alpina camtschatica  ______  HK
    
    
63. Northern Yarrow  ______  AK
    Achillea borealis
    
    
64. Yarrow  ______  IC
    Achillea millefolium
    
    
65. Sneezewort  ______  HK  IC  
    Achillea ptarmica
    Achillea ptarmica macrocephalia (var. yezoensis)  ______  HK
    
    
66. Achillea sibirica  ______  AK
    
    
67. Anaphalis lactea  ______  HK
    
    
68. Anaphalis margaritacea margaritacea  ______  HK
    Anaphalis margaritacea yedoensis  ______  HK
    
    
69. Pussy Toes  ______  AK
    Antennaria sp.
    
    In Alaska, there are numerous species of Antennaria, separated by minor characteristics. Some are pink, but the following species (the Cat's Paw) is a whit alpine species.    
    
    
70. Alpine Cat's Foot  ______  IC
    Antennaria alpina
    
    
71. Antennaria dioica  ______  HK
    
    
72. Cat's Paw  ______  AK
    Antennaria monocephala 
    
    
73. Alpine Arnica  ______  AK
    Arnica alpina angustifolia
    
    
74. Arnica amplexicaulis  ______  AK
    
    
75. Arnica chamissonis  ______  AK 
    
    
76. Frigid Arnica  ______  AK
    Arnica frigida
    
    
77. Meadow Arnica  ______  AK
    Arnica latifolia
    
    
78. Lessing's Arnica  ______  AK
    Arnica lessingii
    
    
79. Arnica sachalinensis  ______  HK
    
    
80. Arnica unalaschcensis  (var. unalaschcensis)  ______  HK  
    
    
81. Artemisia arctica sachalinensis  ______  HK
    
    
82. Frigid Wormwood (or Prairie Sagebrush)  ______  AK
    Artemisia frigida
    
    
83. Artemisia schmidtiana  ______  HK
    
    
84. Artesmisia tanacetifolia  ______  HK
    
    
85. Common Wormwood  ______  AK
    Artemisia tilesii
    
    
86. Artemisia trifurcata  ______  HK
    
    
87. Artemisia unalaskensis  ______  HK
    
    
88. Siberian Aster  ______  AK
    Aster sibiricus
    
    
89. Pineappleweed  ______  IC
    Chamomilla suaveolens
    
    
90. Arctic Daisy  ______  AK
    Chrysanthemum arcticum arcticum
    
    
91. Creeping Thistle  ______  IC
    Cirsium arvense
    
    
92. Marsh Hawk's-beard  ______  IC(very rare)
    Crepis paludosa
    
    In Iceland, Marsh Hawk's-beard is found only in the outer districts on both sides of Eyjafjordur. 
    
    
93. Erigeron acer  (var. acer)  _____  HK
    Erigeron acer  (var. kamtschaticus)  ______  HK
    
    
94. Alpine Fleabane  ______  IC
    Erigeron borealis
    
    In Iceland, Alpine Fleabane is common throughout. It grows on slopes and grassy moors.
    
    MEDICINAL USE: the whole plant, with the exception of the root
    
    Used EXTERNALLY, Alpine Fleabane is very useful to treat burns, inflammation, and melanoma ulcers. 
    Poultices of the herb are also effective in treating rheumatic inflammation and sore muscles. 
    
    Alpine Fleabane is useful as a gargle for mouth and throat ulcers and inflammation.
    
    Alpine Fleabane can be dangerous if used internally, It was used that way in the past, but it is now evident that protracted use can cause hepatic toxicity, which could even be fatal.     
    
    
95. Snow Fleabane  ______  IC
    Erigeron humilis
    
    
96. Coastal Fleabane  ______  AK
    Erigeron peregrinus
    
    
97. Erigeron miyabeanis  ______  HK
    
    
98. Erigeron thunbergii glabratus  (var. glabratus)  ______  HK
    Erigeron thunbergii glabratus  (var. angustifolis)  ______  HK 
    
    
99. Dwarf Fleabane  ______  IC
    Erigeron uniflorus
    
    
100. Marsh Cudweed  ______  IC
     Filaginella uliginosa
     
     
101. Hawkweed  ______  IC
     Hieracium spp.
     
     The Hawkweeds are a very difficult group, having been divided, in Iceland, into about 200 microspecies, or varieties.   
     
     
102. Alpine Hawkweed  ______  IC
     Hieracium alpinum
     
     
103. Autumn Hawkbit  ______  IC
     Leontodon autumnalis
     
     
104. Leontopodium discolor  ______  HK
     
     
105. Leontopodium japonicum  ______  HK
     
     
106. Leotopodium miyabeanum  ______  HK
     
     
107. Oxeye Daisy  ______  IC
     Leucanthemum vulgare
     
     
108. Ligularia hodgsonii  ______  HK  
     
     
109. Pineapple Weed  ______  AK
     Matricaria matricarioides
     
     Matricaria matricarioides is a different plant than Chamomilla suaveolens. Both have the common name Pineapple Weed.
     
     In Alaska, Matricaria matricarioides is introduced.
     
     
110. Sea Mayweed  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Matricaria maritima
     
     
     
     Sea Mayweed
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
111. Highland Cudweed  ______  IC
     Omalotheca norvegica
     
     
112. Dwarf Cudweed  ______  IC
     Omalotheca supina
     
     
113. Heath Cudweed  ______  IC
     Omalotheca sylvatica
     
     
114. Parasenecio auriculatus (var. bulbifera)  ______  HK
     
     
115. Frigid Coltsfoot  ______  AK
     Petasites frigidus
     
     
116. Northern Coltsfoot  ______  AK
     Petasites hyperboreus
     
     
117. Arrowleaf Coltsfoot  ______  AK
     Petasites sagitus
     
     
118. Icelandic Hawkweed  ______  IC
     Pilosella islandica
     
     
119. Marsh Fleabane  (or Mastodon Flower)  ______  AK
     Senecio congestus
     
     
120. Senecio conterminus  ______  AK
     
     
121. Senecio cymbalarioides  ______  AK
     
     
122. Black-tipped Groundsel  ______  AK
     Senecio lugens
     
     
123. Senecio nemorensis  ______  HK
     
     
124. Senecio pauciflorus  ______  AK
     
     
125. Beach Fleabane  ______  AK
     Senecio pseudo-arnica
     
     
126. Triangular-leaved Fleabane  ______  AK
     Senecio triangularis
     
     
127. Groundsel  ______  AK  IC
     Senecio vulgaris
     
     
128. Solidago canadensis  ______  AK
     
     
129. Solidago horicana  ______  HK
     
     
130. Elegant Goldenrod  ______  AK
     Solidago lepida
     
     
131. Northern Goldenrod  ______  AK
     Solidago multiradiata
     
     
132. Solidago virgaurea asiatica  ______  HK
     Solidago virgaurea leiocarpa  ______  HK
     
     
133. Dandelion  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Taraxacum spp.
     
     Dandelions are very variable plants and are often separated into different numbers of microspecies. Since they reproduce by agamospermy, the distinction between many of the microspecies is unclear. 
     
     In Iceland, Dandelions are common "everywhere", growing in grassland, near homes and farms, and in the mountains.  
     
     MEDICINAL USE: roots and leaves, gathered before flowering
     
     The Dandelion is a very important medicinal herb. The roots and leaves are mixed to gain the most advantageous effects of both.
     The leaves, which are very nutritious, are diuretic and high in potassium (but have little effect on the liver). They are used, therefore, for oedema, especially if caused by a weak heart.   
     
     
     
     Dandelion
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
134. Tephroseris kawakamii  ______  HK
     
     
135. Colt's-foot  ______  IC
     Tussilago farfara
     
     
     Diapensia Family, DIAPENSIACEAE
     
     
136. Diapensia  (or Lapland Diapensia)  ______  AK  IC
     Diapensia lapponica
     Diapensia lapponica obovata   subspecies in Alaska
     
     
     Dock, or Buckwheat Family, POLYGONACEAE
     
     
137. Alpine Bistort  ______  IC(*)
     Bistorta vivipara
     
     Other names for Bistorta vivipara are: Osterick, Snakeweed, Adderwort. 
     
     In Iceland, Alpine Bistort is very common throughout. It grows in nearly all types of soils, in the highlands as well as in settled areas at lower elevations.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the root
     
     Alpine Bistort is used for various types of pain and hemorrhage in the digestive tract (for example, for gastritis and colitis).
     The root is also useful for gingivitis and soreness of the mouth and throat as well as for cervical soreness.
     A decoction of the root can be used to treat sores that are hard to heal.
     
     
138. Iceland-purslane  ______  IC
     Koenigia islandica
     
     
139. Mountain Sorrel  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)
     Oxyria digyna
     
     Oxyria digyna occurs commonly in Iceland, at ravines, cliffs, gravelly slopes, and rocky ground.
     
     
     
     Mountain Sorrel
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
140. Amphibious Bistort  ______  IC
     Persicaria amphibia
     
     
141. Wild Rhubarb  ______  AK
     Polygonum alaskanum
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: Young stems and leaves of the Wild Rhubarb may be eaten raw or cooked. 
     
     
142. Knotgrass  ______  IC
     Polygonum aviculare
     
     
143. Pink Plumes  ______  AK
     Polygonum bistorta
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: Leaves of the Pink Plumes may be eaten raw or cooked. 
     
     
144. Alpine Meadow Bistort  ______  AK
     Polygonum viviparum
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: The boiled roots of the Alpine Meadow Bistort are a good source of starch , and the leaves of the plant may be eaten raw or cooked. 
     
     
145. Common Sorrel  ______  IC
     Rumex acetosa
     
     
146. Sheep Sorrel  ______  AK  IC
     Rumex acetosella
     
     
147. Arctic Dock  ______  AK
     Rumex arcticus
     
     
148. Curled Dock  ______  IC(rare alien)
     Rumex crispus 
     
     
149. Northern Dock  ______  IC
     Rumex longifolius
     
     
     Dogwood Family, CORNACEAE
     
     
150. Dwarf Dogwood  ______  AK
     Cornus canadensis
     
     Other names for Cornus canadensis are the Canadian Dwarf Cornel, and Bunchberry .
     
     
151. Red Twig Dogwood  ______  AK
     Cornus stolonifera   
     
     
152. Dwarf Cornel  ______  IC
     Cornus suecica
     
     Another name for Cornus suecica is the Swedish Dwarf Cornel. 
     
     
     Earthsmoke Family, FUMARIACEAE
     
     
153. Bolden Corydalis  ______  AK
     Corydalis aurea
     
     
154. Few-flowered Corydalis  ______  AK
     Corydalis pauciflora
     
     
155. Pale Corydalis  (or the Rock Harlequin)  ______  AK
     Corydalis sempervirens
     
     In Alaska, Corydalis sempervirens is introduced.
     
     
     Eel-grass Family,
     
     
156. Eelgrass  ______  IC
     Zostera marina
     
     
     Fern & Hardfern Families,
     
     
157. Hard Fern  ______  IC
     Blechnum spicant
     
     
158. Holly Fern  ______  IC
     Polystichum lonchitis
     
     
     Figwort Family, SCROPHULAREACEUS
     
     
159. Arctic Bartsia  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Bartsia alpina
     
     
     
     Arctic Bartsia
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
160. Yellow Paintbrush  (or Coastal Paintbrush)  ______  AK
     Castilleja unalaschensis
     
     
161. Elegant Paintbrush  ______  AK(*)
     Castilleja elegans
     
     In Alaska, the Elegant Paintbrush grows in interior Alaska and on the North Slope.
     
     
162. Castilleja hyetophia  ______  AK
     
     
163. Red Indian Paintbrush  ______  AK
     Castilleja miniata
     
     
164. Arctic Eyebright  ______  IC
     Euphrasia arctica
     
     
165. Cold Eyebright  ______  IC
     Euphrasia frigida
     
     
166. Mudwort  ______  IC
     Limosella aquatica
     
     
167. Toadflax  (or Butter and Eggs)  ______  AK
     Linaria vulgaris
     
     In Alaska, Linaria vulgaris has become naturalized. It is not native. 
     
     
168. Small Cow-wheat  ______  IC(rare & localized)
     Melampyrum sylvaticum
     
     
169. Yellow Monkeyflower  (or Wild Snapdragon)  ______  AK
     Mimulus guttatus
     
     
170. Purple-flowered Monkeyflower  ______  AK
     Mimulus lewisii
     
     
171. Capitate Lousewort  ______  AK
     Pedicularis capitata
     
     
172. Upright Lousewort  ______  IC
     Pedicularis flammea 
     
     
173. Wooly Lousewort  ______  AK
     Pedicularis kanei kanei
     
     
174. Labrador Lousewort  ______  AK
     Pedicularis labradorica
     
     
175. Pedicularis lapponica  ______  AK
     
     
176. Pedicularis oederi  ______  AK 
     
     
177. Yukon Beardtongue  ______  AK
     Penstemon gormanii
     
     
178. Yellow-rattle  (or Rattlebox)  ______  AK  IC
     Rhinanthus minor
     
     In Iceland, Yellow-rattle is often called Peningagras (translated to "Penny-grass") by children because of the shape of the fruits, that they use as play money.  
     
     The flowers of the Yellow-rattle, or Rattlebox are small and inconspicuous, protruding from the calyx.
     The rather hairy calyx forms an urn-like structure that rattles when seeds within the ovary are mature, thus the common names for the plant.
     
     
179. Blue Water-speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica anagallis-aquatica
     
     
180. Alpine Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica alpina  
     
     
181. Veronica americana  ______  AK
     
     
182. Germander Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica chamaedrys
     
     
183. Rock Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica fruticans 
     
     
184. Heath Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica officinalis
     
     
185. Common Field-Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica persica
     
     
186. Marsh Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica scutellata
     
     
187. Thyme-leaved Speedwell  (or Brook Veronica)  ______  AK  IC
     Veronica serpyllifolia
     
     
188. Veronica stelleri  ______  AK
     
     
189. Alpine Veronica  ______  AK
     Veronica wormskjoldii
     
     
     Flax Family, LINACEAE
     
     
190. Fairy Flax  ______  IC
     Limun catharticum
     
     
191. Wild Blue Flax  ______  AK
     Limun perenne
     
     
     Gentian Family, GENTIANACEAE
     
     
192. Glaucous Gentian  ______  AK
     Gentiana glauca  
     
     
193. Alpine Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentiana nivalis
     
     
194. Autumn Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella amarella
     
     
195. Northern Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella aurea
     
     
196. Field Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella campestris
     
     
197. Serrate Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella detonsa
     
     
198. Slender Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella tenella
     
     
199. Arctic Felwort  ______  IC
     Lomatogonium rotatus
     
     
200. Star Gentian  ______  AK
     Swetia perennis
     
     
     Geranium Family, GERANIACEAE
     
     
201. Cranesbill  (or Wild Geranium)  ______  AK
     Geranium erianthum
     
     
202. Wood Crane's-bill  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Geranium sylvaticum 
     
     
     
     Wood Crane's-bill
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
     Ginseng Family, ARALIACEAE
     
     
203. Devil's Club  ______  AK
     Echinopanax horridum
     
     
     Gooseberry Family, GROSSULARIACEAE
     
     
204. Northern Black Currant  ______  AK
     Ribes hudsonium
     
     
205. Northern Red Currant  ______  AK
     Ribes iriste
     
     
206. Bristly Black Currant  (or Gooseberry)  ______  AK
     Ribes lacustre
     
     
207. Trailing Black Currant  ______  AK
     Ribes laxiflorum 
     
     
     Goosefoot Family, CHENOPODIUM
     
     
208. Babington's Orache  ______  IC
     Atriplex glabriuscula
     
     
209. Long-stalked Orache  ______  IC
     Atriplex longipes
     
     
210. Fat-hen  ______  IC(an alien)
     Chenopodium album
     
     
211. Strawberry Spinach  (or Strawberry Blite)  ______  AK
     Chenopodium capitatum
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: The sweet fruit of Strawberry Spinach may be eaten raw or used for jelly and syrup. Its tasty leaves are very similar to those of its close relative, Spinach.  
     
     
     Grass Family, POACEAE
     
     
212. Lyme Grass  (or Beach Rye Grass)  ______  AK
     Elymus arenarius
     
     
213. Squirreltail Grass  ______  AK
     Hordeum jubatum
     
     
     Heath Family, ERICACEAE
     
     
214. Bog Rosemary  ______  AK  IC(very rare)
     Andromeda polifolia
     
     In Iceland, the Bog Rosemary has recently been discovered in the northern part of the eastern fjords. 
     
     Bog Rosemary is very poisonous plant. It can cause rapid lowering of blood pressure if eaten..   
     
     
215. Alpine Bearberry  ______  AK
     Arctostaphylos alpina
     
     
216. Bearberry  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)
     Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
     
     Another name for Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is Kinnikinnick.
     
     
     
     Bearberry
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)  
     
     
217. Heather  ______  IC
     Calluna vulgaris
     
     
218. Cassiope  ______  IC
     Cassiope hypnoides
     
     
219. Moss Heather  ______  AK
     Cassiope stelleriana
     
     
220. Labrador Tea  ______  AK(*)
     Ledum palustris groenlandicum
     
     
221. Trailing Azalea  (or Alpine Azalea)  ______  AK  IC
     Loiseleuria procumbens
     
     
222. Rusty Menziesia  ______  AK
     Menziesia ferruginea
     
     Other names for Menziesia ferruginea are Fool's Huckleberry and False Azalea.
     
     
223. Blue Heath  ______  IC
     Phyllodoce coerulea
     
     
224. Lapland Rosebay  ______  AK
     Rhododendron lapponicum
     
     
225. Small Cranberry  ______  IC
     Vaccinium microcarpum
     
     
226. Bilberry  (ph)  ______  IC(*) 
     Vaccinium myrtillus
     
     
     
     Bilberry
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)  
     
     
227. Bog Bilberry  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)
     Vaccinium uliginosum
     
     
     
     Bog Bilberry
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
228. Cowberry  ______  AK  IC(very rare)
     Vaccinium vitis-idaea
     
     Other names for Vaccinium vitis-idaea are: Low-bush Cranberry, Mountain Cranberry, and Lingonberry. 
     
     
     Honeysuckle Family, CAPRIFOLIACEAE
     
     
229. Twin Flower  ______  AK
     Linnea borealis
     
     
230. Red-berried Elder  ______  AK
     Sambucus racemosa 
     
     All parts of the Red-berried Elder, except for the pulp of the berries and the flowers, are poisonous.   
     
     
231. High-bush Cranberry  ______  AK
     Viburnum edule
     
     
     Horsetail Family,
     
     
232. Field Horsetail  ______  AK  IC
     Equisetum arvense
     
     
233. Water Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum fluviatile
     
     
234. Rough Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum hyemale
     
     
235. Marsh Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum palustre
     
     
236. Shady Horsetail  (ph)  ______  IC
     Equisetum pratense
     
     
     
     Shady Horsetail
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)   
     
     
237. Wood Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum sylvaticum
     
     
238. Variegated Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum variegatum
      
     
     Iris Family, IRIDACEAE
     
     
239. Wild Iris  (or Blue Flag)  ______  AK
     Iris setosa
     
     
     Lady-fern Family,
     
     including Shield-ferns
     
     
240. Alpine Lady-fern  ______  IC
     Athyrium ditentifolium
     
     
241. Lady-fern  ______  AK  IC
     Athyrium filix-femina
     
     
242. Brittle Bladder-fern  (or Fragile Fern)  ______  AK  IC
     Cystopteris fragilis
     
     In Iceland, the Brittle Bladder-fern is by far the most common fern, and the only one that is widespread throughout the country. 
     
     
243. Dickie's Bladder-fern  ______  IC
     Cystopteris dickieana
     
     
244. Northern Buckler-fern  ______  IC
     Dryopteris assimilis
     
     
245. Wood-fern  ______  AK
     Dryopteris dilatata
     
     
246. Male-fern  ______  IC
     Dryopteris filix-mas
     
     
247. Fragrant Shield Fern  ______  AK
     Dryopteris fragans
     
     
248. Oak Fern  ______  IC
     Gymnocarpium dryopteris
     
     
249. Wilson's Filmy-fern  ______  IC
     Hymenophyllum wilsonii
     
     
250. Ostrich Fern  ______  AK
     Matteuccia struthiopteris
     
     
251. Alpine Woodsia  ______  IC
     Woodsia alpina
     
     
252. Oblong Woodsia  ______  IC
     Woodsia ilvensis
     
     
     Legume, or Pea Family, LEGUMINOSAE or FABACEAE
     
     
253. Kidney Vetch  ______  IC
     Anthyllis vulneraria
     
     In Iceland, Kidney Vetch is rather common on the Reykjanes Peninsula, but rather rare elsewhere in the country.  
     
     
254. Alpine Milk Vetch  ______  AK
     Astragalus alpinus
     
     
255. Hairy Arctic Milk Vetch  ______  AK
     Astragalus umbellatus
     
     
256. Eskimo Potato  ______  IC
     Hedysarum alpinum
     
     
257. Wild Sweet Pea  ______  IC
     Hedysarum mackenzii
     
     The root of the Wild Sweet Pea is said to be poisonous. 
     
     
258. Sea Pea  ______  IC(*)
     Lathyrus japonicus maritimus 
     
     
259. Beach Pea  ______  AK
     Lathyrus maritimus maritimus  
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: the large pods of the Beach Pea are eaten, both raw and cooked
     
     But caution should be had with the plants of the Pea Family as they readily absorb selenium from the soil causing toxicity.   
     
     
260. Marsh Pea  ______  IC(very rare)
     Lathyrus palustris
     
     
261. Meadow Vetchling  ______  IC
     Lathyrus pratensis
     
     
262. Arctic Lupine  ______  AK
     Lupinus arcticus
     
     
263. Nootka (or Alaska) Lupin  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)  
     Lupinus nootkatensis 
     
     Lupinus nootkatensis is introduced in Iceland. 
     
      
     
     Alaska Lupin
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, from during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
264. Yellow Oxytrope  ______  AK
     Oxytropis campestris
     
     Many of the Oxytropes contain a toxin and are commonly called Loco-weed, as grazing cattle are strangely affected by it causing an uneven gait.
     Oxytropes should not be eaten.  
     
     
265. Blackish (or Purple) Oxytrope  ______  AK
     Oxytropis nigrescens
     
     
266. Oxytropis maydelliana  ______  AK
     
     
267. Oxytropis viscida  ______  AK 
     
     
268. Alsike Clover  ______  IC
     Trifolium hybridum
     
     
269. White Clover  ______  IC
     Trifolium repens
     
     
270. Red Clover  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Trifolium pratense 
     
     In Iceland, Trifolium pratense is introduced and partly naturalized. It occurs in grassy pastures and cultivated homefields. It is rather rare in Iceland. 
     
     
     
     Red Clover
     (photo by Doris Potter)
     
     
271. Tufted Vetch  ______  IC
     Vicia cracca 
     
     
272. Bush Vetch  ______  IC
     Vicia sepium
     
     
     Lily Family, LILIACEAE
     
     
273. Chocolate Lily  ______  AK
     Fritillaria camschatcensis
     
     Other names for Fritillaria camschatcensis are Kamchatka Fritillary and Rice Lily. 
     
     
274. Alp Lily  ______  AK
     Lloydia serotina 
     
     
275. False Solomon's Seal  ______  AK
     Smilacina stellata
     
     Smilacina stellata is poisonous.
     
     
276. Watermelon Berry  ______  AK
     Streptopus amplexifolius
     
     Other names for Streptopus amplexifolius are Twisted Stalk and Wild Cucumber.
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: The sweet juicy berries of the Watermelon Berry are used for jellies and syrups.
     The new shoots, younger leaves and flower buds are tasty additions to salads. 
     
     
277. False Hellebore  ______  AK
     Veratrum viride
     
     Veratrum viride is very poisonous. If eaten, it can cause vomiting, paralysis, death.  
     
     
278. Death Camas  (or Camas Wand Lily)  ______  AK
     Zygadenus elegans
     
     Zygadenus elegans has a highly toxic poison that causes vomiting, a lowered body temperature, and breathing difficulties. 
     
     
     Madder Family, RUBIACEAE
     
     
279. Northern Bedstraw  ______   AK  IC
     Galium boreale 
     
     Northern Bedstraw was used in early times as mattress stuffing because it is sweet scented and its square stems do not crush easily. 
     
     
280. Slender Bedstraw  ______  IC
     Galium normanii
     
     
281. Marsh Bedstraw  ______  IC(very rare)
     Galium palustre
     
     In Iceland, Marsh Bedstraw is found at only a few localities in the southwest.
     
     
282. Small Bedstraw  ______  IC
     Galium trifidum
     
     
283. Sweet-scented Bedstraw  ______  AK
     Galium triflorum
     
     
284. Fen Bedstraw  ______  IC
     Galium uliginosum
     
     
285. Lady's Bedstraw  ______  IC
     Galium verum
     
     
     Mare's-tail Family,
     
     
286. Four-leaved Mare's-tail  ______  IC
     Hippuris tetraphylla
     
     
287. Mare's-tail  ______  IC
     Hippuris vulgaris  
     
     
     Mint Family,
     
     
288. Pyramidial Bugle  ______  IC
     Ajuga pyramidalis 
     
     
289. Hemp-nettle  ______  IC
     Galeopsis tetrahit 
     
     
290. White Dead-nettle  ______  IC
     Lamium album
     
     
291. Red Dead-nettle  ______  IC
     Lamium purpureum
     
     
292. Selfheal  ______  IC
     Prunella vulgaris
     
     
293. Wild Thyme  ______  IC
     Thymus praecox arcticus
     
     
     Mountain Parsley, or Parsley Fern Family, CRYPTOGRAMMACEAE
     
     
294. Parsley Fern  ______  AK  IC(very rare)
     Cryptogramma crispa
     
     
     Mustard Family, BRASSICADEAE, formerly CRUCIFERAE
     
     
295. Alpine Rock-cress  ______  IC
     Arabis alpina
     
     
296. Holboell's Rockcress  ______  AK
     Arabis holboelli  
     
     
297. Kamchatka Rockcress  ______  AK
     Arabis lyrata 
     
     
298. Winter-cress  ______  IC
     Barbarea vulgaris
     
     
299. Bird's Rape  ______  AK
     Brassica rapa
     
     In Alaska, Brassica rapa is introduced.  
     
     
300. Sea Rocket  ______  IC
     Cakile arctica
     
     
301. Shepherd's Purse  ______  AK  IC
     Capsella bursa-pastoris
     
     In Alaska, the Shepherd's Purse is an introduced species.
     
     
302. Alpine Bitter-cress  ______  IC
     Cardamine bellidifolia
     
     
303. Hairy Bitter-cress  ______  IC
     Cardamine hirsuta
     
     
304. Lady Smock  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Cardamine nymanii
     
     
     
     Lady Smock
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland Tour)
     
     
305. Purple Cress  ______  AK
     Cardamine purpurea
     
     
306. Northern Rock-cress  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Cardaminopsis petraea
     
     Northern Rock-cress is one of the most common wildflowers in Iceland in both the lowlands and highlands. It occurs in areas of gravel hills, screes, sand and lava fields. 
     
     
     
     Northern Rock-cress
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
307. Common Scurygrass  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Cochlearia officinalis 
     
     In Iceland, Common Scurvygrass is found widely on cliffs and rocks on tidal beaches and bird cliffs. It is also in inland areas.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the leaves and roots, containing vitamin C and other vitamins, tannins, glycosides and strong oil containing among other things, sulphur
     
     Long before vitamins became known, common people in Iceland cured scurvy and various other ailments with scurvygrass.
     Today, in Iceland, it is used mainly for rheumatism, oedema, and various skin conditions, due to its purging effect on the blood.
     A strengthening and cleansing tincture of the herb can be prepared for use in the winter.    
     
     
     
     Common Scurvygrass
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
308. Flixweed  ______  IC(rare)
     Descurainia sophia
     
     In Iceland, Flixweed is a very rare alien.
     
     
309. Alpine Whitlowgrass  ______  IC
     Draba alpina
     
     
310. Draba aurea  ______  AK
     
     
311. Draba borealis  ______  AK
     
     
312. Draba hirta  ______  AK
     
     
313. Hoary Whitlowgrass  ______  IC
     Draba incana
     
     
314. Whitlowgrass  ______  AK
     Draba incerta
     
     
315. Draba maxima  ______  AK
     
     
316. Snow Whitlowgrass  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Draba nivalis
     
     Snow Whitlowgrass is rather rare in Iceland, found at rock outcrops and cairns in the northern and eastern parts of the island.
     
     
     
     Snow Whitlowgrass
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during FONT June 2009 Iceland Tour)
      
     
317. Rock Whitlowgrass  ______  IC
     Draba norvegica
     
     
318. Common Whitlowgrass  ______  IC
     Erophila verna
     
     
319. Hawkweed-leaved Treaclemustard  ______  IC
     Erysimum hieraciifolium
     
     
320. Common Mustard  (or Ball Mustard)  ______  AK
     Leslia paniculata
     
     
321. Parry's Wallflower  ______  AK
     Parrya nudicaulis interior 
     
     
322. Northern Yellowcress  ______  IC
     Rorippa islandica
     
     
323. Awlwort  ______  IC
     Subularia aquatica
     
     
324. Field Penny-cress  ______  IC
     Thlaspi arvense
     
     In Iceland, Field Penny-cress is a rare alien. 
     
     
     Nettle Family,
     
325. Common Nettle  ______  IC
     Urtica dioeca
     
     
     Oleaster Family, ELAEAGNACEAE
     
     
326. Silverberry  ______  AK
     Elaeagnus commutata
     
     
327. Soapberry  ______  AK
     Shepherdia canadensis
     
     The berries of Shepherdia canadensis are a favorite food of bears.
     
     
     Orchid Family, ORCHIDACEAE
     
     
328. Calypso Orchid  (or Fairy Slipper)  ______  AK
     Calypso bulbosa
     
     
329. Frog Orchid  ______  IC
     Coeloglossum viride
     
     
330. Coralroot Orchid  ______  IC
     Corallorhiza trifida
     
     
331. Spotted Lady Slipper  ______  AK
     Cypripedium guttatum
     
     
332. White Lady Slipper  ______  AK
     Cypripedium passerinum
     
     Another species of orchid in the Cypripedium genus is in the photo below. It is Cypripedium passerinum, a Lady Slipper that occurs in northern Europe in Estonia where the photo was taken. 
     
     
     
     Cypripedium passerinum, a Lady Slipper  
     
     
333. Heath Spotted Orchid  ______  IC
     Dactylorhiza maculata
     
     Another species of orchid in the Dactylorhiza genus is in the photo below. It is Dactylorhiza incarnata, the Early Marsh Orchid, that occurs in northern Europe in Estonia where the photo was taken.   
     
     
     
     Early Marsh Orchid
     
     
334. Lesser Twayblade  ______  IC
     Listera cordata
     
     
335. Common Twayblade  ______  IC
     Listera ovata
     
     
336. Bog Candle  ______  AK
     Platanthera dilatata
     
     
337. Northern Green Orchid  ______  AK  IC
     Platanthera hyperborea
     
     
338. Small-white Orchid  ______  IC
     Pseudorchis albida
     
     
339. Hooded Ladies Tresses  ______  AK
     Spiranthes romanzoffiana  
     
     
     Parnassus-grass Family,
     
     A family related to the Saxifrages. 
     
     
340. Grass of Parnassus  (or Bog Star)  ______  AK  IC
     Parnassia palustris 
     
     
     Parsley or Celery Family, APIACEAE
     
     
341. Garden Angelica  ______  IC(*)
     Angelica archangelica
     
     
342. Wild Celery  ______  AK
     Angelica lucidaq
     
     
343. Wild Angelica  ______  IC
     Angelica sylvestris
     
     
344. Cow Parsley  ______  IC
     Anthriscus sylvestris
     
     
345. Caraway  ______  IC
     Carum carvi
     
     
346. Poison Water Hemlock  ______  AK
     Cicuta mackenzieana
     
     As indicated in its common name, Cicuta mackenzieana is a poisonous plant.
     
     
347. Cnidium cnidifolium  ______  AK
     
     
348. Hemlock Parsley  ______  AK
     Conioselinum chinense
     
     
349. Cow Parsnip  ______  AK
     Heracleum lanatum
     
     
350. Marsh Pennywort  ______  IC
     Hydrocotyle vulgaris
     
     
351. Scots Lovage  (or Beach Lovage)  ______  AK  IC
     Ligusticum scoticum
     
     
352. Sweet Cicely  ______  IC
     Myrrhis odorata
     
     
     Phlox, or Polemonium Family, POLEMONIACEAE
     
     
353. Tall Jacob's Ladder  ______  AK
     Polemonium acutiflorum
     
     
354. Beautiful Jacob's Ladder  ______  AK
     Polemonium pulcherrimum
     
     
     Pine Family, PINACEAE
     
     
355. Larch (or Tamarack)  ______  AK
     Larix laricina
     
     
356. White Spruce  ______  AK
     Picea glauca
     
     
357. Black Spruce  ______  AK
     Picea mariana 
     
     The Black Spruce often hybridizes with the White Spruce (above), and occasionally the Sitka Spruce (below).
     
     
358. Sitka Spruce  ______  AK
     Picea sitchensis
     
     
359. Western Hemlock  ______  AK
     Tsuga heerophylla
     
     
360. Mountain Hemlock  ______  AK
     Tsuga mertensiana
     
     
     Pink Family, CARYOPHYLLACEAE
     
     
361. Arctic Sandwort  ______  IC  (Note: the same common name as for Minuartia arctica) 
     Arenaria norvegica
     
     
362. Alpine Mouse-ear  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Cerastrium alpinum
     
     
     
     Alpine Mouse-ear
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland Tour)
     
     
363. Arctic Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium arcticum
     
     
364. Mouse-ear Chickweed  ______  AK
     Cerastrium arvense
     
     
365. Starwort Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium cerastoides
     
     
366. Common Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium fontanum
     
     
367. Smooth Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium glabratum
     
     
368. Sticky Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium glomeratum
     
     
369. Sea Sandwort  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Honckenya peploides
     
     
     
     Sea Sandwort
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
370. Alpine Catchfly  ______  IC
     Lychnis alpina
     
     
371. Ragged Robin ______  IC
     Lychnis flos-cuculi
     
     In Iceland, the Ragged Robin is in the south. It is rare elsewhere.
     
     
372. Arctic Sandwort  ______  AK  (Note: the same common name as for Arenaria norvegica)
     Minuartia arctica
     
     
373. Two-flowered Sandwort  ______  IC
     Minuartia biflora
     
     
374. Mountain Sandwort  ______  IC
     Minuartia rubella
     
     
375. Teesdale Sandwort  ______  IC
     Minuartia stricta
     
     
376. Grove Sandwort  ______  AK
     Moehringia lateriflora
     
     
377. Tufted Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina caespitosa
     
     
378. Snow Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina nivalis
     
     
379. Knotted Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina nodosa
     
     
380. Procumbent Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina procumbens
     
     
381. Alpine Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina saginoides
     
     
382. Heath Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina subulata  
     
     
383. Moss Campion  (ph)  ______  AK(*)  IC(*)
     Silene acaulis 
     
     
     
     Moss Campion
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
384. Sea Campion  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Silene uniflora
     
     
     
     Above & below: Two photos of Sea Campion
     (Both taken during FONT Iceland Tours
      upper photo in June 2006 by Cheryl Pearce; lower photo in June 2009 by Gerin Hood)
     
     
     
     
     
385. Corn Spurrey  ______  IC
     Spergula arvensis
     
     
386. Lesser Spurrey  ______  IC
     Spergularia marina
     
     
387. Northern Stitchwort  ______  IC(rare)
     Stellaria calycantha
     
     
388. Fleshy Stichwort  ______  IC
     Stellaria crassifolia
     
     
389. Lesser Stitchwort  ______  IC
     Stellaria graminea
     
     In Iceland, the Lesser Stitchwort is one of the recent aliens. It has spread quickly through the Icelandic countryside in the last few decades. 
     
     
390. Low Stitchwort  ______  IC
     Stellaria humifusa
     
     
391. Common Chickweed  ______  IC
     Stellaria media
     
     
     Plantain Family,
     
     
392. Shoreweed  ______  IC
     Littorella uniflora
     
     
393. Ribwort Plantain  ______  IC
     Plantago lanceolata
     
     
394. Greater Plantain  ______  IC
     Plantago major
     
     
395. Sea Plantain  ______  IC
     Plantago maritima
     
     
     Polypody Family,
     
     
396. Common Polypody  ______  IC
     Polypodium vulgare
     
     
     Pondweed & Horned Pondweed Familes, 
     
     
397. Red Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton alpinus
     
     
398. Slender-leaved Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton filiformis
     
     
399. Various-leaved Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton gramineus
     
     
400. Broad-leaved Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton natans
     
     
401. Perfoliate Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton perfoliatus
     
     
402. Long-stalked Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton praelongus
     
     
403. Lesser Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton pusillus
     
     
404. Beaked Tasselweed  ______  IC(very rare)
     Ruppia maritima
     
     
405. Horned Pondweed  ______  IC
     Zannichellia palustris
     
     
     Poppy Family, PAPAVERACEAE
     
     
406. Alaska Poppy  ______  AK
     Papaver alaskanum
     
     
407. Papaver alboroseum  ______  AK
     
     
408. Papaver macounii  ______  AK
     
     
409. Iceland Poppy  ______  AK  IC(rare)
     Papaver nudicaule
     
     In Iceland, Papaver nudicaule is an alien in gardens, waste places, and roadsides. 
     
     In Alaska, the Iceland Poppy is introduced, where it occurs along roadsides and in waste areas.
     
     
410. Arctic Poppy  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Papaver radicatum
     
     In Iceland, the Arctic Poppy grows in gravelly areas and scree. It is common in the area of the western fjords and in the southern part of eastern Iceland. It is rarer in other parts of the country.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the flower
     
     The Arctic Poppy is analgesic, astringent, and a sedative. Its flowers have been used for various pains, and were also recommended for internal hemorrhaging, especially in the digestive tract.
     The flower has also been considered useful for insomniacs.
     
     
     
     Arctic Poppy
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
     Primrose Family, PRIMULACEAE
     
     
411. Frigid Shooting Star  ______  AK
     Dodecatheon frigidum 
     
     
412. Shooting Star  ______  AK
     Dodecatheon pulchellum
     Dodecatheon pulchellum alaskanum  (subspecies in coastal areas of Alaska that is a shorter plant) 
     
     
413. Sea Milkwort  ______  IC
     Glaux maritima
     
     
414. Northern Primrose  ______  AK
     Primula borealis
     
     
415. Pixie Eye Primrose  ______  AK
     Primula cuncifolia
     
     
416. Greenland Primrose  ______  IC(very rare)
     Primula egaliksensis  
     
     In Iceland, the Greenland Primrose has been found at only one locality. 
     
     
417. Strict Primrose  ______  IC
     Primula stricta
     
     
418. Starflower  ______  AK  IC
     Trientalis europea arctica
     
     Another name for Trientalis europea is Chickweed Wintergreen. 
     
     
     Purslane Family, PORTULACACEAE
     
     
419. Blinks  ______  IC
     Montia fontana
     
     
     Quillwort Family,
     
     
420. Spring Quillwort  ______  IC
     Isoetes echinospara
     
     
421. Quillwort  ______  IC
     Isoetes lacustris
     
     
     Rose Family, ROSACEAE
     
     
422. Alpine Lady's-mantle  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Alchemilia alpina
     
     Alpine Lady's-mantle is found in depressions on slopes, and in snowbeds, screes, and erosive soil. 
     
     
     
     Alpine Lady's-mantle 
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
423. Faeroeic Lady's-mantle  ______  IC
     Alchemilla faeroensis
     
     In Iceland, Alchemilla faeroensis is in far-eastern part of the country. Outside Iceland, it is known only in the Faeroe Islands. 
     
     
424. Common Lady's-mantle  ______  IC
     Alchemilla vulgaris
     
     The Common Lady's-mantle is divided into several subspecies, sometimes treated as separate species. Some of them are rather easy to distinguish   
     
     
425. Serviceberry  (or Juneberry)  ______  AK
     Amelanchier florida
     
     
426. Goatsbeard  ______  AK
     Aruncus sylvester
     
     
427. Spring Beauty  ______  AK
     Claytonia sarmentosa
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT:  Spring Beauty makes a nice addition to salads.
     
     
428. Siberian Spring Beauty  ______  AK
     Claytonia sibirica 
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: Siberian Spring Beauty tastes similar to beet greens.
     
     
429. Yellow Dryas  ______  AK
     Dryas drummondii
     
     
430. Mountain Avens  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)
     Dryas octopetala 
     
     Another name for Dryas octopetala is Eight-petaled Avens.
     
     In Iceland, the leafy shoots of Dryas octopetala, found during all seasons, are called "Rjupnalauf", meaning "ptarmigan leaves". 
     
     
     
     Mountain Avens
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
431. Meadowsweet  ______  IC
     Filipendula ulmaria
     
     
432. Fragaria chiloensis  ______  AK
     
     
433. Wild Strawberry  (ph)  ______  IC
     Fragaria vesca
     
     In Iceland, Wild Strawberries mature late (in July), and are usually rather small. When favorable conditions occur on fertile, sunny slopes, they ripen fully and are used for human consumption, being tastier than the larger, cultivated strawberries.   
     
     
     
     Wild Strawberry
     
     
434. Wild Strawberry  ______  AK
     Fragaria virginiana 
     
     
435. Caltha Leaf Avens  ______  AK
     Geum calthifolium
     
     
436. Large Leaf Avens  ______  AK
     Geum macropyllum macrophyllum
     Geum macropyllum perincisum  (subspecies in eastern & central Alaska)  
     
     
437. Water Avens  ______  IC
     Geum rivale
     
     
438. Ross Avens  ______  AK
     Geum rossii
     
     
439. Alpine Spiraea  ______  AK
     Luetkea pectinata
     
     
440. Silverweed  ______  AK  IC
     Potentilla anserina anserina
     Potentilla anserina egedii  ______  Seaside Silverweed 
     
     In Alaska, Potentilla anserina is an introduced species.
     
     
441. Alpine Cinquefoil  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Potentilla crantzii
     
     
     
     Alpine Cinquefoil
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
442. Beach Cinquefoil  (or Pacific Silverweed)  ______  AK
     Potentilla egedii grandis
     
     
443. Tormentil  ______  IC(very rare)
     Potentilla erecta
     
     
444. Shrubby Cinquefoil  (or Tundra Rose)  ______  AK
     Potentilla fruiticosa 
     
     
445. Snow Cinquefoil  (or Snow Potentilla)  ______  AK
     Potentilla nivea
     
     
446. Norwegian Cinquefoil  ______  AK
     Potentilla norvegica  
     
     
447. Marsh Cinquefoil  ______  AK  IC
     Potentilla palustris
     
     Another name for the Marsh Cinquefoil is Marsh Fivefinger.
     
     
448. One-flowered Cinquefoil  ______  AK
     Potentilla uniflora
     
     
449. Prickly Rose  ______  AK
     Rosa acicularis
     
     
450. Glaucous Dog-rose  ______  IC
     Rosa dumalis
     
     
451. Nootka Rose  ______  AK
     Rosa nutlatensis
     
     
452. Burnet Rose  ______  IC
     Rosa pimpinellifolia
     
     
453. Nagoonberry  ______  AK
     Rubus arcticus
     
     
454. Cloudberry  ______  AK
     Rubus chamemorous
     
     Other names for Rubus chamemorous are Baked Appleberry and Salmonberry. 
     Salmonberry is a name used by Alaska native people for this species, but true Salmonberry is Rubus spectabilus (below). 
     
     In Alaska, berries of the Cloudberry ripen from August to September.   
     
     
455. Trailing Raspberry  ______  AK
     Rubus pedatus 
     
     
456. Stone Bramble  ______  IC
     Rubus saxatilis
     
     
457. Great Burnet  ______  IC
     Sanguisorba officinalis
     
     
458. Sitka Burnet  ______  AK
     Sanguisorba stipulata
     
     
459. Creeping Sibbaldia  ______  IC
     Sibbaldia procumbens
     
     
460. Rowan  ______  IC
     Sorbus aucuparia
     
     
461. Mountain Ash  ______  AK
     Sorbus sitchensis
     
     
462. Alaska Spiraea  (or Beauverd's Spiraea)  ______  AK
     Spiraea beauverdiana 
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT:  The leaves of Alaska Spiraea can be brewed into a tea. 
     
     
     Rush Family,
     
     
463. Bulbous Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus bulbosus
     
     
     Sandlewood Family, SANTALACEAE
     
     
464. Timberberry  ______  AK
     Geocaulon lividum
     
     Other names for Geocaulon lividum are Pumpkin Berry and Northern Comandra.
     
     
     Saxifrage Family, SAXIFRAGACEAE
     
     
     In Alaska, there are many similar Saxifrages that grow in wet areas.
     All have edible leaves.  
     
     
465. Alpine Heuchera  ______  AK
     Heuchera glabra
     
     
466. Yellow Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga aizoides 
     
     
467. Yellow-spotted Saxifrage  ______  AK
     Saxifraga bronchialis
     
     
468. Tufted Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga caespitosa
     
     The Tufted Saxifrge is often divided into two subspecies:
     Saxifraga caespitosa caespitosa
     Saxifraga caespitosa decipiens
     
     They are often treated as separate species (Saxifraga caespitosa and Saxifrga rosacea).
     
     But as a subspecies, Saxifraga caespitosa decipiens has thinner, less compct clsuters of leaf shoots, and large flowers with relatively large petals. 
     
     
469. Drooping Saxifrage  (or Bulblet Saxifrage)  ______  AK  IC
     Saxifraga cernua
     
     
470. Pyramidal Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga cotyledon
     
     
471. Coast Saxifrage  ______  AK
     Saxifraga ferruginea 
     
     
472. Spider Saxifrage  ______  AK
     Saxifraga flagellaris
     
     
473. Meadow Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga granulata
     
     
474. Marsh Saxifrage  (or Bog Saxifrage)  ______  AK  IC
     Saxifraga hirculus
     
     
475. Mossy Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga hypnoides 
     
     
476. Red-stemmed Saxifrage  ______  AK
     Saxifraga lyallii
     
     
477. Alpine Snow Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga nivalis 
     
     
478. Purple Saxifrage  ______  AK  IC
     Saxifraga oppositifolia 
     Saxifraga oppositifolia oppositifolia  (subspecies in Alaska)
     
     Other names for Saxifraga oppositifolia are: Purple Mountain Saxifrage, or the French Knot Plant  
     
     
479. Silver Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga paniculata
     
     
480. Brook Saxifrage  ______  AK
     Saxifraga punctata 
     
     
481. Alpine Brook Saxifrage  ______  AK  IC
     Saxifraga rivularis
     
     In Iceland, a small reddish mountain variety of the Brook Saxifrage, called the Arctic Brook Saxifrage, Saxifraga hyperborea, is sometimes said to be a separate species. It is rare in Iceland, usually above 2,700 feet above sea level.   
     
     
482. Starry Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga stellaris
     
     
483. Slender Snow Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga tenuis
     
     
484. Prickly Saxifrage  ______  AK
     Saxifraga tricuspidata
     
     
     Sea Lavender, or Plumbago Family, PLUMBAGINACEAE
     
     
485. Thrift  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Almeria maritima 
     
     
     
     Thrift
     (photo by Cheryl Pearce during the June 2006 FONT Iceland Tour) 
     
     
     Sedge Family, CYPERACEAE
     
     
486. Short-stalk Sedge  ______  AK
     Carex microchaeta
     
     
487. Alaska Cotton  ______  AK(*)
     Eriophorum scheuchzeri
     
     
     Spikemoss Family,
     
     
488. Lesser Clubmoss  ______  IC
     Selaginella selaginoides
     
     
     Spleenwort Family,
     
     
489. Forked Spleenwort  ______  IC
     Asplenium septentrionale
     
     
490. Maidenhair Spleenwort  ______  IC
     Asplenium trichomanes
     
     
491. Green Spleenwort  ______  IC
     Asplenium viride
     
     
     Starwort Family,
     
     
492. Peduncled Water-starwort  ______  IC
     Callitriche brutia
     
     
493. Hook-tipped Water-starwort  ______  IC
     Callitriche hamulata
     
     
494. Autumn Water-starwort  ______  IC
     Callitriche hermaphroditica
     
     
495. Vernal Water-starwort  _______  IC
     Callitriche palustris
     
     
496. Common Water-starwort  ______  IC
     Callitriche stagnalis
     
     
     Stonecrop Family, CRASSULACEAE
     
     
497. Pigmyweed  ______  IC(very rare)
     Crassula aquatica
     
      
498. Roseroot  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Rhodiola rosea
     
     As Roseroot can not survive continuous grazing, in Iceland it is usually found in steep cliffs, gorges, or lake islands not accessible by sheep.
     The plant is very much favored by sheep (so common in Iceland), and so it is easily exterminated from pastures except on inaccessible rock ledges. 
     Where land has been protected from grazing, or has had moderate or discontinuous grazing for several decades, Roseroot may be found in fertile heathland and on slopes.    
     
     
     
     Roseroot
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
499. Biting Stonecrop  ______  IC
     Sedum acre
     
     
500. Annual Stonecrop  ______  IC
     Sedum annuum 
     
     
501. Roseroot  ______  AK
     Sedum rosea
     
     Other names for Sedum rosea are Rosewort and King's Crown. 
     
     
502. Hairy Stonecrop  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Sedum villosum
     
     
     
     Hairy Stonecrop
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
     Sundew Family,
     
     
503. Round-leaved Sundew  ______  IC
     Drosera rotundifolia 
     
     
     Teasel Family,
     
     
504. Field Scabious  ______  IC
     Knautia arvensis
     
     In Iceland, Field Scabious is introduced in only a few places.. It is rare.
     
     
505. Devil's-bit Scabious  ______  IC
     Succisa pratensis
     
     
     Valerian Family, VALERIANACEAE
     
     
506. Capitate Valerian  ______  AK
     Valeriana capitata
     
     
507. Common Valerian  ______  IC
     Valeriana officinalis
     
     
508. Hill Valerian   ______  IC
     Valeriana sambucifolia
     
     In Iceland, possibly all natural valerians are Valeriana sambucifolia, but the separation of it from Valeriana officinalis appears "rather vague".   
     
     
509. Sitka Valerian  ______  AK
     Valeriana sitchensis
     
     
     Violet Family, VIOLACEAE
     
     
510. Dog Violet  ______  AK
     Viola adunca
     
     
511. Viola biflora  ______  AK
     
     
512. Heath Dog-violet  ______  IC
     Viola canina
     
     
513. Northern Marsh Violet  ______  AK  IC
     Viola epipsila
     
     
514. Stream Violet  ______  AK
     Viola glabella
     
     
515. Alaska Violet  ______  AK
     Viola langsdorfii
     
     
516. Alpine Marsh Violet  ______  IC
     Viola palustris
     
     
517. Wood Violet  ______  AK
     Viola rentifolia
     
     
518. Common Dog-violet  ______  IC
     Viola riviniana
     
     
519. Selkirk's Violet  ______  AK
     Viola selkirkii
     
     
520. Wild Pansy  ______  IC
     Viola tricolor
     
     
     Water Lily Family, NYMPHAEACEAE
     
     
521. Yellow Pond Lily  ______  AK
     Nuphar polysepalum
     
     
     Water-milfoil Family,
     
     
522. Alternate Water-milfoil  ______  IC
     Myriophyllum alterniflorum
     
     
523. Spiked Water-milfoil  ______  IC(rare)
     Myriophyllum spicatum
     
     
     Willow Family, SALICACEAE 
     
     This family includes trees: Aspens, Cottonwoods, Poplars. 
     
     
524. Balsam Poplar  ______  AK
     Populus balsamifera
     
     
525. Aspen  ______  IC
     Populus tremula
     
     
526. Quaking Aspen  ______  AK
     Populus tremuloides
     
     
527. Black Cottonwood  ______  AK
     Populus trichocarpa
     
     
     Willows (in the genus Salix) hybridize quite easily making identification difficult.  
     
     
528. Alaska Willow  (or Felt Leaf Willow)  ______  AK
     Salix alaxensis
     
     
529. Arctic Willow  ______  AK
     Salix arctica
     
     
530. Bluish Willow  ______  IC
     Salix callicarpaea
     
     
531. Dwarf Willow  (ph)  ______   IC(*)
     Salix herbeacea 
     
     
     
     Dwarf Willow
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
532. Woolly Willow  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Salix lanata
     
     
     
     Wooly Willow
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
533. Skeleton Leaf Willow  ______  AK
     Salix phlebophylla
     
     
534. Tea-leaved Willow  ______  IC
     Salix phylicifolia
     
     
535. Round-leaf Willow  ______  AK
     Salix rotundifolia
     
     
     Willowherb, or Evening Primrose Family, ONAGRACEAE
     
     
536. Chickweed Willowherb  ______  IC
     Epilobium alsinifolium
     
     
537. Alpine Willowherb  ______  IC
     Epilobium anagallidifolium
     
     
538. Rosebay Willowherb  (or Common Fireweed)  ______  AK  IC
     Epilobium angustifolium
     Epilobium angustifolium angustifolium  (subspecies in Alaska)
     
     
539. Cliff Willowherb  ______  IC
     Epilobium collinum
     
     
540. Hornemann's Willowherb  ______  IC
     Epilobium hornemanni
     
     
541. Milky Willowherb  ______  IC
     Epilobium lactiflorum
     
     
542. Arctic Riverbeauty  ______  IC
     Epilobium latifolium
     
     Other names for Epilobium latifolium are Dwarf Fireweed, or simply River Beauty.
     
     
543. Broad-leaved Willowherb  ______  IC
     Epilobium montanum
     
     In Iceland, the Broad-leaved Willowherb is a very rare alien.
     
     
544. Marsh Willowherb  ______  IC
     Epilobium palustre
     
     
545. American Willowherb  ______  IC
     Epilobium watsonii 
     
     
     Wintergreen Family, PYROLACEAE
     
     
546. Single Delight  (or Shy Maiden)  ______  AK
     Moneses uniflora
     
     
547. Pink Pyrola  (or Wintergreen)  ______  AK
     Pyrola axarifolia
     
     
548. Arctic Wintergreen  ______  AK  IC(*)
     Pyrola grandiflora
     
     Another name for Pyrola grandiflora is Large-flowered Wintergreen.
     
     In Iceland, Arctic Wintergreen is widespread in the north and northeast.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the leaves
     
     Wintergreen is considered effective to relieve pain and inflammation in the digestive tract. 
     It has also been used for pain in the urinary tract, especially pain resulting from kidney stones.
     It is thought to have a strengthening effect on the womb.
     
     Wintergreen is effective on wounds, and a tea or ointment of the herb is used for many types of eczema or sores which are slow to heal.
     A weak infusion of the leaves is considered a good wash for sensitive or swollen eyes.      
     
     
549. Common Wintergreen  ______  IC
     Pyrola minor  
     
     
550. Serrated Wintergreen  ______  AK  IC
     Orthilia secunda
     
     The Serrated Wintergreen is sometimes said to be Pyrola secunda, and is called Sidebells Pyrola.
     
     
     Wood-sorrel Family,
     
     
551. Wood-sorrel  ______  IC(very rare)
     Oxalis acetosella 
     
     
     
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