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A List of Some 
Moths
 of  Central America
including those during 
 Focus On Nature Tours
 



This List of Central American Moths
compiled by Armas Hill


A LINK to a LIST of CENTRAL AMERICA BUTTERFLIES


Photo at upper right: an ORIZABA SILKMOTH, Rothchildia orizaba
(photo by Francisco Crespo, in October 2012, in Boquete, in western Panama)
 

Codes:
M#xxxx: MONA (Moths of North America) Numbers. 
These generally were Hodge's Numbers, from the "Check List of the Lepidoptera North of Mexico" by R.W. Hodges et al.
That 1983 list (actually compiled thru 1978) is outdated, but those numbers have been long used (and continue to be in the MONA listing). 
Numbers noted as (BMCR:xxx) refer to plates with an illustration in the book "Butterflies & Moths of Costa Rica" by Isidro Chacon & Jose Montero, 2007 (followed by -c: caterpillar, -co: caterpillar only)
 Numbers noted as (ICR:xxx) refer to pages with a photograph in the book "Butterflies, Moths, and Other Invertebrates of Costa Rica, A Field Guide" by Carrol Henderson, 2010  (ICR = Invertebrates Costa Rica)    
 Numbers noted as (PNE:xxx) refer to pages with illustrations in the "Field Guide to the Moths of Eastern North America", by David Beadle & Seabrooke Leckie, 2012 
 Numbers noted as (W:xx) refer to pages with a photograph in the book "Caterpillars of Eastern North America" by David Wagner, 2005.

 Numbers noted as (100BM:xx) refer to numbered plates in the book "100 Butterflies and Moths, Portraits from the Tropical Forest of Costa Rica", by Jeffrey Miller, Daniel Janzen, Winifred Hallwachs, 2007
Numbers noted as (100C:xx) refer to numbered plates in the book "100 Caterpillars, Portraits from the Tropical Forest of Costa Rica", by Jeffrey Miller, Daniel Janzen, Winifred Hallwachs, 2007
For both of these books, codes followed by -c: indicates that there is in the book a photograph of the caterpillar.
Actually for all of the species in both books, there are photographs of caterpillars and the adult butterflies and moths.
To view the caterpillar and adult butterfly and moth photos online go to:
http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso  


BZ:   in Belize
 CR:  in Costa Rica
GU:  in Guatemala
HN:  in Honduras   pb: at Pico Bonito Lodge, in the Caribbean lowlands 
MX:  in Mexico
PN:  in Panama

(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT website


An excellent source for the moths noted here as occurring in Belize is the website "Moths of Belize" by Matthew Barnes. 
Some of the information in that site is from the published "Lepidoptera of Belize" in 1999 by Jan Meerman. 
HERE'S A LINK TO THE MOTHS OF BELIZE WEBSITE:
http://www.mbarnes.force9.co.uk/belizemoths/belizehome.htm       

There is a link below to a website with some fine photos of moths in Honduras, a photo gallery by Tom Murray.
In the site, the photos are not in any order, and a number of them in the latter part of the gallery are unidentified,
but for those that are, it is an excellent place to see what the moths look like.
In the list here, species having a photograph in Tom Murray's gallery are coded:  (ph:TM)
HERE'S A LINK TO THE MOTHS IN HONDURAS PHOTO GALLERY:  
http://www.pbase.com/tmurray74/honduras_moths  

An extremely good source for information in this list regarding Central American moths and those in particular in Honduras, is "An Annotated List of the Lepidoptera of Honduras", published by the University of Nebraska in the US in February 2012.
The work was the collaborative effort of authors, whose names follow, from the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida, the National Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian Institution both in Washington DC, and the Museo de Mariposas y Insectos in La Ceiba in Honduras.
The authors are: Jacqueline Miller, Deborah Matthews. M. Alba Solis, Donald Harvey, Patricia Gentili-Poole, Robert Lehman, Thomas Emmel, and Charles Covell Jr.
Some of the surveys of moths and butterflies for this work were conducted at the Pico Bonito Lodge in the Caribbean lowlands in Honduras. Those found there are coded in the list with a pb after HN for Honduras.
All of the FONT birding and nature tours that have been done in Honduras included stays at the Pico Bonito Lodge,
a place not only good for lepidoptera, but also for birds including both Lovely and Snowy Cotingas.   


In this listing, there is some updated taxonomy with the family EREBIDAE containing moths that were formerly classified in the family NOCTUIDAE, plus all of the former members of the families ARCTIIDAE and LYMANTRIIDAE.
This re-classification has not yet met with general consensus, and many resources and publications still follow the older classification scheme. 

As of now, there are about 1,830 species of moths in this list.   


Among the Moth Groupings in the following list, links to these families:

Uraniidae:  Scoopwings    positioned at the beginning of the list due to their attractiveness, would be by GEOMETRIDAE

MICROMOTHS:    Yponomeutidae: Ermine Moths    Cossidae: Cossid Millers    

Megalopygidae: Flannel Moths    Aididae     Limacodidae: Cupmoths    Dalceridae    Lacturidae    

Zygaenidae    Mimallonidae    Lasiocampidae    Eupterotidae    Bombycidae    

In BOMBYCIDAE (above), are the subfamiles APATELODINAE, PHIDITIINAE, BOMBYCINAE.

Pyralidae: Pyralid, or Snout Moths  What has been CRAMBIDAE included in PYRALIDAE    Thyrididae 

MACROMOTHS:    Hedylidae: Butterfly Moths    Castniidae: Giant Butterfly Moths    

Geometridae:  Geometer Moths  (Loopers, Inchworms, Spanworms)   

Subfamilies in GEOMETRIDAE include: ENNOMINAE, GEOMETRINAE (the Emeralds),
LARENTIINAE (Carpets and Pugs), OENOCHROMINAE, STERRHINAE 

Saturniidae: Giant Silkmoths    Sphingidae:  Sphinx Moths    Lymantriidae: Tussock Moths

Sematuridae: American Swallowtail Moths    Notodontidae: Prominents    Dioptinae    Doidae

DIOPTINAE (above) is a distinctive subfamily in the family NOTODONTIDAE.

Erebidae: subfamily Herminiinae: Litter Moths    Erebidae: subfamily Erebinae (was Catocalinae) 

In the above link, in with subfamily EREBINAE are those in subfamilies OPHIDERINAE and SCOLIOPTERYGINAE. 

Erebidae: subfamilies Anobinae, Eublemminae, Phytometrinae, Hypocalinae

Erebidae: subfamilies Hypeninae, Calpinae, Eulepidotinae

In the above link, HYPENINAE are the SNOUTS. 

Arctiinae: Tiger Moths, Ctenuchini: Wasp Moths, Lithosiini: Lichen Moths

Also included in the above link are the tribes: EUCHROMIINI, PERICOPINI, PHAEGOPTERINI

Euteliidae    Nolidae    The families EUTELLIDAE and NOLIDAE closely related to NOCTUIDAE (below).

In this list with EUTELIIDAE are those in the subfamily STICTOPTERINAE (of NOCTUIDAE).
In NOLIDAE are the NOLID or TUFT MOTHS, including the subfamilies CHLOEPHORINAE, SARROTHRIPINAE, NOLINAE.
The families EUTELIIDAE and NOLIDAE are in the NOCTUOIDEA superfamily.  . 

Noctuidae: subfamilies Plusiinae, Bagisarinae, Acontiinae, Acronictinae, Cucullinae, Xyleninae

PLUSIINAE (in the link above) includes LOOPERS and MILLER MOTHS.
ACONTIINAE are the BIRD-DROPPING MOTHS.
CUCULLINAE are the HOODED OWLETS.
Also included (in the link above), with CUCULLINAE, is the subfamily ONCOCNEMIDINAE

Noctuidae: subfamilies Agaristinae, Condicinae, Amphipyrinae, Eriopinae, Hadeninae, Heliothinae     

In AGARISTINAE are the WOOD-NYMPHS and FORESTERS.
CONDICINAE are the GROUNDLINGS.
HELIOTHINAE are the FLOWER MOTHS.
Included (in the link above), with HADENINAE, are moths in the tribe PHOSPHILINI,
and those in the genus GONODES, said by some to be in the tribe ELAPHRIINI (below, in NOCTUINAE)

Noctuidae: subfamilies Cydosiinae, Diphtherinae, Eustrotiinae

In DIPHTHERINAE is the Hieroglyphic Moth.

Noctuidae: subfamily Noctuinae   

In NOCTUINAE are the tribes: DYPTERYGIINI, ELAPHRIINI (the Midgets), LEUCANIINI (the Wainscots), NOCTUINI (the Darts).

Other Links:

 Upcoming Birding & Nature Tours in the Central America   Upcoming FONT Tours Elsewhere 

Alphabetical Directory of Moths by Genus with Photos in the FONT Website

Other Photo Galleries & Lists of:   Butterflies, Moths, Dragonflies & Damselflies

Birds    Mammals    Amphibians, Reptiles    Marine Life    Plants  

Links to Lists of Moths with some Photos in:    
Eastern North America    The West Indies    South America    Europe    Japan



Photographed in Panama, this large moth is known as the White Witch.
Large it is, up to 12 inches across.
Two more photos of this moth, and another of the Black Witch,
are in the list below, in the family Erebidae.
(above photo by James Audlin)
 

The following is from the book "Butterfly People. An American Encounter with the Beauty of the World", by William Leach, published in 2013, comparing moths to butterflies:
"Moths and butterflies both belong to the same order, Lepidoptera. Each undergo a complete metamorphosis and each are with wings covered by scales, shingled one upon another, and stamped with color that contributes to the total "tiled mosaic" of the wing.
Both have a proboscis, or a long, slender, coiled-up tube attached to the head, which the insects uncoil to suck nectar from many kinds of flowers, pollinating as they go. As caterpillars, however, they are much more choosy, with some dependent on only one food plant, others on a few, and still others on many different species of plants.
Both moths and butterflies are cold-blooded, requiring an infusion from the heat of an ambient atmosphere. 
But even with their similarities, the differences between moths and butterflies abound.
In the most general terms, the majority of moths have feathery, tapered antennae. These, like radar, guide them through the dark, and the males rely on them to pick up the scent of females.
Butterflies generally have clubbed or hooked antennae, used to smell and track down nectar, and for sexual purposes.
Moths have thick, commonly hairy bodies and large multifaceted, compound eyes and usually inhabit the night, while the majority of butterflies fly by day and have smaller eyes and thinner, relatively hairless bodies.
The classic exception for moths are those belong to the URANIIDAE family. They look like butterflies in nearly every respect and are among the most stunning diurnal lepidoptera in the world."

Our list of moths here begins with those in the Family URANIIDAE.         
    

 

A List of selected Moths in Central America:

          Family URANIIDAE, Subfamily URANIINAE:  the SCOOPWINGS

          URANIIDAE is a widely distributed family in the world. 
          Worldwide, there are about 700 species in some 90 genera.
          About 40 species have been found in Costa Rica.

          In the subfamily URANIINAE, in Costa Rica there is only 1 species, 
          the GREEN URANIA, or "GREEN DUCKTAIL".

  1. Urania fulgens  (ph)  ______  M#7658  BZ  CR(*)  HN  (BMCR:189) (ICR:113)
    URANIA SWALLOWTAIL MOTH      (or Green Urania, or Green Page Moth)

    Urania fulgens     is undoubtedly one of the most spectacular of the day-flying moths in Central America. It could be misidentified as a swallowtail butterfly, but actually its wing pattern is unlike any swallowtail in the region.     



    Above: a Urania Swallowtail Moth photographed during a FONT Tour 
    in Costa Rica       (above photo by Rosemary Lloyd)
    Below: another Urania Moth photographed in Costa Rica in March 2015
    (photo below courtesy of Eileen Antolino, photo by Guilia Iannitelli)




    Family URANIIDAE, Subfamily EPIPLEMINAE
  2. Aniplecta sp.  ______  HN pb
  3. Epiplema sp.  ______  HN pb
  4. Erosia birostrata  ______  CR  (BMCR:190)
  5. Erosia veninotata  ______  CR  (BMCR:190,191c)
  6. Nedusia cuticulata  ______  CR  (BMCR:190)
  7. Nedusia mutilara  ______  CR  (BMCR:190)
  8. Nedusia placidaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:190,191c)
  9. Philograula slossoniae  ______  HN pb
  10. Schidax squamaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:191co)
  11. Syngria depranata  ______  CR  (BMCR:190)


         Family YPONOMEUTIDAE:  ERMINE MOTHS
  12. Atteva aurea  (phTM)  ______  M#2401  HN
    AILANTHUS WEBWORM MOTH 


    Family COSSIDAE, Subfamily COSSULINAE:      the COSSID MILLERS, or CARPENTER MILLERS 
    COSSIDAE     is a cosmopolitan family. Worldwide, about 700 species have been identified. 93 species have been found in Costa Rica. 
  13. Allostylus coerulescens  ______  CR  (BMCR:22)
  14. Morpheis pyracmon  ______  BZ


    Non-specific members of COSSIDAE are illustrated in BMCR:18-22, in the subfamilies or genera: Cossinae, Cossulinae, Hypoptinae, Zeuzerinae.

    Family MEGALOPYGIDAE:  the FLANNEL MOTHS, also called the CRINKLED FLANNEL MOTHS
    MEGALOPYGIDAE     is restricted to the New World. It greatest diversity is found in the Neotropics. About 240 species have been described, mainly in Central America and South America. Some are in North America. 42 species have been found in Costa Rica.

    Species in MEGALOPYGIDAE have long, soft-looking fur resembling a fluffy cat. But beneath the furry hair of the caterpillars there are spines that can deliver painful stings and severe medical problems, even unconsciousness. 

  15. Aithorape roseicornis  ______  CR  (BMCR:2)
  16. Hysterocladia eriphua  ______  CR  (BMCR:2)
  17. Macara argentea  ______  CR  (BMCR:2)
  18. Megalopyge albicollis  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:2c,eggs)

  19. Megalopyge basalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:6co)
  20. Megalopyge hina  ______  CR  (BMCR:6cocoon)
  21. Megalopyge lampra  ______  BZ  HN
  22. Megalopyge lanata  ______  CR  (BMCR:2,5c)
  23. Megalopyge opercularis  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:2,6c)
  24. Megalopyge salebrosa  ______  CR  (BMCR:2)
  25. Megalopyge sp.  ______  CR  (ICR:93)
  26. Mesoscia dumilla  ______  BZ
  27. Mesoscia terminata  ______  CR  (BMCR:2)
  28. Mesoscia unifascia  ______  CR  (BMCR:3)
  29. Norape argyrorrhoea  ______  CR  (BMCR:3)
  30. Norape nevermanni  ______  CR  (BMCR:3)
  31. Podalia contigua  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:3)
  32. Podalia orsilocha  ______  CR  (BMCR:3)
  33. Podalia thanathos  ______  CR  (BMCR:3)
  34. Podalia tympania  ______  CR  (BMCR:3)
  35. Podalia walkerensis  ______  CR  (BMCR:4)
  36. Thoscora acca  ______  CR  (BMCR:5c)
  37. Thoscora xinga  ______  CR  (BMCR:4)
  38. Trosia dimas  ______  CR  (BMCR:4)
  39. Trosia janzen01  ______  CR  (100BM:2-c)
  40. Trosia fallax  ______  BZ
  41. Trosia incostata  ______  CR  (BMCR:4)
  42. Trosia nigropunctigera  ______  CR  (BMCR:4)


     Family AIDIDAE

    Moths of medium size. The forewings often have a grayish coloration that contrasts with the hindwings, which are reddish.
    Only 2 genera are known in the family, with 6 known species. In Costa Rica, 2 species are known.  
  43. Aidos amanda  ______  CR  (BMCR:7)
  44. Aidos perfusa  ______  CR  (BMCR:7)
    Aidos perfusa admiranda  ______  CR  (BMCR:7)


    Family LIMACODIDAE  (or EUCLIDAE):           

    Called SLUGMOTHS because the caterpillars resemble slugs, or CUPMOTHS because of the shape of the cocoons. Mostly tropical, but occur worldwide, with about 1,000 described species. 

    LIMACODIDAE is a very common family in the tropics, but it does occur in all of the world's zoogeographical regions. Worldwide, about 1,000 species have been identified. In Costa Rica, 117 species have been found.    

    Adult moths in LIMACODIDAE do not feed. 
  45. Acharia horrida  ______  CR  (100C:73-c)
  46. Acharia hyperoche  ______  CR  (BMCR:9co) (100C:44-c)
  47. Archaria nesea  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)
  48. Acharia ophelians  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)
  49. Euclea norba  ______  BZ  CR  (100C:68-c)

         The caterpillar of Euclea norba resembles a piece of lichen.
  50. Euclea zygia  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)
  51. Euphobetron aquapennis  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)
  52. Euprosterna elaea  ______  CR  (BMCR:11co)
  53. Natada daona  ______  CR  (BMCR:10co)
  54. Natada fusca  ______  CR  (BMCR:9co)
  55. Parasa cebrenis  (phTM)  ______  HN
  56. Parasa cuernavaca  ______  CR  (BMCR:11co)
  57. Parasa joanae  ______  CR  (BMCR:9co)
  58. Parasa macrodonta  ______  CR  (BMCR:10co)
  59. Parasa sandrae  ______  CR  (100C:77-c)
  60. Parasa viridogrisea  ______  CR  (BMCR:11co)
  61. Parasa wellesca  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)
  62. Perola monomania  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN
  63. Perola villosipes  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)
  64. Phobetron hipparchia  ______  CR  (BMCR:11co) (100C:27-c) 
  65. Prolimacodes triangulifera  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)
  66. Prolimacodes undifera  ______  CR  (BMCR:10co)
  67. Semyra bella  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)
  68. Talima aurora  ______  CR  (BMCR:8)


         Family DALCERIDAE

    Small to medium-sized moths. Orange, white, or yellow. Stout with a hairy body. Abdomen very scaly, with wide and rounded wings. Flight is weak, erratic and undulated, with tremulous flapping.
    A Neotropical family. About 85 species are known, of which 16 have been found in Costa Rica.  
  69. Acraga coa  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:12,13c)   
  70. Acraga hamata  ______  CR  (BMCR:12,13c) (100C:78-c)
  71. Acraga infusa  ______  CR  (BMCR:12)
  72. Acraga isothea  ______  CR  (BMCR:12)
  73. Dalcerides alba  ______  CR  (BMCR:12)
  74. Dalcerides mesoa  ______  CR  (BMCR:12)
  75. Dalcerides sofia  ______  CR  (BMCR:12,13c)
  76. Paracraga argentea  ______  CR  (BMCR:12) 


    Family LACTURIDAE

    Mostly attractively-colored moths. In a tropical or subtropical family, in Central America and South America.
    In Costa Rica, 9 species have been found.
  77. Lactura citrina  ______  CR  (BMCR:14)
  78. Lactura euthoracica  ______  CR  (BMCR:14)
  79. Lactura irrorata  ______  CR  (BMCR:14)
  80. Lactura schenoxantha  ______  CR  (BMCR:14)
  81. Lactura spatula  ______  CR  (BMCR:14)    


    Family ZYGAENIDAE

    Moths of diurnal habits, with aposematic coloration. Only a few species are attracted to light.
    A cosmopolitan family, but out of about a thousand species, only about 9 have been found in Costa Rica.  
  82. Neoalbartia anacreon  ______  CR  (BMCR:16)
  83. Neoprocris flora  ______  CR  (BMCR:16)


    Family MIMALLONIDAE

    Small to medium-sized moths, with wide scaly wings. Bodies are stout and thick, very scaly.
    The species in this family are in the Neotropics, with 4 species found in the Nearctic.
    About 200 species in 27 genera have been described. About 80 species are known in Costa Rica.
  84. Cicinnus dulcis  ______  CR  (BMCR:26)
  85. Cicnnus joanna  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:26)
  86. Cicnnus motagus  (phTM)  ______  HN
  87. Cicinnuus pudens  ______  CR  (BMCR:26)
  88. Druentica inscita  ______  CR  (BMCR:27co)
  89. Druentica partha  ______  HN pb
  90. Lacosoma syrinx  ______  CR  (BMCR:26)
  91. Mimallo amilia  ______  CR  (BMCR:26,27c) (100BM:44)

    Mimallo amilia is a pest to the guava fruit, Psidium guajaba.
  92. Roelmana maloba  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:26)
  93. Roelofa hegewischi  ______  CR  (BMCR:26)


    Family LASIOCAMPIDAE

     Mostly small, but a few large moths, with wide wings and stout bodies.
    The males of some species with diurnal habits have small compound eyes with long intermatidial setae.
    Diurnal males fly quickly. Otherwise, generally, adults are attracted to light. 
    A cosmopolitan family, better represented in tropical countries. About 1,500 species in 150 genera. In Costa Rica, about 130 species have been found.

    Adult moths in LASIOCAMPIDAE do not feed. They live only 5 to 10 days.
  94. Artace cribraria  (phTM)  ______  HN pb
    DOT-LINED WHITE
  95. Euglyphis albigrisea  ______  CR  (BMCR:28)
  96. Euglyphia amathuria  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:33co)
  97. Euglyphia amisena  ______  HN
  98. Euglyphia asapha  ______  CR  (BMCR:33co)
  99. Euglyphia canifascia  ______  HN
  100. Euglyphis canities  ______  CR  (BMCR:28)
  101. Euglyphis capillata  ______  CR  (BMCR:28)
  102. Euglyphis carola  ______  CR  (BMCR:28)
  103. Euglyphis celebris  ______  CR  (BMCR:28)
  104. Euglyphis cercina  ______  HN
  105. Euglyphia charax  ______  CR  (BMCR:33co)
  106. Euglyphis definita  ______  CR  (BMCR:28)
  107. Euglyphia directa  ______  CR  (BMCR:29)
  108. Euglyphis durtea  ______  CR  (BMCR:28)
  109. Euglyphia elena  ______  CR  (BMCR:28) 
  110. Euglyphia gutturalis  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:29,34c)
    Euglyphia gutturalis gutturalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:29,34c)
  111. Euglyphia janzen01  ______  CR  (100C:98-c)
  112. Euglyphia juliana  ______  CR  (BMCR:29)
  113. Euglyphia lanea  ______  CR  (BMCR:29)
  114. Euglyphia lankesteri  ______  CR  (BMCR:29,34c)
  115. Euglyphia laronia  ______  CR  (BMCR:29)
  116. Euglyphia laverna  ______  CR  (BMCR:29)
  117. Euglyphia lepta  ______  CR  (BMCR:34co)
  118. Euglyphia maria  ______  CR  (BMCR:33co)
  119. Euglyphia melancholica  ______  CR  (BMCR:29)
  120. Euglyphia phyllis  ______  CR  (BMCR:35c)
  121. Euglyphia poasia  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:30)
  122. Euglyphia scaptia  ______  CR  (BMCR:30)
  123. Euglyphia scripturata  ______  CR  (BMCR:30)
  124. Euglyphia submarginalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:30,35c)
  125. Euglyphia thyatira  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:30)
  126. Euglyphia torrida  ______  CR  (BMCR:30)
  127. Euglyphia varma  ______  CR  (BMCR:30)
  128. Euglyphia zurcheri  ______  HN pb
  129. Eutachyptera psidii  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:30)
  130. Gloveria balloui  ______  CR  (BMCR:31)
  131. Nesara caramina  ______  CR  (BMCR:31)
  132. Nesara casada  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:31,34c)
  133. Nesara francesca  ______  CR  (BMCR:31)
  134. Prorifrons rufescens  ______  CR  (BMCR:32)
  135. Prorifrons tremula  ______  CR  (BMCR:32)
  136. Titya bella  ______  CR  (BMCR:32)
  137. Tolype caieta  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:32)
  138. Tolype nana  ______  CR  (BMCR:32,35c)
  139. Tolype perplexa  ______  CR  (BMCR:32)


    Family EUPTEROTIDAE

     Small to large wide-winged moths, with some females having diurnal habits.
    A cosmopolitan family with about 300 species described in about 30 genera. Only 3 species have been found in Costa Rica.
  140. Neopreptos marathusa  ______  CR  (BMCR:36co)


         Family BOMBYCIDAE

         Small to large moths, wide-winged. At rest, they tend to let the forewings hang and keep the hindwings away from the thorax. The abdomen tends to be folded upward or to the sides.
    The family is well represented in the Neotropical region. Close to 350 species in 40 genera are known. In Costa Rica, about 80 species have been found.  

    Adult moths in BOMBYCIDAE do not feed.


         Family BOMBYCIDAE, Subfamily APATELODINAE
  141. Apatelodes albipunctata  ______  CR  (BMCR:37)
  142. Apatelodes ardeola  ______  CR  (BMCR:37)
  143. Apatelodes adrastia  ______  CR  (BMCR:40co)
  144. Apatelodes firmiana  ______  CR  (BMCR:37,39c)
  145. Apatelodes inviolata  ______  CR  (BMCR:37)
  146. Apatelodes lapitha  ______  CR  (BMCR:37)
  147. Apatelodes merlona  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:37,40c)
  148. Apatelodes pandara  ______  CR  (BMCR:37)
  149. Apatelodes pandarioides  ______  CR  (BMCR:38)
  150. Apatelodes paratima  ______  CR  (BMCR:38)
  151. Apatelodes pudefacta  ______  CR  (BMCR:38,39c)
  152. Apatelodes sericea  ______  CR  (BMCR:38)
  153. Apatelodes satellitia  ______  HN pb
  154. Apatelodes turralba  ______  CR  (BMCR:38)
  155. Depratelodes umbrilinea  ______  CR  (BMCR:38)
  156. Ephoria lybia  ______  CR  (BMCR:38)
  157. Olceclostera indentata  ______  HN pb
  158. Prothysana felderi  ______  CR  PN  (BMCR:39co) (100C:74-c)  (was Tarchon felderi)
    SHAG-CARPET CATERPILLAR

     The range of Prothysana felderi is from Mexico south to at least Ecuador.

    There was a postage stamp depicting both the caterpillar and the adult moth of Prothysana felderi issued in Panama in 2002.
  159. Sorocara janzen01  _____  CR  (100C:76-c)
  160. Zanola verago  ______  CR  (BMCR:39co)   


         Family BOMBYCIDAE, Subfamily PHIDITIINAE

    Those in the genus PHIDITIA were in the family APATELODIDAE. 
  161. Phiditia cuprea  ______  CR  (BMCR:42co)
  162. Phiditia lucernaria  ______  CR  (BMCRL42co) (100C:57-c)
  163. Phiditia maculosissima  ______  CR  (BMCR:41)
  164. Rolepa innotabilis  ______  CR  (BMCR:41)
  165. Rolepa nigrostriga  ______  CR  (BMCR:41)

    Family BOMBYCIDAE, Subfamily BOMBYCINAE, Tribe EPIINI
  166. Colla coelestis  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:43)
  167. Colla rhodope  ______  CR  (BMCR:43,45c)
  168. Epia casnonia  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:43)
  169. Epia muscosa  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:43,45c) (100BM:22-c)
  170. Quentalia cameloi  ______  CR  (BMCR:44)
  171. Quentalia ficus  ______  CR  (BMCR:44)
  172. Quentalia numalia  ______  CR  (BMCR:44)
  173. Quentalia subumbrata  ______  CR  (BMCR:44)
  174. Quentalia surynorta  ______  CR  (BMCR:44)
  175. Anticla antica  ______  CR  (BMCR:44)
  176. Tamphana marmorea  ______  CR  (BMCR:44)

    Family PYRALIDAE:  the PYRALID, or SNOUT MOTHS 

    Included in this grouping is what has been CRAMBIDAE, the subfamily PYRAUSTINAE (including SPILOMELINAE) 

     Subfamily PYRALINAE follows after this list.  
  177. Agathodes designalis  (ph)  ______  M#5240  BZ
    SKY-POINTING MOTH



         the Sky-pointing Moth, Agathodes designalis
     (copyrighted photo by Lisa Johnson)
  178. Anania inclusalis  ______  BZ
  179. Aponia major  ______  BZ
  180. Arthromastix lauralis  ______  BZ
  181. Asturodes fimbriauralis  ______  BZ
  182. Ategumia dilecticolor  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN   occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
  183. Ategumia ebulealis  ______  BZ
  184. Azochis trichotarsalis  ______  BZ
  185. Bicilia lentistrialis  ______  BZ
  186. Cacozelia elegans  (phTM)  ______  M#5587  HN   in subfamily EVERGESTINAE
    ELEGANT CACOZELIA 
  187. Coenostolopsis apicalis  ______  BZ
  188. Conchylodes erinalis  ______  BZ
  189. Conchylodes nolckenialis  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN
  190. Conchylodes platinalis  ______  BZ
  191. Cryptobotys zoilusalis  ______  BZ
  192. Desmia bajulalis  ______  BZ
  193. Desmia funebralis  ______  M#5159  BZ
    GRAPE LEAFFOLDER MOTH
  194. Desmia ploralis  ______  M#5167  BZ 
    MOURNFUL DESMIA MOTH
  195. Desmia ufeus  ______  BZ
  196. Diacme mopsalis  ______  BZ
  197. Diaphania costata  ______  BZ
  198. Diaphania elegans  ______  M#5207.1  BZ
  199. Diaphania esmeralda  ______  BZ
  200. Diaphania glauculalis  (phTM)  ______  BZ  CR  HN  PN  occurs in Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador 
  201. Diaphania hyalinata  (ph)  ______  M#5204  BZ  (species described by Linnaeus in 1767)
    MELONWORM MOTH



    Melonworm Moth 
  202. Diaphania lucidalis  ______  BZ
  203. Diaphania nitidalis  ______  M#5202  BZ
    PICKLEWORM MOTH
  204. Diaphania phlebitis  ______  BZ
  205. Dichocrocis sabatalis  ______  BZ
  206. Epipaschia superatalis  (phTM)  ______  M#5577  HN   in subfamily EPIPASCHIINAE
    DIMORPHIC MACALIA MOTH
  207. Eulepte gastralis  ______  BZ  
  208. Galleria mellonella  (phTM)  ______  M#5622  HN   in subfamily GALLERNINAE
    GREATER WAX MOTH      (or HONEYCOMB MOTH)
  209. Glyphodes sibillalis  ______  M#5198  BZ
    MULBERRY LEAFTIER MOTH
  210. Gonocausta sabinalis  (phTM)  ______  M#5078.1  HN
  211. Herpetogramma phaeopteralis  ______  M#5274  BZ
    DUSKY HERPETOGRAMMA MOTH
  212. Hoterodes ausonia  ______  BZ
  213. Hymenia perspectalis  ______  M#5169  BZ
    SPOTTED BEET WEBWORM MOTH
  214. Lamprosema canacealis  ______  BZ
  215. Leucochroma corope  ______  M#5210  BZ
  216. Lygropia plumicostalis  ______  M#5249  BZ
  217. Maruca vitrata  ______  M#5240.1  BZ
    BEAN POD BORER MOTH
  218. Megastes grandalis  ______  BZ
  219. Megastes praxiteles  ______  BZ
  220. Mesocondyla dardusalis  ______  BZ
  221. Mesocondyla tarsibarbalis  ______  BZ
  222. Microthyris anormalis  ______  M#5263  BZ
  223. Microthyris prolongalis  ______  M#5264  BZ
  224. Nonazochis graphialis  ______  BZ
  225. Omiodes indicata  ______  M#5212  BZ
    BEAN-LEAF WEBWORM MOTH
  226. Omiodes insolutalis  ______  BZ
  227. Omiodes martyralis  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN  occurs from Mexico to Argentina, also in the Antilles
  228. Palpita flegia  ______  M#5217  BZ
    SATIN WHITE PALPITA MOTH
  229. Palpusia fulvicolor  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN   occurs from Belize south into South America, to Bolivia
  230. Pantographa acoetesalis  ______  BZ
  231. Pantographa expansalis  ______  BZ 
  232. Phaedropsis chromalis  ______  BZ
  233. Phostria mapetalis  ______  BZ 
  234. Phostria tedea  ______  M#5265  BZ
  235. Polygrammodes sanguinalis  ______  M#5231  BZ 
  236. Portentomorpha xanthiallis  ______  BZ
  237. Praeacrospila melanoproctis  ______  BZ
  238. Prenesta fenestrinalis  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN   occurs from Mexico to Brazil
  239. Prenesta scyllalis  ______  BZ
  240. Pseudopyrausta acutangulalis  ______  BZ
  241. Pyrausta acrionalis  ______  M#5071  BZ
    MINT-LOVING PYRAUSTA 
  242. Pyrausta inornatalis  (phTM)  ______  HN
  243. Pyrausta insignitalis  ______  BZ
  244. Rhectocraspeda periusalis  ______  BZ
  245. Salbia cassidalis  ______  BZ
  246. Samea ecclesialis  (phTM)  ______  M#5150  BZ  HN
    ASSEMBLY MOTH
  247. Sparagmia gonoptera  ______  BZ
  248. Spilomela discordens  (phTM)  ______  HN
  249. Syllepte pactolalis  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN  occurs in Central America, in Brazil, and in the Antilles
  250. Syllepte philetalis  ______  BZ
  251. Synclera chlorophasma  ______  BZ
  252. Syngamia florella  (ph)  ______  M#5284  BZ
    ORANGE-SPOTTED FLOWER MOTH      (or Red-waisted Florella Moth)



         Orange-spotted Flower Moth
    (copyrighted photo by Lisa Johnson)
  253. Terastia meticulosalis  ______  BZ
  254. Trichaea pilicornis  ______  BZ
  255. Triuncidia eupalusalis  ______  BZ


    Family PYRALIDAE, Subfamily PYRALINAE  (    and including Subfamily CHRYSAUGINAE)
  256. Dolichomia amoenalis  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN   occurs in Central America and in South America in Venezuela and Surinam

    A synonym for Dolichomia amoenalis is Hypsopygia amoenalis.
  257. Dolichomia resectalis  ______  BZ
  258. Galasa phillips  (phTM)  ______  HN   (in subfamily CHRYSAUGINAE)
  259. Mapeta schausi  ______  BZ
  260. Mapeta xanthomelas  ______  BZ
  261. Zanclodes sp.  (phTM)  ______  HN


    Family THYRIDIDAE:  PICTURE-WINGED LEAF MOTHS

    has been included in the PYRALOIDEA superfamily

     Now THYRIDIDAE is the only family in the superfamily THYRIDOIDEA. In 4 subfamilies, most of the species live in the tropics and subtropics. Their biology is little known, and Thyridid specimens are rare in museum collections.   
  262. Pentina flammans  ______  CR  (100BM:37-c)


         Family HEDYLIDAE:  BUTTERFLY MOTHS  (    or AMERICAN MOTH-BUTTERFLIES)

     The HEDYLIDAE is an extant sister group of the butterfly sister families PAPILIONOIDES (the SWALLOWTAILS) and HESPERIOIDES (the SKIPPERS).
    They have previously been treated as a tribe of GEOMETRIDAE (below, in this list).
    They have also been thought to be an unrecognized group of butterflies, and in 2005 a study actually placed them with the butterflies based upon molecular data.

    The 35 currently recognized species in HEDYLIDAE, all in the genus Macrosoma, are entirely Neotropical, ranging from central Mexico south to southwestern Brazil. They also occur in the Caribbean region in Jamaica, Cuba, and Trinidad.

  263. Macrosoma albula  ______  CR  (BMCR:86)
  264. Macrosoma amaculata  ______  CR  (BMCR:86)
  265. Macrosoma bahiata  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:86)
  266. Macrosoma cascaria  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:86)
  267. Macrosoma conifera  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:86)
  268. Macrosoma costilunata  ______  CR  (BMCR:87)
  269. Macrosoma heliconiaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:87)
  270. Macrosoma hyacinthina  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:87)  
  271. Macrosoma intermedia  ______  CR  (BMCR:87)
  272. Macrosoma lucivittata  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:87)
  273. Macrosoma muscerdata  ______  CR  (BMCR:88)
  274. Macrosoma rubedinaria  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:88)
  275. Macrosoma semiermis  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:88)
  276. Macrosoma tipulata  ______  CR  (BMCR:88)


    Family CASTNIIDAE:  GIANT BUTTERFLY MOTHS

     Medium to large-sized moths. The adults have diurnal habits.
    There are about 150 species in the family, living in temperate or warm environments, tropical and subtrapical.
    Most are Neotropical. In Costa Rica, there are 12 species.

    Species in this family of diurnal moths, in the genus Zegara, are members of a color pattern mimicry system with the following butterflies:
    Heliconius ismenius
    Hypothyris euclesia,     in ITHOMIINAE
    Melinaea lilis (or ethra), in NYMPHAIDAE
    Eresia mechanitis, in NYMPHAIDAE
    and the Tiger Mimic-Whites, Dismorphia amphione and the Eunoe Mimic-White, Dismorphia eunoe.
    Other Zegara species are mimetic with regard to moths in the genera Chetone and Dysschema, in ARCTIINAE.  

    The larvae of CASTNIIDAE are endophagous, that is they mine inside the stems of their host plants or dig tunnels in the ground for feeding on the roots.  
  277. Amauta cacica  ______  CR  (BMCR:23)
  278. Athis clitarcha  ______  CR  (BMCR:23)
  279. Castniomera atymnius  ______  CR  (BMCR:23)
    Castniomera atymnius futilis  ______  CR  (BMCR:23) (ICR:94)
  280. Castniomera drucei  ______  CR  (BMCR:23,25c)
  281. Imara analibiae  ______  CR  (BMCR:23)
  282. Divana diva ______  CR  (BMCR:24)
  283. Leucocastnia licus  ______  CR  (BMCR:24)
  284. Xanthocastnia viryi  ______  CR  (BMCR:24)
    Xanthocastnia vityi intermedia  ______  CR  (BMCR:24)
  285. Zegara carilla  ______  CR  (BMCR:24)
  286. Zegara columbina  ______  CR  (BMCR:24)

    Family GEOMETRIDAE,         larvae are: LOOPERS, INCHWORMS, SPANWORMS

    Adult GEOMETER MOTHS are from small to large, but mostly medium-sized.
    They generally have elongated bodies with wide wings, and many are stout.

    The GEOMETRIDAE is a cosmopolitan family and one of the three largest among the LEPIDOPTERA. It is estimated that at least 21,000 species have been described. About 1,500 species have been found in Costa Rica. 

    Family GEOMETRIDAE, Subfamily ENNOMINAE
  287. Acrotomodes cautama  ______  CR  (BMCR:193c)
  288. Acrotomodes chiriquensis  ______  CR  (BMCR:194)
  289. Acrotomodes mucia  ______  CR  (BMCR:192co)
  290. Anisoperas atropunctaria  ______  BZ
  291. Betulodes matharma  ______  CR  (BMCR:194)
  292. Certima turmalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:194)
  293. Cimicodes albicosta  ______  HN pb
  294. Cyclomia disparlis  ______  HN pb
  295. Cyclomia minuta  ______  HN pb
  296. Dyschoroneura obsolescens  ______  HN pb
  297. Epimecis detexta  ______  HN pb
  298. Epimecis fraternaria  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:194)
  299. Epimecis matronaria  ______  HN pb
  300. Epimecis patronaria  ______  HN
  301. Epimecis subroraria  ______  HN pb
  302. Epimecis sp.  ______  HN pb
  303. Erastria decrepitaria  ______  BZ  HN pb 
  304. Euclysia columbipennis  ______  BZ
  305. Euclysia dentifasciata  ______  HN pb
  306. Euclysia sp.  ______  HN pb
  307. Eusarca asteria  ______  HN pb
  308. Eusarca crameraria  ______  BZ
  309. Eusarca minucia  ______  BZ  HN pb
  310. Eusarca nemoria  ______  HN pb
  311. Eusarca trifilaria  ______  BZ
  312. Eutomopepla vorda  ______  BZ
  313. Glena agria  ______  HN pb   (species described in 1967)
  314. Herbita lilacina  ______  HN pb
  315. Hyalostenele lutescens  ______  CR  (BMCR:194)
  316. Hymenomima camerata  ______  HN pb
  317. Hymenomima tharpoides  ______  BZ
  318. Hymenomima sp.  ______  HN pb
  319. Hymenomima sp.  ______  HN pb
  320. Iridopsis aviceps  ______  HN pb
  321. Iridopsis chalcea  ______  BZ
  322. Iridopsis herse  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:192co)
  323. Iridopsis pandarosos  ______  HN pb
  324. Iridopsis oberthuri  ______  HN pb
  325. Iridopsis validaria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  326. Ischnopteris chavezi  ______  CR  (BMCR:194)
  327. Leuciris fimbriaria  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN   occurs from Mexico to Peru and Brazil
    MIMOSA PEARL

     The turquoise eggs of Leuciris fimbriaria, or the Mimosa Pearl, are laid in batches on Mimosa pigra and related plants.
  328. Leucula abilinearia  ______  HN 
  329. Macaria accumulata  ______  BZ
  330. Macaria aequiferaria  ______  HN
  331. Macaria combusta  ______  BZ
  332. Macaria ferina  ______  HN pb
  333. Macaria festivata  ______  BZ
  334. Macaria gambarina  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:194)
  335. Macaria guapilaris  ______  HN pb
  336. Macaria lydia  ______  HN pb
  337. Macaria ostia  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN
  338. Macaria regulata  ______  BZ  HN pb
  339. Macaria subfulva  ______  BZ  HN pb
  340. Macaria sp.  ______  HN pb
  341. Melanchroia chephise  (ph)  ______  M#6616  CR  HN  (BMCR:192c,194)
    WHITE-TIPPED BLACK MOTH      (or SNOWBUSH SPANWORM)

         Melanchroia chephise ranges from Texas (and Florida) south to Paraguay.



    White-tipped Black Moth
  342. Melanolophia flexilinea  ______  HN
  343. Melanolophia sadrina  ______  HN pb
  344. Melanolophia sp.  ______  HN pb
  345. Microgonia rufaria  ______  HN pb
  346. Nematocampa completa  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb
  347. Nematocampa sp.  ______  HN pb
  348. Nepheloleuca floridata  ______  HN
  349. Nepheloleuca politia  ______  BZ  HN pb
  350. Nephodia organa  ______  CR  (BMCR:195)

  351. Nepitia detractaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:195)
  352. Opisthoxia bella  ______  HN
  353. Opisthoxia cluana  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:195)
  354. Opisthoxia elesiata  ______  BZ
  355. Opisthoxia molpadia  ______  CR  (BMCR:193c)
  356. Opisthoxia saturniaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:195)
    Opisthoxia saturniaria compta  ______  CR  (BMCR:195)
  357. Opisthoxia uncinata  ______  HN pb
  358. Oxydia apidania  ______  HN pb
  359. Oxydia mexicana  (phTM)  ______  HN
  360. Oxydia sinuosa  ______  CR   occurs from Costa Rica to Peru
     SINUOSA DEADLEAF  
    Some say that Oxydia sinuosa is a subspecies of Oxydia mexicana (above).
  361. Oxydia trychiata  ______  CR  (BMCR:195)
  362. Oxydia versilinea  ______  BZ
  363. Oxydia vesulia  ______  BZ  HN pb
  364. Pantherodes pardalaria  ______  HN
  365. Pantherodes unciaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:196)
  366. Pantherodes sp.  ______  HN pb
  367. Paragonia cruraria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  368. Parilexia cermala  ______  HN pb
  369. Patalene aeneturaria  ______  HN pb
  370. Patalene asychisaria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  371. Patalene hamulata  ______  HN
  372. Patalene luciata  ______  HN pb
  373. Patalene moneta  ______  BZ
  374. Patalene trogonaria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  375. Patalene sp.  ______  HN pb
  376. Periclina syctaria  ______  HN
  377. Perigramma guatemalaria  ______  HNpb
  378. Perigramma repitita  ______  HN pb
  379. Pero afuera  ______  HN pb  (species described in 1987)
  380. Pero amanda  ______  BZ  HN
  381. Pero anceta  ______  HN pb
  382. Pero astapa  ______  HN 
  383. Pero aurunca  ______  HN
  384. Pero chapela  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:195)
  385. Pero clysiaria  ______  HN pb
  386. Pero coronata  ______  HN pb
  387. Pero delauta  ______  BZ  HN
  388. Pero dularia  ______  BZ  HN   
  389. Pero externa  ______  BZ
  390. Pero fragila  ______  HN  
  391. Pero fusaria  ______  HN
  392. Pero incisa  ______  HN pb
  393. Pero lessema  ______  HN
  394. Pero lignata  ______  BZ
  395. Pero melissa  ______  HN
  396. Pero plagodiata  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:195)
  397. Pero polygonaria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  398. Pero probata  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:195)
  399. Pero pumaria  ______  HN pb
  400. Pero saturata  ______  HN pb
  401. Pero spina  ______  HN
  402. Pero stuposaria  ______  BZ
  403. Pero rumina  ______  BZ
  404. Pero verda  ______  HN
  405. Phrygionis divitaria  ______  HN pb
  406. Phrygionis pallicosta  ______  HN pb
  407. Phrygionis platinata  ______  BZ
    Phrygionis platinata naevia  ______  BZ
  408. Phrygionis polita  ______  BZ  HN
  409. Phrygionis privignaria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  410. Phyle schausaria  ______  HN
  411. Phyllodonta angulosa  ______  BZ
  412. Physocleora albibrunnea  ______  BZ
  413. Physocleora taeniata  ______  BZ
  414. Physocleora sp.  ______  HN pb
  415. Pityeja histrionaria  (ph)  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:196)



    Pityeja histionaria
  416. Polla celeraria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  417. Polla hemeraria  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:196)
  418. Prochoerodes striata  ______  HN pb
  419. Prochoerodes sp.  ______  HN
  420. Psamatodes abydata  ______  HN pb
  421. Pyrinia itunaria  ______  HN pb
  422. Pyrinia sanitaria  ______  HN pb
  423. Pyrinia sp.  ______  HN pb
  424. Rhomboptila brantsiata  ______  BZ 
  425. Rucana chaconi  ______  CR  (BMCR:196)
  426. Sabulodes loba  ______  BZ
  427. Sabulodes ornatissima  ______  CR  (BMCR:196)
  428. Semiothisa agrammata  ______  BZ
  429. Semiothisa arenisca  ______  BZ
  430. Semiothisa carinaria  ______  HN pb
  431. Semiothisa divergentata  ______  BZ  HN pb
  432. Semiothisa gambaria  ______  BZ
  433. Semiothisa salsa  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:196)
  434. Sericoptera chiffa  ______  CR  (BMCR:197)
  435. Sericoptera mahometaria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  436. Simena luctifera  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:196)
  437. Simopteryx torquataria  ______  CR  (BMCR:197)
  438. Sphacelodes vulneraria  ______  M#6800  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:197)
  439. Stenalcidia sanguistellata  ______  CR  (BMCR:197)
  440. Stibaractis dioptis  ______  CR  (BMCR:197)
  441. Synnomos firmamentaria  ______  HN
  442. Thyrinteina arnobia  ______  M#6772  BZ  CR  (BMCR:197)
  443. Thysanopyga abdominaria  ______  BZ
  444. Thysanopyga amarantha  ______  BZ  HN pb
  445. Thysanopyga apitruncaria  ______  HN pb
  446. Thysanopyga carfinia  ______  HN pb
  447. Thysanopyga pygaria  ______  HN pb
  448. Tmetomorpha bitias  ______  CR  (BMCR:197)
  449. Tornos pusillus  ______  HN pb   (species described in 1954)
  450. Trotopera arrhapa  ______  HN pb
  451. Trotopera olivifera  ______  CR  (BMCR:197)
  452. Urepione quadrilineata  ______  BZ


     Family GEOMETRIDAE, Subfamily GEOMETRINAE
  453. Cathydata batina  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
     Cathydata batina batina  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
  454. Chavarriella fallax  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
  455. Chloractis pulcherrima  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
  456. Chlorochlamys sp.  ______  HN
  457. Chloropteryx dealbata  ______  HN pb
  458. Chloropteryx diluta  ______  HN pb
  459. Chloropteryx opalaria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  460. Chloropteryx sp.  ______  HN
  461. Dichorda consequaria  ______  HN
  462. Dichorda iris  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
  463. Hyalochlora antolodoxa  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
  464. Lissochlora manostigma  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb
  465. Lophochorista calliope  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
  466. Neagathia coruptata  ______  BZ  HN pb
  467. Nemoria astraea  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
  468. Nemoria aturia  ______  HN
  469. Nemoria erina  ______  CR  (BMCR:199)
  470. Nemoria karlae  ______  HN pb   (species described in 1993)
  471. Nemoria ozalea  ______  CR  (BMCR:200)
  472. Nemoria parcipunta  ______  HN pb
  473. Nemoria priscillae  ______  HN pb   (species described in 1993)
  474. Nemoria punctilinea  ______  BZ  HN pb
  475. Nemoria scriptaria  ______  HN pb
  476. Nemoria venezuelae  ______  HN pb
  477. Nemoria vermiculata  ______  CR  (BMCR:200)
  478. Nemoria winniae ______  CR  (BMCR:200)
  479. Oospila albicoma  ______  CR  (BMCR:200)
     Oospila albicoma albicoma  ______  CR  (BMCR:200)
  480. Oospila albipunctulata  ______  CR  (BMCR:200)
  481. Oospila athena  ______  CR  (BMCR:200)
  482. Oospila atopochlora  ______  CR  (BMCR:201)
  483. Oospila concinna  ______  HN pb
  484. Oospila depressa  ______  BZ
  485. Oospila rosipara  ______  HN pb
  486. Oospila tricamerata  ______  BZ
  487. Oospila venezuelata  (ph)  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:201)



    Oospila venezuelata
  488. Phrudocenta janeira  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:201)
    Phrudocenta janeira tenuis  ______  CR  (BMCR:201)
  489. Phrudocenta pupillata  ______  HN pb 
  490. Pyrochlora rhanis  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:201)
  491. Rhodochlora brunneipalpis  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:201)
    Rhodochiora brunneipalpis minor  ______  CR  (BMCR:201)

  492. Rhodochlora exquisita  ______  CR  (BMCR:201)
  493. Rhodochlora rothschildi  ______  CR  (BMCR:201)
  494. Synchlora acuta  ______  BZ
  495. Synchlora albisparsa  ______  BZ
  496. Synchlora expulsata  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb
  497. Synchlora gerularia  ______  BZ  HN pb
  498. Synchlora pulchrifimbria  ______  HN pb
  499. Synchlora superaddita  ______  BZ
  500. Synchlora venustula  ______  HN pb
  501. Tachychlora amilletes  ______  CR  (BMCR:201)
  502. Tachyphyle acuta  ______  HN pb
  503. Tachyphyle basiplaga  ______  BZ
  504. Xerochlora masonaria  ______  HN pb


     Family GEOMETRIDAE, Subfamily LARENTIINAE
  505. Crocypus perlucidaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)
    Crocypus periucidaria macroleuca  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)
  506. Disclisioprocta stellata  ______  HN pb
  507. Dyspteris deminutaria  ______  BZ
  508. Dyspteris tenuivitta  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)
  509. Eois binaria  ______  HN pb
  510. Eois catana  ______  HN pb
  511. Eois dorisaria  ______  HN pb
  512. Eois expressaria  ______  HN
  513. Eois heliadaria  ______  HN
  514. Eois insignata  ______  HN pb
  515. Eois isographata  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)
  516. Eois numida  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)
  517. Eois ungulata  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)
  518. Eois sp.  ______  HN pb
  519. Erateina rogersi  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)
  520. Erateina staudingeri  (ph)  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)



    Above & below: Erateina staudingeri
  521. Erebochlora tesserulata  ______  CR  (BMCR:205)
  522. Ersephila electa  ______  CR  (BMCR:206)
  523. Eubaphe deceptata  ______  BZ
  524. Eubaphe conformis  ______  HN pb
  525. Eubaphe sp.  ______  HN sp
  526. Eudulophasia invaria  ______  HN pb
  527. Euphyia albipennis  ______  BZ
  528. Euphyia cinerascens  ______  HN pb
  529. Euphyia subguttaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:206)
  530. Euphyia sp.  ______  HN pb
  531. Eupithecia spilosata  ______  HN
  532. Eupithecia sp.  ______  HN pb
  533. Eupithecia sp.  ______  HN pb
  534. Eutrepsia dispar  ______  HN
  535. Eutrepsia tortricina  ______  CR  (BMCR:206)
  536. Graphidipus abraxaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:206)
  537. Hagnagora anicata  ______  CR  (BMCR:206)
  538. Hagnagora clustimena  ______  CR  (BMCR:206)
  539. Hagnagora ephestris  ______  CR  (BMCR:207)
  540. Hagnagora mortipax  ______  CR  (BMCR:192c)
  541. Heterusia dividata  ______  CR  (BMCR:207)
  542. Hydriomena polyphonta  ______  CR  (BMCR:207)
  543. Obila floccosaria  ______  BZ  HN
  544. Obila pannosata  ______  HN
  545. Obila sp.  ______  HN pb
  546. Oligopluera aulaeata  ______  HN pb
  547. Oligopluera malaclitaria  ______  HN pb
  548. Priapodes longipalpata  ______  CR  (BMCR:207)
  549. Psaliodes sp.  ______  HN pb
  550. Pseudomennis bipennis  ______  CR  (BMCR:207)
  551. Pseudomennis dioptoides  ______  CR  (BMCR:207)
  552. Rheumaptera sp.  ______  HN pb
  553. Spargania daphne  ______  CR  (BMCR:207)
  554. Trocherateina specularia  ______  CR  (BMCR:207)

    Family GEOMETRIDAE, Subfamily OENOCHROMINAE
  555. Ametris nitocris  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:198)
  556. Ergavia carinenta  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:198)
  557. Ergavia merops  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:198)
  558. Macrotes commatica  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:198)
  559. Racasta spatiaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:198)
     Racasta spatiaria caberaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:198)


     Family GEOMETRIDAE, Subfamily STERRHINAE

    The WAVES are almost all small to very small, often with characteristic patterns of shingled "waves" radiating out from wing-base to apex.   
  560. Atyria commoda  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
  561. Atyria vespertina  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
  562. Atryriodes jalapae  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
  563. Cyclophora anablemma  ______  HN pb
  564. Cyclophora gigantula  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
    Cyclophora gigantula cratoscia  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
  565. Cyclophora insigniata ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
  566. Cyclophora melitia  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
     Cyclophora melitia melitia  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
  567. Cyclophora nodigera  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
  568. Cyclophora prunelliaria  ______  CR  (BMCR:202)
  569. Dithecodes distracta  ______  HN pb
  570. Dithecodes sp.  ______  HN pb
  571. Haemalea imitans  ______  HN pb
  572. Idaea complexaria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  573. Idaea contractalis  ______  HN
  574. Idaea elegentaria  ______  HN pb
  575. Idaea helleria  ______  BZ  HN pb
  576. Idaea latiferaria  ______  HN
  577. Idaea pervertipennis  ______  HN pb
  578. Idaea prusias  ______  BZ
  579. Idaea spernata  ______  HN
  580. Idaea subfervens  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:203)
  581. Idaea tacturata  ______  HN pb
  582. Idaea sp.  ______  HN pb
  583. Leptostales angulata  ______  CR   (BMCR:203) 
  584. Leptostales crossii  ______  HN pb
  585. Leptostales sp.  ______  HN pb
  586. Lobocleta figurinata  ______  HN
  587. Pleuroprucha ochrea  ______  HN pb
  588. Pseudasellodes fenestraria  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:203)
  589. Scopula apparitaria  ______  HN
  590. Scopula confertaria  ______  HN
  591. Scopula privata  ______  HN pb
  592. Scopula subquadrata  ______  HN
  593. Scopula suffundaria  ______  HN
  594. Scopula umbilicata  ______  HN
  595. Scopula sp.  ______  HN pb
  596. Semaeopus caecaria  ______  HN pb
  597. Semaeopus deflexa  ______  HN
  598. Semaeopus illimitata  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:203)
    Semaeopus illimitata illimitata  ______  CR  (BMCR:203)
  599. Semaeopus varia  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:203)
  600. Semaeopus sp.  ______  HN pb
  601. Smicropus intercepta  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:193c,204)
  602. Smicropus laeta  (ph)  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:204)
     Smicropus laeta laeta  ______  CR  (BMCR:204)



    Smicropus laeta
  603. Tricentra fulvifera  ______  HN pb
  604. Tricentra ignefumosa  ______  BZ
  605. Tricentra quadrigata  ______  HN pb
  606. Tricentra sp.  ______  HN pb
  607. Tricentra sp.  ______  HN pb
  608. Tricentrogyna deportata  ______  HN pb
  609. Tricentrogyna violescens  ______  HN pb
  610. Tricentrogyna sp.  ______  HN pb
  611. Tricentrogyna sp.  ______  HN pb
  612. Trygodes amphion  ______  CR  (BMCR:204)
  613. Trygodes musivaria  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:204)
  614. Trygodes niobe  ______  CR  (BMCR:204)
     Trygodes niobe niobe  ______  CR  (BMCR:204)


    Family SATURNIIDAE, Subfamily ARSENURINAE
    SATURNIIDAE     has a wide distribution throughout the world, but especially in the Neotropics. 
    Worldwide, about 1,480 species are known in 165 genera. 118 species have been found in Costa Rica.

     Adult moths in SATURNIIDAE do not feed.
  615. Arsenura archianassa  ______  CR  (BMCR:46)
  616. Arsenura armida  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:46,49c) (100C:18-c)   occurs in Central America and South America 

    Arsenura armida     is unambiguously aposematic. Not to be found singly, but rather from 10 to 50 of the cigar-sized caterpillars of this species cluster together in a patch on a bare tree trunk.
    They are fully exposed to every passing vertebrate predator, but they are not preyed upon.
    Not even the thousands of species of insects that prey on caterpillars attack them.  

  617. Arsenura batesii  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:46,50c) (100C:42-c)
     Arsenura batesii arcaei  ______  CR  (BMCR:46,50c)
  618. Arsenura drucei  ______  CR  (BMCR:46) (100BM:43-c)
  619. Arsenura sylla  ______  CR  (BMCR:46)
  620. Caio championi  ______  CR  HN  MX  (BMCR:47,50c) (100C:93-c)   occurs in Mexico, Central America 

    A food plant for caterpillar of Caio championi is a vulnerable tree in tropical dry forest Bombacopsis quinata, in the family BOMBACACEAE. That tree, often logged out of the forest, is known as Pochote.
  621. Caio richardsoni  ______  MX   occurs in Mexico
  622. Copiopteryx semiramis  ______  CR  HN  MX  (BMCR:47) (100C:41-c)
    Copiopteryx semiramis banghaasi  ______  HN

    Copiopteryx semiramis     occurs from Mexico to South America.

    A host plant for Copiopteryx semiramis is the tree Manilkara chicle in the family Sapotaceae. (See note below in this list with Othoorene purpurascens.)
  623. Dysdaemonia boreas  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:48)   occurs in tropical America
  624. Paradaemonia platydesmia  ______  CR  (BMCR:48)
  625. Rhescyntis hippodamia  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:48,50c) (ICR:96) (100BM:93-c)
  626. Titaea tamerlan  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:48,49c)
    Titaea tamerian nobilis  ______  HN


     Family SATURNIIDAE, Subfamily CERATOCAMPINAE
  627. Adeloneivaia boisduvalii  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:51)
  628. Adeloneivaia isara  ______  CR  (BMCR:51)
  629. Adeloneivaia jason  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:51,56c) (100V:39-c)   occurs in Central America and South America
     
  630. Adeloneivaia subangulata  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:51)
  631. Adelowalkeria caeca  ______  HN pb  (species described in 1969)
  632. Citioica anthanilis  ______  HN
  633. Citheronia azteca  ______  MX   occurs in Mexico, Guatemala
  634. Citheronia bellavista  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:52)   occurs Central America and northern South America
  635. Citheronia collaris  ______  CR
  636. Citheronia lobesis  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:52) (100C:9-c)
    Citheronia lobesis jordani  ______  MX      subspecies in Mexico, Guatemala

    Citheronia lobesis is a tropical dry-forest relative of the North American Citheronia regalis, the Regal Moth   
  637. Citheronia pseudomexicana  ______  MX   occurs in Mexico
  638. Citheronia splendens  ______  M#7707  MX
    Citheronia splendens sinaloenis  ______  MX

    Cithronia splendens sinaloenis occurs in Mexico.  
  639. Citheronia volcan  ______  CR  (BMCR:51)
  640. Citheronioides collaris  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:52) 
  641. Citioica anthonilis  ______  CR  (BMCR:52)   occurs in Central America and South America 
  642. Eacles imperialis  (ph)   ______  M#7704  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:53) (ICR:97) (100C:14-c)
    Eacles imperialis decoris  ______  HN
    IMPERIAL MOTH

     With current taxonomy, Eacles imperialis is the New World saturniid with the largest geographic range, occurring from Ontario in Canada south to Argentina.
    It has a number of relatives in the tropics.
    In Costa Rica, Eacles imperialis is found throughout all lowland habitats, from the very driest to the very wettest. It is the only Eacles species in that country in dry forest. 



    An Imperial Moth photographed in Central America
  643. Eacles masoni  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:53)   occurs in Central America and South America.

    In Costa Rica, Eacles masoni is in rain forest and lower cloud forest.
  644. Eacles ormondei  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:53) (ICR:96)
    ORMONDEI IMPERIAL MOTH

         In Costa Rica, Eacles ormondei is in rain forest and lower cloud forest. 
  645. Eacles penelope  ______  CR

     In Costa Rica, Eacles penelope is in rain forest and lower cloud forest.
  646. Othorene purpurascens  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:53,56c) (100C:15-c)

    A host plant for Othorene purpurascens is the sapotaceous tree Manilkara chicle, the Chicle from which the latex used in making chewing gum is obtained.
    As the caterpillar of Othorene purpurascens starts to eat a Manilkara chicle leaf, it cuts the leave halfway through its base, and sometimes at other places, to avoid getting a face full of white latex with each bite. With the leaf's latex-vessel network cut off from that of the remainder of the tree, the defensive latex, a crude liquid rubber, is just another potential food in the leaf being snipped into pieces and swallowed by the caterpillar.
    The tree Manilkara chicle occurs only in dry forest.
    Another host plant, in cloud forest, for Othorene purpurascens, is Pouteria exfoliata. And yet another host plant can be Chryosphyllum brenesii.
  647. Othorene verana  ______  CR  HN  MX  (BMCR:54) (100BM:38-c)   occurs in Mexico and Central America.
  648. Ptiloscola dargei  ______  CR  (BMCR:54)
  649. Schausiella denhezorum  ______  CR  (BMCR:54)
  650. Schausiella moinieri  ______  CR  (BMCR:54)
  651. Schausiella santarosensis  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:54) (100C:40-c)
  652. Syssphinx colla  ______  CR  HN  MX  (BMCR:55,56c)   occurs in Mexico, Guatemala.
  653. Syssphinx mexicana  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:55) (100C:67-c)
  654. Syssphinx molina  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:55) (100C:95-c)   occurs from Mexico to Argentina.
  655. Syssphinx montana  ______  HN pb
  656. Syssphinx quadrilineata  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:55) (100C:16-c)   occurs in in Mexico and Central America.
  657. Syssphinx sp.  ______  HN pb


    Family SATURNIIDAE, Subfamily HEMILEUCINAE



    Photographed in Guatemala, an Automeris moth
    in the family Saturniidae 
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
  658. Arias inbio  ______  CR  (BMCR:57)
  659. Automeris banus  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:57) (ICR:99)   occurs in Central America and northern South America 
  660. Automeris belti  (ph) (phTM)  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:57,70c) (100BM:3-c)



     Automeris belti, photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
  661. Automeris celata  ______  CR  (BMCR:57)
  662. Automeris duchartrei  ______  CR  (BMCR:57)
  663. Automeris excreta  ______  HN
  664. Automeris exigua  ______  CR  (BMCR:57)
  665. Automeris fieldi  ______  CR  (BMCR:60)
  666. Automeris gabriellae  ______  BZ
  667. Automeris hamata  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:58)
  668. Automeris io  (ph)  ______  M#7746  BZ  CR  (BMCR:58,70c) (100BM:4-c)
    IO MOTH 


    An Io Moth photographed during a FONT tour in Belize 
  669. Automeris jucunda  ______  HN   occurs in Central America and northern South America
  670. Automeris kopturae  ______  CR  (BMCR:58)
  671. Automeris lauta  ______  HN   occurs in Guatemala and Honduras  (species described in 1948).
  672. Automeris macphaili  ______   occurs in Mexico, Guatemala.
  673. Automeris metzli  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:58,59) (100BM:85-c)   occurs from Mexico to Venezuela, and in Colombia, Ecuador
  674. Automeris moloneyi  ______  BZ  HN
  675. Automeris montezuma  ______  BZ   occurs in Mexico, Guatemala
  676. Automeris oaxacensis  ______  MX   occurs in Mexico
  677. Automeris pallidior  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:59)
  678. Automeris phrynon  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:59) (100BM:86-c)
  679. Automeris postalbula  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:59) (ICR:101) (100C:1-c)
  680. Automeris rubrescens  ______  HN
  681. Automeris tridens  ______  CR  HN  MX  (BMCR:60,69c) (100C:2-c)  occurs in eastern Mexico and Central America 
  682. Automeris zozine  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb  MX   occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras 
  683. Automeris zugana  ______  CR  (BMCR:60) (ICR:100) (100C:3-c)
  684. Automeris zurobara  ______  CR  (BMCR:60)
  685. Cerodirphia avenata  ______  CR  (BMCR:60)
  686. Dirphia avia  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:61,70c) (100C:4-c)   occurs in Central America and South America 
  687. Dirphia horcana  ______  CR  (BMCR:61)
  688. Dirphia panamensis  ______   occurs in Central America and northern South America
  689. Dirphiopsis flora  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:61,69eggs)   occurs from Honduras to Bolivia
  690. Dirphiopsis wolfei  ______  MX   occurs in southern Mexico and Guatemala
  691. Gamelia abas  ______  HN pb
  692. Gamelia musta  ______  CR  (BMCR:61,70c) (100C:92-c)
  693. Gamelia septenrionalis  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:61,62)
  694. Hylesia aeneides  ______  CR  (BMCR:62)
  695. Hylesia annulata  ______  CR  (BMCR:62)
  696. Hylesia bertrandi  ______  CR  (BMCR:64)
  697. Hylesia continua  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:62)
  698. Hylesia dalina  ______  CR  (BMCR:62)
  699. Hylesia frigada  ______  CR  (BMCR:63)
  700. Hylesia gamelioides  ______  HN
  701. Hylesia gigantex  ______  CR  (BMCR:63)
  702. Hylesia hamata  ______  CR  (BMCR:63)
  703. Hylesia invidiosa  ______  CR  (BMCR:63)
  704. Hylesia iola  ______  MX   occurs in southwestern Mexico
  705. Hylesia lineata  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:63) (100C:26-c)
  706. Hylesia rosacea  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:63)
    Hylesia rosacea rosacea  ______  HN pb
  707. Hylesia rubrifrons  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:64)
  708. Hylesia rufipes  ______  CR  (BMCR:64)
  709. Hylesia tinturex  ______  HN
  710. Hylesia umbrata  ______  CR  (BMCR:64)
  711. Hylesia umbratula  ______  HN
  712. Hyperchiria nausica  (phTM)  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:64)   occurs from Mexico to South America
  713. Leucanella acutissima  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:65)
  714. Leucanella contempta  ______  HN   (species described in 1967)
  715. Leucanella hosmera  ______  CR  (BMCR:65) (100C:10-c)   occurs in Costa Rica
  716. Leucanella leucane  ______  BZ
  717. Leucanella saturata  ______  MX

    Leucanella saturata     occurs in Mexico.
  718. Lonomia columbiana  ______  CR  (BMCR:65)
  719. Lonomia electra  ______  M#7750.99  BZ  CR  HN pb  MX  (BMCR:65)   occurs from southern Mexico through Central America to Panama 
  720. Lonomia rufescens  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:66)
  721. Molippa nibasa  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:66,70c)   occurs in tropical America
  722. Molippa ninfa  ______  BZ  MX   occurs in Mexico and Central America
  723. Molippa simillima  ______  CR  (BMCR:66)
  724. Molippa tusina  ______  CR  (BMCR:66)
  725. Paradirphia boudinoti  ______  HN   (species described in 1990)
  726. Paradirphia citrina  ______   occurs in Guatemala
  727. Paradirphia hoegei  ______  MX   occurs in southeast Mexico, Guatemala
  728. Paradirphia lasiocampina  ______  MX   occurs in western Mexico
  729. Paradirphia rectilineata  ______  HN   (species described in 1994)
  730. Paradirphia semirosea  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:67)
  731. Paradirphia valverdei  ______  MX   occurs in Mexico, Guatemala
  732. Paradirphia winnifredae  ______  CR  (BMCR:67)
  733. Periga cluacina  ______  CR  (BMCR:67)
  734. Periphoba arcaei  ______  CR  HN pb  MX  (BMCR:67,70c) (100C:88-c)   occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica
  735. Pseudautomeris irene  ______  CR  (BMCR:68)
  736. Pseudodirphia lacsa  ______  CR  (BMCR:68)
  737. Pseudodirphia menander  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:68) (ICR:102) (100BM:90-c)
  738. Pseudodirphia mexicana  ______  MX   occurs in southern Mexico
  739. Pseudodirphia regia  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:68)   occurs in Central America and northwest South America 
  740. Xanthodirphia abbreviata  ______  CR  (BMCR:68)
  741. Xanthodirphia amarilla  ______  CR  (BMCR:68)


    Family SATURNIIDAE, Subfamily SATURNIINAE
  742. Antheraea godmani  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:71) (ICR:105)   occurs from Mexico to Colombia.
  743. Copaxa copaxoides  ______  MX   occurs in southwest Mexico. 
  744. Copaxa curvilinea  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:71) (100BM:48-c)   occurs in Nicaragua, Costa Rica.
  745. Copaxa cydippe  ______  HN  MX   occurs from Mexico to Honduras.
  746. Copaxa denda  ______  MX   occurs in Mexico 
  747. Copaxa escalantei  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:72)   occurs from Mexico to Panama  (species described in 1971)
  748. Copaxa evelynae  ______  HN   occurs in Guatemala, Honduras.  (species described in 1993)
  749. Copaxa lavendera  ______  HN  MX   occurs from Mexico to Honduras
  750. Copaxa mannana  ______  MX   occurs in Mexico
  751. Copaxa mazaorum  ______  HN  MX   occurs in Mexico   (species described in 1982)
  752. Copaxa moinieri  ______  CR  (BMCR:71,75c,eggs)   occurs in Costa Rica
  753. Copaxa multifenestrata  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:72)
  754. Copaxa rufa  ______  MX   occurs in southwest Mexico 
  755. Copaxa rufinans  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:72eggs) (ICR:106) (100C:87-c) 

    Caterpillars of Copaxa rufinans feed on plants in the LAURACEAE family.
  756. Copaxa simson  ______  CR  (BMCR:72)   occurs in Central America and South America
  757. Copaxa sophronia  ______  HN  MX   occurs from Mexico to Honduras
  758. Copaxa syntheratoides  ______  CR  (BMCR:73) (ICR:107)
  759. Copaxa troetschi  ______  CR  (BMCR:73)
  760. Copaxa trotterorum  ______  CR  (BMCR:73)
  761. Eupackardia calleta  ______  H#7763  HN  MX   occurs from the southern US and Mexico to Honduras.


    Caterpillars of the species of ROTHSCHILDIA (below) spin dense, bag-like pendent silk cocoons, with a complex exit made at the top and a long silk extension firmly binding the cocoon to a twig.
    These cocoons are generally spun down low in the relatively "monkey-safe" and "large bird-safe" zone of 3 to 6 feet above the ground, even if the caterpillars were to do their feeding much higher above in the canopy, which is where Rothschildia caterpillars are normally found.    
  762. Rothschildia erycina  ______  BZ  CR  HN  MX  (BMCR:74) (100BM:94-c)
     Rothschildia erycina mexicana  ______  HN
    Rothschildia erycina nigrescens  ______  CR      subspecies from Costa Rica to Ecuador

    Rothschildia erycina     occurs from Mexico to Paraguay.
  763. Rothschildia lebeau  ______  M#7761.1  BZ  CR  HN pb  MX  (BMCR:74,75c) (ICR:103) (100C:82-c)
     Rothschildia lebeau forbesi  ______  MX      subspecies in Texas, Mexico  
    LEBEAU'S SILKMOTH
  764. Rothschildia orizaba  (ph)  ______  H#7762  CR  HN  MX  PN  (BMCR:73,74) 
    Rothschildia orizaba orizaba  ______      subspecies in Mexico and Central America
    ORIZABA SILKMOTH          (another name is Window-winged Saturnian)



    Above and below: Orizaba Silkmoths 
    Above, photographed in October 2012 in Boquete, Panama
         (photo by Francisco Crespo)
    Below, a photograph in Guatemala showing the size
    (photo by Sherry Nelson) 

  765. Rothschildia roxana  ______  BZ  HN pb  MX   occurs in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala 
  766. Rothschildia triloba  ______  CR  (BMCR:74,75c) (ICR:104) (100C:23-c)   occurs in Central America


         Family SATURNIIDAE, Subfamily OXYTENINAE
  767. Oxytenis albiunulata  ______  CR  (BMCR:76)
  768. Oxytenis beprea  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:76)
  769. Oxytenis ferruginea  ______  CR  (BMCR:77)
  770. Oxytenis gigantea  ______  CR  (BMCR:76)
  771. Oxytenis modestia  ______  CR  HN pb  PN  (BMCR:77) (ICR:95-c) (100BM:47-c) 
    "DEAD-LEAF" MOTH
  772. Oxytenis naemia  ______  CR  PN  (BMCR:77)
    Oxytenis naemia orecta  ______  CR  PN  (BMCR:77)
  773. Oxytenis nubila  ______  CR  (BMCR:77)
  774. Therinia transversaria  (ph)  ______  CR  (BMCR:76) (ICR:108)  (formerly Asthenidia transversaria)
    Therinia transversaria salax  ______  CR  (BMCR:76) 



    Therinia transversaria photographed during a FONT tour
         (photo by Fred Lesser, taken after dark on his i-phone)

    Family SPHINGIDAE:  SPHINX MOTHS, including HAWK MOTHS or "HUMMINGBIRD MOTHS''
    SPHINGIDAE is distributed throughout the world, and is well represented in the tropics. 
    Worldwide, there are about 1,200 species in 200 genera. About 145 species have been found in Costa Rica.  

    Moths in the family SPHINGIDAE are generally very strong flyers. 
  775. Adhemarius daphne  ______  CR  (BMCR:78)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae)

    Adhemarius daphne interrupta     occurs in Mexico and Central America.
    Another subspecies, A. d. daphne, occurs widely in South America.
    A. d. cubanus occurs in Cuba.    
  776. Adhemarius dariensis  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:78)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae)
  777. Adhemarius donysa  ______  HN   (in subfamily Smerinthinae)
  778. Adhemarius fulvescens  ______  CR  (BMCR:78)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae)
  779. Adhemarius gannascus  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:78)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae)
    Adhemarius gannascus gannascus  ______  HN pb

    Adhemarius gannascus     is found from Mexico to extreme southeast Brazil.
  780. Adhemarius palmeri  ______  CR  (BMCR:78)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae) 

    Adhemarius palmeri     occurs in Costa Rica and Panama and widely across South America.
  781. Adhemarius ypsilon  (phTM)  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:78) (ICR:112) (100BM:16)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae)
  782. Aellopos ceculus  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100BM:83-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Aellopos ceculus is found widely across the Neotropics.
  783. Aellopos clavipes  ______  M#7848  BZ  HN  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    CLAVIPES SPHINX MOTH
  784. Aellopos fadus  ______  M#7850  CR  (BMCR:84co)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    FADAS SPHINX MOTH

         Aellopos fadus occurs from Mexico to Argentina. In the US, it has been found in Florida, Texas, Arkansas, and Washington State. 
  785. Aellopos tantalus  (ph)  ______  M#7847  CR  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    TANTALUS SPHINX MOTH     (or TANTALUS HUMMINGBIRD HAWKMOTH)

    Aellopos tantalus     is widely distributed across South America.

    Similar to a small hummingbird, Aellopos tantalus is a mostly brown-winged moth with a conspicuous silvery white band on the dorsal surface of its lower back. The moth hovers, like a hummingbird, with its wings a blur as it probes for nectar with its long proboscis. 

    Aellopos tantalus is similar Aellopos titan and Aellopos fadus, but it is smaller and with only 3 white triangular marks in a line on the forewing, and a 4th above the outermost mark. 



    Tantalus Sphinx Moth
  786. Aellopos titan  ______  M#7849  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:81)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    TITAN SPHINX MOTH

         Aellopos titan titan occurs in Mexico, Central America, and across most of South America. That subspecies is also in the West Indies. It is replaced in Cuba by A. t. cubana.
    The species is a strong flier, and has been found across the eastern United States, and even into southern Canada. Breeding has been confirmed in the US in Texas.
    Overall, Aellopos titan is a common species.       
  787. Agrius cingulata  (ph)  ______  M#7771  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:79) (PNE:257)  (in subfamily SPHINGINAE)
    PINK-SPOTTED HAWK MOTH

         Agrius cingulata is primarily Neotropical, but it also breeds in the southern USA, and strays have been recorded as far north as eastern Canada and even in western Europe.    



     Pink-spotted Hawk Moth
  788. Aleuron carinatum  ______  BZ
  789. Aleuron chloroptera  ______  BZ  HN

    Aleuron chloroptera     can be found throughout the Neotropical region. 
  790. Aleuron iphis  ______  BZ

    Aleuron iphis     can be found across the Neotropics. 
  791. Aleuron neglectum  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:81)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

     Aleuron neglectum is a Neotropical species with a similar range, characteristics and behavior as Aleuron chloroptera and Aleuron iphis.
  792. Amphimoea walkeri  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:79)  (in subfamily Sphinginae)
    DARWIN HAWKMOTH

    Amphimoea walkeri occurs widely in Central America and South America. 
  793. Callionima denticulata  ______  CR  HN pb

    Callionima denticulata     occurs in Mexico, Central America, and in South America south to Bolivia. 
  794. Callionima falcifera  ______  H#7845  BZ  HN pb
    FALCIFERA SPHINX MOTH 

         Callionima falcifera occurs from Central America south to central South America.
  795. Callionima inuus  ______  BZ

    Callionima inuus     occurs throughout the Neotropics.
  796. Callionima nomius  (phTM)  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:81)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Callionima nomius is found throughout the Neotropics.
  797. Callionima pan  ______  HN

    Callionima pan is found from Central America south to Amazonia. It is replaced by C. p. neivai in southern Brazil.
  798. Callionima parce  ______  BZ  HN pb

     Callionima parce occurs widely from Mexico to Argentina.
  799. Cautethia spuria  ______  M#7868  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR81,85c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    SPURIOUS SPHINX MOTH
  800. Cautethia yucatana  ______  M#7869  BZ  HN
  801. Cocytius antaeus  ______  M#7772  BZ  CR  HN  (W:255)
    GIANT SPHINX

    Cocytius antaeus occurs throughout the Neotropics. In the US. it occurs in Florida, Texas, Arizona, Mississippi.
    There are populations in the West Indies but no subspecies.
  802. Cocytius cluentius  ______  BZ
  803. Cocytius duponchel  ______  M#7773  BZ  HN pb
    DUPONCHEL'S SPHINX MOTH

     Cocytius duponchel     ranges in Central America, and in northern and central South America. as well as in the Antilles. 

    The taxonomy of Cocytius duponchel may change to Amphonyx.
  804. Cocytius lucifer  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:79) (100C:55-c)  (in subfamily Sphinginae)

    Cocytius lucifer     ranges in Central America and in northern and central South America. 

    The taxonomy of Cocytius lucifer may change to Amphonyx.
  805. Dolbogene igualana  ______  CR  (BMCR:79)  (in subfamily Sphinginae)
  806. Enyo cavifer  ______  BZ

    Enyo cavifer     is a Neotropical species, in Central America and south to Brazil.  
  807. Enyo gorgon  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:81)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Enyo gorgon     is a Neotropical species, in Central America and in most of South America.
  808. Enyo japix  ______  BZ
  809. Enyo lugubris  (ph)  ______  M#7851  BZ  HN pb  (species described by Linnaeus in 1771)
    MOURNFUL SPHINX MOTH

    Enyo lugubris lugubris     is widespread across Central America and South America. 
    It is replaced by E. l. delanoi in the Galapagos Islands.



    Mournful Sphinx Moth
    (copyrighted photo by Lisa Johnson)
  810. Enyo ocypete  (phTM)  ______  M#7852  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100BM:84)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)

    Enyo ocypete     is a widespread species occurring in most of the Neotropics. 
  811. Enyo pronoe  ______  BZ
  812. Enyo taedium  (phTM)  ______  HN pb
  813. Erinnyis alope  ______  M#7832  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:81) (W:278)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    ALOPE SPHINX MOTH

    Erinnyis alope alope     occurs from Caribbean islands and south through Central America and into South America to northern Argentina. In occurs in various southern US states, including Florida where it regularly breeds.  Strays have occurred as far north as Massachusetts in the US and Saskatchewan in Canada.
    As with other Erinnyis species, there is a separate subspecies in the Galapagos Islands, E. a. dispersa.    
  814. Erinnyis crameri  ______  M#7836  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:85co) (100C:37-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    CRAMER'S SPHINX MOTH

     Erinnyis crameri     occurs in the Neotropics from Mexico to Paraguay and southern Brazil, and in the West Indies and in the southern states of the US.  
  815. Erinnyis domingonis  ______  BZ
  816. Erinnyis ello  ______  M#7834  BZ  CR  HN  (W:266) (100C:63-c)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    ELLO SPHINX MOTH

    Erinnyis ello ello     occurs in the Neotropics as far south as northern Argentina. It also breeds in some southern US states: Florida, Texas, Arizona, California. 
    The subspecies E. e. encantada is found in the Galapagos Islands.
  817. Erinnyis lassauxi  ______  M#7833  BZ  HN
    LASSAUX'S SPHINX MOTH

         Erinnyis lassauxi occurs from Mexico to northern Argentina. It is also found on some Caribbean islands, and in the southern US in Texas and possibly Arizona and Florida. 
  818. Erinnyis obscura  ______  M#7837  BZ  HN
    OBSCURE SPHINX MOTH

         Erinnyis obscura occurs from Mexico to Argentina, and in the southern states of the US.
    The subspecies E. o. conformis is in the Galapagos Islands. 
  819. Erinnyis oenotrus  ______  M#7835  BZ  HN pb
    OLEANDER SPHINX MOTH

     Erinnyis oenotrus     occurs from Mexico and the West Indies south to northern Argentina. The species also strays into the southern US states of Florida and Texas.
  820. Erinnyis yucatana  ______  M#7839.1  BZ  HN
  821. Eumorpha achemon  ______  M#7861  HN  (PNE:267)   (in subfamily MACROGLOSSINAE)
    ACHEMON SPHINX MOTH
  822. Eumorpha anchemolus  ______  M#7857  BZ  HN pb

    Eumorpha anchemolus     occurs from southern Mexico to northern Argentina.
  823. Eumorpha capronneri  ______  HN
  824. Eumorpha fasciatus  ______  M#7865  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:81) (ICR:111)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    BANDED SPHINX MOTH

     Eumorpha fasciatus     occurs from Mexico to Argentina, and on Caribbean islands. It breeds in the southern US in the Carolinas, Florida, and west along the Gulf of Mexico and eastern Texas, and north to Missouri.
    Adults migrate long distances in the late summer in the Northern Hemisphere and have been found as far north as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ontario.
    A second subspecies, E. f. tupaci, is found only in the Galapagos Islands.       
  825. Eumorpha labruscae  (ph)  ______  M#7866  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:84co) (100C:83-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    GAUDY SPHINX MOTH

    Eumorpha labruscae     is a widespread species, ranging from Mexico to Argentina, and on Caribbean islands and also in the Nearctic region, where it has occurred as far north as Michigan in the US and Saskatchewan.
    A second subspecies, E. l. yupanquii, occurs in the Galapagos Islands.      

     Eumorpha labruscae can grow up to the size of a human hand. This migrating moth is commonly found in the West Indies and in Central and South America. It occasionally occurs in the United States and as far north as Canada.

    It is known as the Gaudy Sphinx Moth due to its remarkable markings and the amazing array of colors on its wings. 
    It has a combination of green, blue, red, and yellow on the wings which explains the flamboyant common name. 






    Above: two photographs of the caterpillar of the Gaudy Sphinx Moth
    (copyrighted photos by Cade Johnson)
    Below: two photographs of the adult Gaudy Sphinx Moth,
    in the lower photo with the colorful wings open 
    (photos by Helene Kyrk)




     
  826. Eumorpha megaeacus  ______  M#7862

    Eumorpha megaeacus occurs from Mexico to Brazil.
  827. Eumorpha obliquus  ______  BZ  HN

    The nominate, Eumorpha obliqiuus obliquus, occurs from Mexico to Bolivia. It is replaced in eastern Brazil by E. o. orientis.   
  828. Eumorpha phorbas  ______  BZ  HN pb

    Eumorpha phorbas occurs from Mexico to southern Brazil.
  829. Eumorpha satellitia  (phTM)  ______  M#7858  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100C:94-c)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1771)
    Eumorpha satellitia licaon  ______  HN pb
    SATELLITE SPHINX MOTH 

    Eumorpha satellitia     is very common in the dry forest in northwest Costa Rica.
  830. Eumorpha triangulum  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:81)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  831. Eumorpha typhon  ______  HN
  832. Eumorpha vitis  ______  M#7864  BZ  CR  HN pb  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    VINE SPHINX MOTH

         Eumorpha vitis vitis ranges from Mexico to Argentina. It also breeds in the US in southern Florida and much of Texas.
    Two subspecies occur on Caribbean islands. E. v. fuscatus is on Saint Lucia, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.
    E. v. hesperidum is on Jamaica.
  833. Eupyrrhoglossum sagra  ______  M#7846.1  BZ
    SAGRA SPHINX MOTH

     Eupyrrhoglossum sagra     can be found across the Neotropics, including on Caribbean islands and in Cuba. It has recently been found breeding in southern Florida.
  834. Hemeroplanes ornatus  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:82)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Hemeroplanes ornatus occurs widely from Mexico to southern Brazil. 
  835. Hemeroplanes triptolemus  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:82) (100C:53-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Hemeroplanes triptolemus occurs widely from Mexico to Brazil.
  836. Hyles lineata  (ph)   ______  M#7894  CR  HN  (BMCR:82) (PNE:269) (W:275)  (in subfamily MACROGLOSSINAE)  WHITE-LINED SPHINX MOTH

    Above & below: Hyles lineata, the White-lined Sphinx,
    the moth and the caterpillar  
    Both photographs during a FONT tour.
         (photos by Doris Potter)



  837. Isognathus caricae  ______

    The nominate, Isognathus caricae caricae, occurs from Mexico to southeast South America. A second subspecies, I. c. rainermarxi, was described in 1999 in Peru on the west side of the Andes Mountains.  
  838. Isognatus leachii  ______

    Isognatus leachii occurs from Central America to Argentina.
  839. Isognathus rimosa  ______  M#7831  BZ  HN
  840. Isognathus scyron  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:82)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  841. Isognathus swainsonii  ______

    Isognathus swainsonii     can be found from southern Central America to Brazil. 
  842. Kloneus babayaga  ______  CR  (100BM:57-c)

    Kloneus babayaga     is a rare, or at least a very rarely seen moth in Costa Rica. The species is similar to another sphinx moth, Pachylia ficus (below, in this list).
    To the suggestion that Kloneus babayaga be merged into the Pachylia genus, the coauthor of the master checklist of Sphingidae of the world (in 2000), Jean-Marie Cadiou, wrote:
    "As to systematics, I strongly object to the prestigious Kloneus being downgraded to the status of a mere Pachylia .....  besides which the phrase 'Kloneus babayaga' was coined by Skinner to mean 'son of a bitch'  in reference to Preston Clark, and it would be a pity to lose that piece of entomological history".      
    (source: "100 Butterflies and Moths, Portraits from the Tropical Forests of Costa Rica", by Miller, Janzen, Hallwachs, 2007) 
  843. Madoryx bubastus  ______  BZ  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  844. Madoryx oictus  ______  BZ  HN  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Madoryx oictus oictus occurs widely from Mexico to southern Brazil. It is replaced in Jamaica by M. o. jamicensis. 
  845. Madoryx plutonius  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:82) (ICR:110) (100BM:58-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Madoryx plutonius ranges from Costa Rica to Brazil. The nominate subspecies occurs In South America whereas the subspecies in Central America is M. p. dentatus.    
  846. Manduca albiplaga  ______  M#7779  BZ  HN pb

     Manduca albiplaga occurs from Mexico to northern Argentina.
  847. Manduca corallina  ______  BZ  HN
  848. Manduca dilucida  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:80co)  (in subfamily Sphinginae)
  849. Manduca extrema  ______  HN pb
  850. Manduca florestan  (phTM)  ______  M#7782  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:79,80c) (100C:96-c)  (in subfamily Sphinginae)

         Manduca florestan occurs from southeast Arizona and southwest New Mexico south through Central America to northern Argentina.   
  851. Manduca hannibal  ______  BZ

     Two subspecies of Manduca hannibal occur from southern Central America south into Bolivia and Brazil.
    M. h. hamilcar occurs in northeast, southeast, and parts of southern Brazil.
    M. h. mayeri occurs in Mexico.    
  852. Manduca incisa  ______  HN
  853. Manduca lanuginosa  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:80co) (100C:72-c)  (in subfamily Sphinginae)
  854. Manduca lefeburei  ______  BZ  HN pb

    The nominate Manduca lefeburei lefeburei occurs widely across Central America and South America, while it is replaced in Mexico by M. l. bossardi.
  855. Manduca lichenea  ______  BZ
  856. Manduca muscosa  ______  M#7781  BZ  CR  HN  (100C:29-c)  (in subfamily Sphinginae) 
    MUSCOSA SPHINX MOTH
  857. Manduca occulta  ______  M#7777  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:79)  (in subfamily Sphinginae)
    OCCULT SPHINX MOTH
  858. Manduca ochus  ______  BZ  HN pb
  859. Manduca pellenia  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100C:56-c)
  860. Manduca rustica  (ph)  ______  M#7778  BZ  CR  HN pb  (PNE:259) (W:249) (100C:30-c)  (in subfamily SPHINGINAE)
    RUSTIC SPHINX MOTH 

         Manduca rustica rustica has a broad distribution across South America, and further north in the West Indies, Central America. and to the mid-Atlantic states of the US.   
    Other subspecies are in: Mexico, Cuba, the Lesser Antilles, and the Galapagos islands,  



    Rustic Sphinx Moth
  861. Manduca sexta  (ph)  ______  M#7775  BZ  CR  HN  (PNE:257) (W:248)  (in subfamily SPHINGINAE)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1763)
    CAROLINA SPHINX  (TOBACCO HORNWORM)

         Manduca sexta sexta occurs widely across the USA and in Central America. It is replaced across much of South America from Venezuela to Argentina by M. s. paphus.
    Other subspecies are in: Argentina, Chile, the Galapagos Islands, and Jamaica, the Dominican Republic. and Saint Lucia.     
       


    Carolina Sphinx
         (photo by Stephen Kloiber) 
  862. Manduca wellingi  ______  BZ  HN  (species described in 1984)
  863. Neococytius cluentius  ______  M#7774  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:79)  (in subfamily Sphinginae)

     Neococytius cluentius     occurs throughout Central America, and in most of South America, as well as in the West Indies and Cuba. It occasionally strays into the USA as far north as Michigan.    
  864. Nyceryx coffaeae  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:85co)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

     Nyceryx coffaeae     occurs widely in the Neotropics.
  865. Nyceryx eximia  ______  HN   (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  866. Nyceryx magna  ______  CR  (100C:80-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  867. Nyceryx riscus  ______  BZ  HN   (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

     Nyceryx riscus occurs from Mexico to Argentina.
  868. Nyceryx tacita  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:82) (100C:38-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  869. Oryba achemenides  ______  BZ  CR  (100BM:5)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  870. Oryba kadeni  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:82) (100BM:6-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

     Oryba kadeni has been reported from Central America south to southern Brazil.  
  871. Pachygonidia caliginosa  ______  BZ
  872. Pachygonidia drucei  ______  BZ
  873. Pachygonidia ribbei  ______  CR  (BMCR:82)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  874. Pachygonidia subhamata  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:84co)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  875. Pachylia darceta  (phTM)  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:83)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  876. Pachylia ficus  (ph)  ______  M#7841  BZ  CR  HN pb  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    FIG SPHINX MOTH

         Pachylia ficus can be found throughout Central America and South America. In the US, it breeds in south Florida, and also occurs in Texas, Louisiana, and Arizona.   



    Fig Sphinx Moth
  877. Pachylia syces  ______  BZ  HN

    The nominate, Pachylia syces syces, occurs from Mexico to southern Brazil and Uruguay. It is replaced by P. s. insularis in the Caribbean islands of the West Indies.
  878. Pachylioides resumens  ______  H#7842  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:83)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Pachylioides resumens     occurs throughout the Neotropics, including in Caribbean islands. Strays have been reported in the US in Florida and Texas.  
  879. Perigonia ilus  ______  CR  (100C:19-c)

    The caterpillars of Perigonia ilus and Perigonia lusca (below) can not be distinguished from each other, but in Costa Rica Perigonia ilus occurs in dry forest. 
  880. Perigonia jamaicensis  ______  HN
  881. Perigonia lusca  (ph)  ______  M#7846  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:83)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
     HALF-BLIND SPHINX MOTH

         Perigonia lusca occurs from Mexico to Brazil. In the US, it is locally common in parts of Florida. 



    Half-blind Sphinx Moth
  882. Perigonia pallida  ______  HN pb
  883. Perigonia stulta  ______  HN

    Perigonia stulta is found across the Neotropics as far north as Guatemala.
  884. Phryxus caicus  ______  M#7840  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:83)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    CAICUS SPHINX MOTH

         Phryxus caicus occurs in the Neotropics from Mexico to South America. It also breeds in Florida in the US, and strays north to South Carolina. 
  885. Protambulyx eurycles  ______  CR  (BMCR:78)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae)

     There have been a few specimens of Protambulyx eurycles in Costa Rica. It is also found in South America from Colombia to southern Brazil.   
  886. Protambulyx goeldii  ______  CR  (BMCR:78)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae)
  887. Protambulyx strigilis  ______  M#7818  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:78) (W:255) (100C:71-c)  (in subfamily Smerinthinae)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1771)
    STREAKED SPHINX MOTH

         Protambulyx strigilis occurs in Central America and south to northern Argentina. 
     
  888. Protambulyx xanthus  ______  BZ
  889. Pseudosphinx tetrio  (ph)  ______  M#7830  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:83)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1771)
    TETRIO SPHINX MOTH 

    Pseudosphinx tetrio occurs widely from Mexico and the West Indies to Central America and South America south to Brazil. 
    In the US, breeding populations occur in Florida, and occasionally in Texas. Strays have wandered in the US as far north as New Jersey and Connecticut.   

    The caterpillar of Pseudosphinx tetrio is large, with a distinctive yellow and black body and a red head. These caterpillars are commonly seen feeding on Wild Jasmine Trees, Plumeria obtusa, and they can strip the tree bare of leaves in just a matter of days. The caterpillar's feeding does not cause any damage as the tree soon leafs out again.  



    Above: The large, colorful caterpillar of the Tetrio Sphinx Moth. 
    It has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands.
    Below: the adult moth. 






    Moths in the New World that have been in the Sphinx genus (below) are now in the genus Lintneria.
    The Sphinx genus continues in the Old World.
  890. Sphinx leucophaeata  (now Lintneria leucophaeata)  ______  HN
  891. Sphinx merops  (now Lintneria merops)  (phTM)  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:79)  (in subfamily SPHINGINAE)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758) 

  892. Sphinx praelongus  (now Lintneria praelongus)  ______  HN
  893. Stolidoptera tachasara  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:83)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  894. Unzela japix  ______  CR  HN  (100C:64-c)

    The nominate, Unzela japix japix. occurs from Mexico to Amazonia. It is replaced by U. j. discrepans in southern Brazil. 
  895. Xylophanes acrus  (phTM)  _____  HN
  896. Xylophanes adalia  ______  BZ
  897. Xylophanes amadis  ______  BZ  HN pb
    Xylophanes amadis cyrene  ______  HN pb
  898. Xylophanes anubus  ______  BZ  HN

    Xylophanes anubus occurs from widely from Mexico to Argentina. 
  899. Xylophanes belti  ______  BZ  HN pb
  900. Xylophanes ceratomioides  (phTM)  ______  M#7891.1  BZ  HN pb

    Xylophanes ceratomioides occurs from central Mexico to northern Argentina.
  901. Xylophanes chiron  (phHN)  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:84,85co) (100C:51-c)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)

    Xylophanes chiron nechus     is found across most of Central America and South America.
    Other subspecies are:
    X. c. chiron in Jamaica,
    X. c. cubanus in Cuba,
    X. c. lucianus on Saint Lucia, Martinique, and on nearby islands. 
  902. Xylophanes crotonis  ______  CR  (100BM:30-c)
  903. Xylophanes damocrita  ______  HN
  904. Xylophanes eumedon  ______  HN
  905. Xylophanes falco  ______  HN
  906. Xylophanes germen  ______  CR  HN  (100C:52-c)
    Xylophanes germen germen  ______  HN

  907. Xylophanes guianensis  ______  CR  (100C:13-c)
  908. Xylophanes hannemanni  ______  HN
  909. Xylophanes juanita  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (100C:5-c)
  910. Xylophanes libya  (phTM)  ______  M#7891  BZ  HN  pb
  911. Xylophanes loelia  ______  HN

    Xylophanes loelia occurs from Central America south to northern Argentina.  
  912. Xylophanes maculator  ______  BZ
  913. Xylophanes neoptolemus  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb
  914. Xylophanes pistacina  ______  HN

    Xylophanes pistacina     occurs from Mexico to southern Brazil.
  915. Xylophanes pluto  ______  M#7857  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:83) (W:278)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
    PLUTO SPHINX MOTH

         Xylophanes pluto has a wide range from Mexico to northern Argentina, including also the West Indies and in the US southern Texas and Florida. 
  916. Xylophanes porcus  (phTM)  ______  M#7888  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100BM:29)
    PORCUS SPHINX MOTH

         Xylophanes porcus continentalis is found across Central America and South America. It is replaced in Cuba by the nominate X. p. porcus.
  917. Xylophanes pyrrhus  ______  HN pb
  918. Xylophanes rhodina  ______  CR  (BMCR:83)  (in subfamily Macroglossinae)
  919. Xylophanes tersa  (ph)  ______  M#7890  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:84co) (PNE:269)  (W:278)  (in subfamily MACROGLOSSINAE)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1771)
    TERSA SPHINX MOTH

         Xylophanes tersa tersa occurs widely from southern Canada to Argentina. The most northerly breeding record is in New Jersey.
    The nominate is replaced by the much darker newly-described subspecies X. t. chaconi in Venezuela, described in 1996. 



     Tersa Sphinx Moth
         (copyrighted photo by Lisa Johnson)
  920. Xylophanes thyelia  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)

    Xylophanes thyelia thyelia occurs across most of South America. It is replaced by X. t. salvini in Central America.
  921. Xylophanes titana  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (ICR:109)

     Xylophanes titana occurs from Mexico to Argentina.
  922. Xylophanes turbata  ______  BZ  HN
  923. Xylophanes tyndarus  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100BM:15-c)
    Xylophanes tyndarus tyndarus  ______  HN pb

     Xylophanes tyndarus occurs from Mexico to Argentina.
  924. Xylophanes undata  ______  BZ  HN pb
  925. Xylophanes zurcheri  ______  BZ  HN pb


    Family LYMANTRIIDAE:  TUSSOCK MOTHS

    Most of LYMANTRIIDAE are found in the tropics of the Old World. There are about 2,000 species worldwide.

    Adult moths in LYMANTRIIDAE do not feed.
  926. Caviria vinasia  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN
     SATIN MOTH
  927. Caviria sp.  ______  HN pb
  928. Eloria subnuda  ______  HN
  929. Orgyia sp. janzen01  ______  CR

    A lymantriid of the dry forest of Guanacaste (northwest Costa Rica), Orgyia sp, janzen01 has a biology similar to that of Lymantria dispar, the Gypsy Moth from Europe (also in LYMANTRIIDAE). 
  930. Sarsina purpurascens  ______  CR  (100BM:63-c)
  931. Terphothrix tibialis  ______  HN


    Family SEMATURIDAE:  AMERICAN SWALLOWTAIL MOTHS

    Large day-flying or night-flying moths, usually tailed and similar to URANIIDAE (at the beginning of this list).
    The position of the family is not certain, but is usually considered related to the superfamily GEOMETROIDEA (above, in this list, prior to the Giant Silk Moths).

    In the SEMATURIDAE, there are about 30 species in the Neotropics, and a single species in South Africa.
  932. Coronidia canace  ______  HN
  933. Coronidia egina  ______  CR  (BMCR:186)
  934. Coronidia leachii  ______  CR  (BMCR:186)
  935. Coronidia ribbei  ______  CR  (BMCR:186)
  936. Coronidia subpicta  ______  CR  (BMCR:186,187)
  937. Homidiana canace  ______  CR  (BMCR:187) 
  938. Homidiana hypasis  ______  CR  (BMCR:188)
  939. Homidiana orithea  ______  CR  (BMCR:187)
  940. Sematura lunus  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:188)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)


    Family NOTODONTIDAE: PROMINENTS 

    Medium to large moths. A few of them small.

    The family is nearly cosmopolitan, with more than 2,800 species having been described. About 300 species have been found in Costa Rica.    

    The distinctive subfamily DIOPTINAE follows this list of species otherwise in NOTODONTIDAE. .
  941. Ankale maltha  ______  BZ
  942. Antaea lichyi  ______  CR  (BMCR:212co)
  943. Antaea omana  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in subfamily HETEROCAMPINAE)
  944. Anurocampa mingens  ______  CR  (BMCR:213co) (100C:45-c)
  945. Apela dubiosa  ______  BZ
  946. Apela neobule  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in subfamily HEMICERATINAE)
  947. Bardaxima lucilinea  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:208,212c)
  948. Bardaxima meyeri  ______  HN pb   (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)
  949. Bardaxima perses  ______  CR  (BMCR:211co) (100BM:19-c)
  950. Calledema argenta  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)
  951. Calledema contingata  ______  CR  (BMCR:208)
  952. Calledema jocasta  ______  HN pb   (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)
  953. Calledema plusia  ______  CR  (100BM:20-c)
  954. Canodia diffornis  ______  BZ
  955. Cerura dandon  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:212co) (100BM:87-c)
  956. Cerura rarata  ______  M#7944  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100BM:88-c)  (in subfamily NOTODONTINAE)
  957. Chliara cresus  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in subfamily HETEROCAMPINAE)
  958. Colox apulus  ______  CR  (BMCR:211co) (100C:31-c)
  959. Colox phocus  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:208)   (in subfamily HETEROCAMPINAE)
  960. Colox sp.  ______  HN pb
  961. Contrebia extrema  ______  HN  (in subfamily HETEROCAMPINAE)
  962. Crinodes besckei  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN pb  (100C:32-c)  (in subfamily DUDUSINAE)
     BRAZIL NUT PROMINENT 
  963. Crinodes guatemalena  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in subfamily DUDSINAE) 
  964. Crinodes schausi  ______  BZ  HN   (in subfamily DUDUSINAE)
  965. Crinodes striolata  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:208,212c)   (in subfamily DUDUSINAE)
  966. Dicentria rustica  ______  CR  (BMCR:211co)

  967. Dicentria violacens  ______  CR  (BMCR:210co)
  968. Didugua violascens  ______  HN   (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)
  969. Disphragis livida  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in subfamily HETEROCAMPINAE)
  970. Disphragis remuria  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in subfamily HETEROCAMPINAE)

  971. Disphragis tharis  ______  HN pb  (in subfamily HETEROCAMPINAE)
  972. Drastoma dardania  ______  CR  (BMCR:208)
  973. Drugera morana  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in subfamily HETEROCAMPINAE)
  974. Elasmia astuta  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)
  975. Elasmia pronax  ______  BZ
  976. Elymiotis alata  ______  CR  (100C:99-c)

    Elymiotis alata     is a rare inhabitant of rain forest.
  977. Elymiotis attenuata  ______  CR

     Elymiotis attenuata and the following 3 species are inhabitants of the dry forest in northwest Costa Rica.
    These 4 species are not easy to identify as they share many features, but males and females of each are very different in appearance.
  978. Elymiotis janzen01  ______  CR
  979. Elymiotis janzen02  ______  CR
  980. Elymiotis janzen 03  ______  CR 
  981. Elymiotis lignicolor  ______  BZ
  982. Eragisa barnesi  ______  CR  (BMCR:208)
  983. Eragisa sabulosa  ______  BZ
  984. Euhapigiodes hallwachsae  ______  CR  (100C:20-c)
  985. Eunystalea ebalea  ______  BZ
  986. Eustema dara  ______  CR  (BMCR:208)
  987. Farigia magniplaga  ______  HN pb
  988. Farigia sp.  ______  HN pb
  989. Hapigia annulata  ______  HN pb
  990. Hapigia dorema  ______  BZ
  991. Hapigia jeturna  ______  BZ
  992. Hapigia repandens  ______  BZ  HN pb
  993. Hapigia simplex  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:210co)
  994. Hapigia sp.  ______  HN pb
  995. Hapigia sp.  ______  HN pb
  996. Hapigiodes fredericka  ______  BZ
  997. Hapigiodes xoloti  ______  BZ
  998. Hemiceras alba  ______  BZ  HN   (in subfamily HEMICERATINAE)
  999. Hemicera bilinea  ______  HN   (in subfamily HEMICERATINAE)
  1000. Hemiceras conspirata  ______  CR  (BMCR:210co)
  1001. Hemiceras micans  ______  BZ
  1002. Hemiceras muscosa  ______  BZ
  1003. Hemiceras punctata  ______  CR  (BMCR:208)
  1004. Hemiceras sparsipennis  ______  BZ
  1005. Hemiceras vecina  ______  BZ
  1006. Hemicera sp.  ______  HN pb
  1007. Hemipecteros gestrive  ______  CR  (BMCR:209)
  1008. Heterocampa remuria  ______  CR  (BMCR:209)
  1009. Lepasta bractea  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)
  1010. Lepasta grammodes  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)
  1011. Lirimiris gigantea  ______  BZ  CR  (100C:97-c)
  1012. Lirimiris guatemalensis  ______  HN pb
  1013. Lirimiris lignitecta  ______  HN pb
  1014. Lirimiris meridionalis  ______  BZ  HN pb

  1015. Lirimiris mirabilis  ______  CR  (BMCR:209)
  1016. Lirimiris postalbida  ______  CR  (BMCR:211co)
  1017. Magava multilinea  ______  HN pb  
  1018. Malocampa albolineata  ______  BZ
  1019. Malocampa danala  ______  CR  (BMCR:209)
  1020. Malocampa puella  ______  BZ
  1021. Malocampa punctata  ______  BZ
  1022. Malocampa sida  ______  BZ
  1023. Malocampa sorax  ______  BZ
  1024. Marthula cynrica  ______  BZ  HN   (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)
  1025. Marthula rufescens  ______  BZ
  1026. Moresa valkeri  ______  CR  (100BM:1-c)  in the subfamily PHALERINAE
  1027. Naprepa houla  ______  CR  (BMCR:210co) (100C:46-c)
  1028. Naprepa sp.  ______  HN pb
  1029. Navarcostes limnatis  ______  CR  (BMCR:212co) (100C:7-c)
  1030. Notoplusia marchiana  ______  CR  (BMCR:209)
  1031. Nystalea aequipars  ______  CR  (100C:100-c)   (in subfamily NYSTALEINAE)

    Nystalea aequipars     is basically an inhabitant of rain forest. Its 5 or 6 food plants (of the caterpillar) are species of Clusia, ground-rooted epiphytes.  
  1032. Nystalea clotho  ______  HN  (species described in 2002)
  1033. Nystalea collaris  ______  M#7946  BZ  CR  (BMCR:213co) (100C:6-c)
  1034. Nystalea ebalea  ______  CR
  1035. Nystalea lineiplena  ______  BZ
  1036. Nystalea malga  ______  HN pb
  1037. Nystalea nyseus  ______  BZ  
  1038. Nystalea ocellata  ______  BZ
  1039. Nystalea postpuncta  ______  BZ
  1040. Nystalea superciliosa  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1041. Nystalea unguicularis  ______  HN  (species described in 2002)
  1042. Pentobesa lignicolor  ______  HN pb
  1043. Pentobesa maya  ______  HN  (species described in 2008) 
  1044. Pentobesa valta  ______  BZ
  1045. Pentobesa xylinoides  ______  HN pb
  1046. Rhapigia accipiter  ______  CR  (BMCR:209)

  1047. Rhuda difficilis  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:209) (100C:61-c)
  1048. Rhuda tuisa  ______  HN pb
  1049. Rifargia astuta  ______  BZ
  1050. Rifargia causia  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:209)
  1051. Rifargia demissa  ______  BZ
  1052. Rifargia dissepta  ______  CR  (BMCR:210co)
  1053. Rifargia distinguenda  ______  M#7966  BZ
  1054. Rifargia felderi  ______  BZ
  1055. Rifargia gelduba  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1056. Rifargia onerosa  ______  BZ
  1057. Rifargia sp.  ______  HN pb
  1058. Rifargia sp.  ______  HN pb
  1059. Rifargia sp.  ______  HN pb
  1060. Rosema attenuata  ______  CR  (BMCR:213co)
  1061. Rosema apicalis  ______  HN
  1062. Rosema dentifera  ______ BZ
  1063. Rosema epigena  ______  HN pb
  1064. Rosema thestia  ______  HN pb
  1065. Sericochroa arecosa  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1066. Sericochroa luculenta  ______  BZ
  1067. Strophocerus albonotatus  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1068. Strophocerus rectilinea  ______  BZ
  1069. Strophocerus thermesia  ______  CR  (100BM:73-c)
  1070. Symmerista meridionalis  ______  HN   (species described in 2007)
  1071. Trichomaplata sp.  ______  HN pb

    In the family NOTODONTIDAE (above), the Subfamily DIOPTINAE
    DIOPTINAE     are confined to the New World, particularly in the tropics. About 500 species have been described to date.

    They are brightly colored, and could be confused with ARCTIIDS.
  1072. Brachyglene crocearia  ______  HN
  1073. Dioptis butes  ______  HN
  1074. Dioptis eteocles  ______  HN
  1075. Ephialtias pseudena  ______  HN
  1076. Erbessa salvini  ______  CR  (BMCR:215) (100BM:65-c)
  1077. Getta turrenti  ______  HN   (species described in 2009)
  1078. Isostyla ithomeina  ______  HN
  1079. Josia enoides  ______  HN
  1080. Josia frigida  ______  HN
  1081. Josia fusigera  ______  HN
  1082. Josia gigantea  ______  CR  (BMCR:215)
  1083. Josia hyperia  ______  HN
  1084. Josia integra  ______  HN
  1085. Josia megoera  ______  HN
  1086. Josia sp.  ______  HN
  1087. Lyces ariaca  ______  HN
  1088. Lyces tamara  ______  HN
  1089. Oricia homalochroa  ______  CR  (BMCR:215)
  1090. Oricia truncata  ______  BZ  HN pb 
  1091. Phaeochlaena gyon  ______  HN pb
  1092. Phaeochlaena tendinosa  ______  HN
  1093. Phanoptis cyanomelas  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:215)
  1094. Scotura annulata  ______  HN
  1095. Tithraustes albinigra  ______  CR  (BMCR:215)
  1096. Tithraustes butes  ______  BZ
  1097. Tithraustes erymas  ______  CR
  1098. Tithraustes maximus  ______  CR  (BMCR:215)
  1099. Tithraustes mirna  ______  CR  (BMCR:215)
  1100. Xenosoma cytheris  ______  CR  (BMCR:215)
  1101. Zunacetha annulata  ______  M#8032  CR  (100BM:66-c)

    Family DOIDAE

    Sometimes considered a subfamily of NOTODONTIDAE (above).
    Some moths in DOIDAE have been placed in ARCTIIDAE (later in this list, now, as ARCTIINAE)  

    A Neotropical family from western North America to northern South America.
    Between 7 and 9 species have been described in 2 or 3 genera.
  1102. Doa raspa  ______  BZ



    NOCTUID MOTHS, in the families EREBIDAE, NOLIDAE, NOCTUIDAE

         Some now in EREBIDAE were in NOCTUIDAE.

         NOCTUID MOTHS can be small, or large. Most have gray or opaque colors, although some can be striking..
    Generally that have a stout body.
    They are broadly distributed throughout the world and very diverse in tropical regions.    


    Family     EREBIDAE, Subfamily HERMINIINAE
  1103. Bleptina hydrillalis  ______  M#8375  HN
  1104. Dogninades jactatalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:226)
  1105. Lascoria leucorabdota  ______  CR  (BMCR:226)
  1106. Lascoria sp.  ______  HN pb
  1107. Macrochilo andaca  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:226)
  1108. Macrochilo sp.  ______  HN pb
  1109. Mamerthes terminalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:226)
  1110. Nicetas panamensis  ______  CR  (BMCR:226)
  1111. Palthis bizialis  ______  HN pb
  1112. Palthis orasiusalis  ______  HN pb
  1113. Palthis submarginata  ______  CR  (BMCR:226)
  1114. Pyrgion repanda  ______  CR  (BMCR:226)
  1115. Rejectaria atrax  ______  CR  (BMCR:227) (100BM:64)
  1116. Rejectaria niciasalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:227)
  1117. Rejectaria vinasalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:227)
  1118. Scopifera antelia  ______  CR  (BMCR:227)
  1119. Scopifera lycagusalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:227)
  1120. Scopifera menippusalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:227)
  1121. Strathocles pulla  ______  CR  (BMCR:227)


    Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily EREBINAE      (formerly CATOCALINAE) 

    Here, with EREBINAE are tribes: CATOCALINI, EUCLIDIINI, METIPOTINI, OPHIUSINI, POAPHILINI, THERMESIINI, and the subfamilies: OPHIDERINAE, SCOLIOPTERYGINAE

         Moths in the subfamilies HYPENINAE, CALPINAE, and EULEPIDOTINAE are in lists that follow those in EREBINAE.
  1122. Acanthodica fosteri  ______  CR  (BMCR:228)  
  1123. Achaea ablunaris  ______  BZ
  1124. Achaea lienardi  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1125. Alabama argillacea  ______  M#8554  HN   (in subfamily SCOLIOPTERYGINAE)
    COTTON LEAFWORM MOTH
  1126. Amolita sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1127. Amolita sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1128. Anomis editrix  ______  M#8553  BZ  HN pb   (in subfamily SCOLIOPTERYGINAE)
  1129. Anomis erosa  ______  M#8545  BZ  (PNE:329)   (in subfamily SCOLIOPTERYGINAE)
    YELLOW SCALLOP MOTH
  1130. Anomis hemiscopsis  ______  HN pb   (in subfamily SCOLIOPTERYGINAE)
  1131. Anomis illita  ______  BZ  HN   (in subfamily SCOLIOPTERYGINAE)
  1132. Anomis rubida  ______  CR  (BMCR:228)   (in subfamily SCOLIOPTERYGINAE)
  1133. Anomis sublineata  ______  HN   (in subfamily SCOLIOPTERYGINAE)
  1134. Argidia hypoxantha  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CATOCALINI)
  1135. Argidia palmipes  ______  CR  (BMCR:228)   (in tribe CATOCALINI)
  1136. Ascalapha odorata  (ph)  ______  M#8649  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:228) (ICR:114) (PNE:337)  (in tribe THERMESIINI)  (described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    the BLACK WITCH      

    Ascalapha odorata     is a huge moth, with a wing span of about 150mm. It is not brightly patterned, being mostly various shades of brown with dark bands and lines. It sometimes flies in the day, but mostly at night. At a distance, a day-flying Black Witch could be mistaken for a butterfly, the Gold Rim Swallowtail.



    Above: a male Black Witch; below a female.
    (upper photo courtesy of David MacDonald; lower photo by Sherry Nelson) 


  1137. Boryzops purissima  ______  CR  (BMCR:229)
  1138. Calyptis iter  ______  CR  (BMCR:229)
  1139. Calyptis semicuprea  ______  HN pb
  1140. Catephiodes trinidadensis  ______  HN pb
  1141. Celiptera sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCLIDIINI)
  1142. Ceroctena amynia  ______  CR  (BMCR:229)
  1143. Coenipeta bibitrix  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1144. Coenipeta damonia  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:229)   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1145. Coenipeta hemiplagia  ______  HN    (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1146. Coenipeta medalba  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1147. Coenipeta phasis  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1148. Coenipeta tanais  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1149. Coenobela paucula  ______  BZ  HN
  1150. Cryptochrostis crocea  ______  CR  (BMCR:230)
  1151. Cymatophoropsis heurippa  ______  CR  (BMCR:230)
  1152. Dyomyx psectrocera  ______  CR  (BMCR:230)
  1153. Dyops chromatophila  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:230,238c)
  1154. Dysgonia expediens  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:230)   (in tribe POAPHILINI)
  1155. Dysgonia purpurata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe POAPHILINI)
  1156. Epidromia pannosa  ______  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1157. Epidromia tinctifera  ______  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1158. Euclystis guerini  ______  M#8664  CR  (BMCR:230)
  1159. Euclystis insana  ______  M#8664.1  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1160. Euclystis plusiodes  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1161. Eulepidotis alabastraria  ______  BZ
  1162. Eulepidotis guttata  ______  CR  (BMCR:231)
  1163. Eulepidotis metalligera  ______  BZ
  1164. Eulepidotis stigmastica  ______  CR  (BMCR:231)
  1165. Eulepidotis testaceiceps  ______  CR  (BMCR:231)
  1166. Glenopteris occlifera  ______  CR  (BMCR:231)
  1167. Glenopteris ornata  ______  CR  (BMCR:231)
  1168. Goniapteryx servia  ______  M#8544  BZ  CR  (BMCR:231) 
  1169. Graphigona regina  ______  CR  (BMCR:232)
  1170. Helia argentipes  ______  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1171. Helia celita  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1172. Hemeroblemma acron  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:232)  (in tribe THERMESIINI)

  1173. Hemeroblemma dolosa  ______  HN pb   (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1174. Hemeroblemma mexicana  (ph)  ______  M#8645.1  BZ  HN   (in tribe THERMESIINI)


    Hemeroblemma mexicana, photographed in Belize in March 2015
         (photo by Sean Werle)

  1175. Hemeroblemma leontia  (phTM)  ______  HN
  1176. Hemeroblemma opigena  ______  M#8645  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1177. Hemeroblemma schausiana  ______  CR  (BMCR:232)
  1178. Hemeroblemma sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1179. Hemicephalis agenaria  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CATOCALINI)
  1180. Hemicephalis alesa  ______  CR  (BMCR:232,240c)
  1181. Herminodes atrosignata  ______  BZ
  1182. Homoptera brevipennis  ______  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1183. Hypocala andremona  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:233)
  1184. Hypogrammodes balma  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CATOCALINI)
  1185. Itomia lignaris  ______  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1186. Itomia multilinea  ______  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1187. Itomia opistographa  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1188. Kakopoda progenies  ______  M#8669  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1189. Lesmone formularis  ______  M#8655  BZ  HN pb  CR  (BMCR:233)  (in tribe OPHIUSINI)


         Moths in the following genus, LETIS, have been said to be in the subfamily OPHIDERINAE.
  1190. Letis buteo  ______  HN pb   (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1191. Letis herilia  ______  HN pb   (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1192. Letis iphianasse  (phTM)  ______  HN   (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1193. Letis mycerina  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (100BM:52-c)  (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1194. Letis orcynia  ______  HN   (in tribe THERMESIINI)   occurs in Central America and south to Bolivia
    MARBLED WITCH
    The Marbled Witch is found in forest habitats from sea level to 5,400 feet. It is commonly attracted to lights.
  1195. Letis tuisana  ______  CR  (BMCR:233)   (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1196. Macrodes columbalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:233)
  1197. Melipotis descreta  ______  HN   (in tribe METIPOTINI)
  1198. Melipotis famelica  ______  M#8604  HN pb   (in tribe METIPOTINI)
  1199. Melipotis fasciolaris  (phTM)  ______  M#8599  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:233)  (in tribe METIPOTINI)
     FASCIOLATED MELIPOTIS MOTH
  1200. Melipotis nigrobasis  ______  M#8602  HN pb   (in tribe METIPOTINI)
  1201. Melipotis perpendicularis  ______  M#8598  BZ  HN   (in tribe METIPOTINI)
  1202. Melipotis sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe METIPOTINI)
  1203. Metria angulata  ______  BZ
  1204. Metria aperta  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1205. Metria binea  ______  CR  (BMCR:233)
  1206. Metria endopolia  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1207. Metria simplicior  ______  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1208. Mocis diffluens  ______  BZ  HN   (in tribe EUCLIDIINI)
  1209. Mocis disseverans  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCLIDIINI)
  1210. Mocis dyndima  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe EUCLIDIINI)
  1211. Mocis latipes  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe EUCLIDIINI)
  1212. Mocis marcida  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCLIDIINI)
  1213. Mocis texana  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCLIDIINI)
  1214. Nymbis iniqua  ______  HN
  1215. Ophisma minna  ______  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1216. Ophisma pyrosticha  ______  CR  (BMCR:233)
  1217. Ophisma tropicalis  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1218. Orodesma apicina  ______  CR  (BMCR:234)
  1219. Orodesma schausi  ______  HN pb   (in tribe METIPOTINI)
  1220. Oxidercia toxea  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:234)
  1221. Paracte schneideriana  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:234)
  1222. Perasia garnoti  ______  BZ
  1223. Perasia helvina  ______  HN
  1224. Perasia ora  ______  BZ  
  1225. Psedogerespa usipetes  ______  CR  (BMCR:234)
  1226. Pseudobarydia crespula  ______  CR  (BMCR:234)
  1227. Ptichoides immunis  ______  BZ
  1228. Ptichodes basilans  ______  HN
  1229. Ptichodis bistrigata  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCLIDIINI)
  1230. Ramphia albizona  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe CATOCALINI)
  1231. Selenisa sueroides  ______  M#8658  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:242co) (100C:84-c)  (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
    PALE-EDGED SELENISA MOTH

         In Costa Rica, Selenisa sueroides is in both dry forest and rain forest, but in the dry forest it can be exceedingly common.
    Food plants for the caterpillars of Selenisa sueroides are in FABACEAE, the bean family.  
  1232. Taxonprucha diffundens  ______  HN   (in tribe OPHIUSINI)
  1233. Thermesia sobria  ______  HN   (in tribe THERMESIINI)
  1234. Thysania agrippina  (ph)  ______  CR  HN pb  PN  (BMCR:234)  (in tribe THERMESIINI)
         the WHITE WITCH  (other names are: Birdwing Moth, Ghost Moth, Great Gray Witch, Great Owlet Moth) 
    Thysania agrippina has a wingspan of up to 12 inches. 



    Above & below: the White Witch

  1235. Thysania zenobia  (ph)  ______  M#8647  BZ  CR
    THE OWL MOTH



     Blending in on the side of a tree,
    an Owl Moth
     (photo by Lisa Johnson) 
  1236. Zale fictilis  ______  M#8687  BZ
  1237. Zale galactea  ______  CR  (BMCR:234) 
  1238. Zale peruncta  ______  M#8684.1  CR  (100BM:51-c)


         Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily ANOBINAE
  1239. Anoba pohli  ______  HN pb
  1240. Baniana ostia  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1241. Baniana suggesta  ______  HN
  1242. Baniana ypita  ______  HN


    Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily EUBLEMMINAE
  1243. Eublemma cinnamomea  ______  M#9077  BZ  HN pb


    Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily PHYTOMETRINAE
  1244. Cecharismena darconis  ______  HN pb
  1245. Isogona natatrix  ______  M#8492  HN
  1246. Mursa phtisialis  ______  M#8477.2  HN pb
  1247. Phytometra flacillaalis  ______  HN
  1248. Radara aquilalis  ______  HN pb
  1249. Radara nealcesalis  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1250. Radara nezeila  ______  HN pb
  1251. Radara tauralis  ______  BZ
  1252. Radara zoum  ______  HN pb
  1253. Radara sp.  ______  HN pb


    Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily HYPOCALINAE
  1254. Hypocala andremona  ______  M#8642  HN pb
    HYPOCALA MOTH
  1255. Goniapteryx servia  ______  HN pb
    Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily HYPENINAE:  SNOUTS
  1256. Hemeroplanis scopulepes  ______  M#8467  BZ
    VARIABLE TROPIC MOTH
  1257. Hypena andraca  (phTM)  ______  HN
  1258. Hypena covitalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:235)
  1259. Hypena gaudialis  ______  CR  (BMCR:235)
  1260. Hypena glumalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:235)
  1261. Hypena levana  ______  CR  (BMCR:235)
  1262. Hypena livia  ______  CR  (BMCR:235)
  1263. Hypena perialis  ______  HN pb
  1264. Hypena porrectalis  ______  HN
  1265. Hypena subidalis  ______  M#8448.1  HN
  1266. Hypena variabilis  ______  M#8454  CR  (BMCR:235)
  1267. Hypena xenaresalis  ______  CR  (BMCR:235)
  1268. Hypena sp.  ______  HN pb
  1269. Trauaxa obliqualis  ______  HN pb

    Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily CALPINAE
  1270. Arabriga bimaculata  ______  HN
  1271. Azatha retardens  ______  HN
  1272. Baecula gallopavo  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN  (100C:24-c) 
    GALLOPAVO

    Baecula gallopavo     was previosuly Lepidodes gallopavo or Lepidodes limbulata. 
    Its range is in Central America and northern South America.
  1273. Briarda semiplaga  ______  HN
  1274. Canatha subangulalis  ______  HN
  1275. Ceroctena amynta  ______  HN pb
  1276. Dialithis gemmifera  ______  BZ
  1277. Dyops chromatophila  ______  HN pb
  1278. Dyops dotata  ______  HN
  1279. Eudocima apta  ______  M#8543  HN
  1280. Eudocima colubra  ______  CR  (BMCR:231,239c) (100C:17-c)

    Eudocima colubra     is one of the tropical "underwings", with a color pattern similar to that of the North American noctuids in the genus Catocala.
    Eudocima colubra feeds on rotting or fermenting fruit and on yeast-filled fermenting wounds in tree trunks. 
  1281. Eudocima materna  ______  CR  (BMCR:231)
  1282. Eudocima procus  ______  HN
  1283. Ferenta castula  ______  CR  (100BM:45-c)
  1284. Gonodonta biarmata  ______  HN pb
  1285. Gonodonta bidens  ______  H#8542.1  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:232)
  1286. Gonodonta correcta  ______  CR  (BMCR:232)
  1287. Gonodonta holosericea  ______  CR  (BMCR:232) 
  1288. Gonodonta immacula  ______  HN
  1289. Gonodonta incurva  ______  BZ
  1290. Gonodonta indentata  ______  HN pb
  1291. Gonodonta lincus  ______  CR  (BMCR:232)
  1292. Gonodonta nitidimacula  ______  M#8542.3  BZ  HN pb
  1293. Gonodonta paraequalis  ______  BZ
  1294. Gonodonta parens   ______  HN pb
  1295. Gonodonta pyrgo  ______  M#8539  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100BM:74-c)
  1296. Gonodonta sicheas  (phTM)  ______  M#8537  BZ  HN   occurs from Mexico to Brazil, also in the Antilles and in the US in Florida and Texas
  1297. Gonodonta sinaldus  (phTM)  ______  M#8538  BZ  HN pb   occurs from Texas to Venezuela and Trinidad
    MOONSEED FRUITPIERCER
  1298. Gonodonta syrna  ______  BZ  HN pb

  1299. Gonodonta uxor  ______  HN pb
  1300. Gonodonta sp.  ______  HN pb
  1301. Gorgone augusta  ______  BZ  CR
  1302. Gorgone fellearis  ______  HN pb
  1303. Graphigona regina  ______  HN pb
  1304. Herminodes atrosignata  ______  HN pb
  1305. Lephana tetraphorella  ______  HN pb
  1306. Lephana sp.  ______  HN pb
  1307. Lepidodes gallopavo  ______  HN pb
  1308. Leucotela nigripalpis  ______  HN
  1309. Mazacyla relata  ______  HN pb
  1310. Obroatis distincta  ______  HN pb
  1311. Oraesia nobilis  ______  HN pb
  1312. Oxidercia thaumantis  ______  HN pb
  1313. Oxidercia toxea  ______  HN pb
  1314. Pararcte schneideriana  ______  HN pb
  1315. Peteroma discisigna  ______  HN
  1316. Plusiodonta clavifera  ______  HN pb
  1317. Pseudbarydia severa  ______  HN pb
  1318. Sosxetra grata  (ph) (phTM)  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (100C:47-c)  occurs from Belize and Guatemala to Peru
    WALKER'S MOTH

     Sosxetra grata     is found in cloud forest from 1,200 to 5,400 feet above sea level.

    The adult Sosxetra grata, or Walker's Moth, is painted in cryptic colors that match bark, dead leaves, and twigs, as are so many of the adult noctuid moths. 
    It does particularly well at looking like a rotten or fungus-ridden fragment of a dead leaf, no matter where it is sits during the day.      



    Walker's Moth, photographed during a FONT tour
         (photo by Marie Gardner) 
  1319. Tautobriga glaucopis  ______  HN pb
  1320. Tautobriga euspila  ______  HN pb


    Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily EULEPIDOTINAE   

  1321. Antiblemma abstrusa  ______  CR  (BMCR:228)
  1322. Antiblemma amarga  ______  HN pb
  1323. Antiblemma anguinea  ______  CR  (BMCR:228)
  1324. Antiblemma hamilcar  ______  HN pb
  1325. Antiblemma harmodia  ______  CR  (BMCR:228)
  1326. Antiblemma imitans  ______  HN
  1327. Antiblemma incarnans  ______  HN pb
  1328. Antiblemma memoranda  ______  HN pb
  1329. Antiblemma neptis  ______  HN pb
  1330. Antiblemma rufinans  ______  M#8577  HN
  1331. Antiblemma stelligera  ______  CR  (BMCR:228)
  1332. Antiblemma sterope  ______  HN
  1333. Antiblemma sufficiens  ______  HN
  1334. Antiblemma trogocycla  (phTM)  ______  HN
  1335. Antiblemma sp.  ______  HN pb
  1336. Anticarsia anisospila  ______  HN   (in tribe PANOPODINI)
  1337. Anticarsia gemmatalis  (ph)  ______  H#8574  BZ  HN pb  (PNE:365)   (in tribe PANOPODINI)
    VELVET BEAN CATERPILLAR MOTH



    Velvet Bean Caterpillar Moth
  1338. Athyrma adjutrix  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PANOPODINI)
  1339. Athyrma misera  ______  BZ
  1340. Azeta ceramina  ______  HN
  1341. Azeta quassa  ______  CR  (BMCR:229)
  1342. Azeta rhodogaster  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:229) (100BM:89-c)  (in tribe PANOPODINI)

  1343. Azeta signans  ______  HN
  1344. Epitausa atriplago  ______  HN pb
  1345. Epitausa coppryi  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:230)
  1346. Eulepidotis addens  ______  M#8569.1  HN pb   (in tribe EULEPIDOTINI)
  1347. Eulepidotis alabastraria  ______  HN pb
  1348. Eulepidotis carcistola  ______  HN pb
  1349. Eulepidotis electra  ______  HN pb
  1350. Eulepidois hermura  ______  HN pb
  1351. Eulepidois inclyta  ______  HN pb
  1352. Eulepidois juncida  ______  HN pb
  1353. Eulepidois modestula  ______  HN pb
  1354. Eulepidois perducens  ______  HN pb
  1355. Eulepidois punctilinea  ______  HN pb
  1356. Eulepidois suppura  ______  HN 
  1357. Eulepidois testaceiceps  ______  HN pb
  1358. Eulepidois sp.  ______  HN pb
  1359. Litoprosopus confligens  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:233)
  1360. Massala obvertens  ______  M#8586  BZ
  1361. Metallata absumens  ______  M#8573  BZ
    VARIABLE METALLATA MOTH
  1362. Obrima pyraloides  ______  HN   (in tribe EULEPIDOTINI)
  1363. Syllectra congemmalis  ______  BZ


     Family EREBIDAE, Subfamily ARCTIINAE:  TIGER MOTHS, WASP MOTHS 

    The name ARCTIINAE is from the Latin for "bear", Arctos, due to the furry larvae.

    TIGER MOTHS (in the tribe ARCTIINI) are spectacular in a number of ways. Not only are they numerous, and there are many species (as many 11,000 species worldwide), they also often have brilliant coloration, due to their toxicity (aposematism). Their attractive colors include red, black, and yellow.
    For their defense, they can detect sounds and ultrasounds (as against bats). And they have other defense mechanisms, such as cataleptic states (simulating death), and the ability to produce various repulsive substances.
    ARCTID MOTHS (in ARCTIINI) are large and wide-winged. 
    They feed on a large variety of plants, especially herbs. Some species feed on algae. They are often poliphagous.
    Host plants that the caterpillars feed on include those in: Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, and Ulmaceae.   
    Some photos of ARCTIINAE caterpillars are in the book "Ecuador's Butterfly Ecology" (EBE:215co).  

    WASP MOTHS (in the tribe CTENUCHINI)  imitate wasps almost perfectly (except for the wasp's abdominal constriction).
    Caterpillars are mostly furry and brilliantly colored, to show their toxicity. Some species can cause skin irritations in humans. 
    WASP MOTHS are diurnal, and abundant in the Neotropics. They have narrow wings, often metallic. 

    Another tribe in ARCTIINAE is PERICOPINI. They are diurnal, fragile and delicate. Some are large. The adults have attractive colors and are sexually dimorphic. Some species are aposematic or mimetic of other lepidoptera.
    PERICOPINI are restricted to the New World, and occur especially in the Neotropics. 
  1364. Aclytia albistriga  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1365. Aclytia heber  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1366. Aclytia punctata  (phTM)  ______  HN pb  (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1367. Aclytia reducta  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1368. Aclytia sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1369. Agaraea longicornis  ______  BZ
  1370. Agaraea semivitrea  ______  M#8256.2  BZ
  1371. Agylia argentifera  ______  BZ  (in tribe LITHOSIINI, Lichen Moths)

  1372. Agylia spp. (4)  ______  HN pb   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1373. Agyrta dux  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1374. Amastus aurantiacus  ______  CR  (BMCR:247)
  1375. Amastus epicostosia  ______  CR  (BMCR:247)
  1376. Amaxia apyga  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1377. Amaxia beata  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1378. Amaxia carinosa  (phTM)  ______  HN
  1379. Amaxia chaon  ______  CR  (BMCR:247)
  1380. Amaxia lepida  ______  BZ
  1381. Amaxia osmophora  ______  BZ
  1382. Amaxia pardalis  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1383. Amaxia sp.  ______  HN    (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1384. Ammala helops  ______  BZ
  1385. Amphelarctia priscilla  ______  BZ
  1386. Anaxita drucei  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1387. Anaxita decorata  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1388. Antichloris caca  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1389. Antichloris viridis  (phTM)  ______  HN  (in tribe CTENUCHINI)   occurs in Central America south to Venezuela 
    SATIN STOWAWAY  (or BANANA MOTH)
  1390. Apistosia judas  ______  HN   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1391. Arachnis aulaea  ______  M#8155  HN
    TIGER MOTH
  1392. Arachnis dilecta  ______  HN
  1393. Ardonea morio  ______  HN   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)  
  1394. Areva trigemmis  ______  HN pb   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1395. Balbura dorsisigna  ______  HN pb   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1396. Balbura fasciata  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1397. Balbura intervenata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1398. Baritius sannionis  ______  BZ
  1399. Belemnia inaurata  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:250)   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)

  1400. Belemnia trotschi  ______  CR  (100BM:98-c)
  1401. Bernathonomus piperita  ______  CR  (BMCR:247)
  1402. Berthoidia albipuncta  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:255co)
  1403. Bertholdia fumida  ______  CR  (BMCR:247)
  1404. Berthoidia specularis  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:255co)
  1405. Cacostatia sapphira  ______  CR  (100BM:97-c)
  1406. Calodesma maculifrons  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:251)   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1407. Carathis byblis  ______  BZ
  1408. Castrica phalaenoides  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1409. Chetone angulosa  (ph)  ______  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:251) (ICP:116)  (in tribe PERICOPINI)



    Chetone angulosa
  1410. Chetone histria  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1411. Chetone ithomia  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:251)   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1412. Chetone salvini  ______  CR  (BMCR:251)
  1413. Chlorostola interrupta  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1414. Chrysocale principalis  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1415. Chrysostola augusta  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1416. Chrysostola moza  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1417. Cissura plumbea  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1418. Cisthene polyzona  ______  HN pb   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1419. Cisthene  praxis  ______  BZ  (in LITHOSIINI)
  1420. Composia fidelissima  (ph)  ______  M#8038  BZ  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
    the FAITHFUL BEAUTY

    Both the larva and the adult of Composia fidelissima are highly conspicuous and diurnal.  



    Faithful Beauty
  1421. Correbidia costinotata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1422. Correbidia elegans  ______  HN pb  (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1423. Correbidia germana  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1424. Correbidia undulata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)


    In the genus below, COSMOSOMA, there are said to be about 185 known species, occurring in the Neotropics and in the southern limits of the Nearctic, with the greatest diversity and abundance in rainforests and cloud forests in South America, in Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
  1425. Cosmosoma achemon  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1426. Cosmosoma auge  (phTM)  ______  HN
  1427. Cosmosoma braconoides  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1428. Cosmosoma cingulatum  ______  CR  HN pb  (100BM:23-c)  (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1429. Cosmosoma demantria  ______  (in tribe CTENUCHINI)   occurs from Mexico to Peru 
    BLUE-TAILED BEE-MIMIC 
  1430. Cosmosoma festiva  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1431. Cosmosoma hercyna  ______  HN pb  (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1432. Cosmosoma intensa  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1433. Cosmosoma orathidia  (phTM)  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1434. Cosmosoma ruatana  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1435. Cosmosoma sectinota  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1436. Cosmosoma stibostictum  (phTM)  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1437. Cosmosoma teuthras  (phTM)  ______  M#8279  CR  HN pb  (100BM:24-c)   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)

  1438. Cratoplastis diluta  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1439. Ctenucha ruficeps  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI) 
  1440. Ctenucha venosa  ______  M#8260  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
    VEINED CTENUCHA MOTH 
  1441. Cyanarctica flavinigra  ______  CR  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)

  1442. Cyanopepla arrogans  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1443. Cyanopepla scintillans  ______  CR  (BMCR:250)
  1444. Delphyre hebes  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1445. Delphyre testacea  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1446. Diarhabdosia laudamia  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1447. Dinia aeagrus  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
    SCARLET-TIPPED  WASP MIMIC-MOTH 
  1448. Diospage chrysobasis  ______  CR  (BMCR:250)
  1449. Dycladia basimacula  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1450. Dycladia vitrina  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1451. Dysschema aorsa  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1452. Dysschema cerealis  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1453. Dysschema gaumeri  ______  BZ
  1454. Dysschema leucophaea  ______  M#8037.1  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PERICOPINI)

  1455. Dysschema lycaste  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1456. Dysschema magdala  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1457. Dysschema marimne  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1458. Dysschema viuda  ______  CR  (100BM:27-c)
  1459. Dysschema sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1460. Ecdemus obscurata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1461. Elysius conspersus  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:247)   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1462. Elysius superba  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:247)
  1463. Epeiromulana roseata  ______  HN   (described in 1952)   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1464. Epimolis creon  ______  BZ
  1465. Episcepsis inornata  ______  M#8275  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1466. Episcepsis lenaeus  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1467. Episcepsis thetis  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)  (described by Linnaeus in 1771)
  1468. Episcepsis venata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1469. Eriphioides tractipennis  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1470. Estigmene acrea  (ph)  ______  M#8131  HN pb  (PNE:303)
    SALT MARSH MOTH



     Salt Marsh Moth
     (photo by Marcie O'Connor)
  1471. Estigmene albida  ______  M#8132  CR  (BMCR:254co)
  1472. Eucereon atriguttum  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1473. Eucereon aroa  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1474. Eucereon aurantiaca  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1475. Eucereon balium  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1476. Eucereon latifascia  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1477. Eucereon maja  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1478. Eucereon obscurum  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI) 
  1479. Eucereon pilatii  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1480. Eucereon pseudarchias  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1481. Eucereon rogersi  ______  CR  PN    occurs in Central America, in Costa Rica and Panama, also on some Caribbean islands 
  1482. Eucereon rosa  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1483. Eucereon rosadora  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1484. Eucereon varium  ______  HN pb  (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1485. Eucereon xanthura  ______  CR  (BMCR:255co)

  1486. Euchaetes antica  ______  M#8242  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINA)
  1487. Eudesmia laetifera  ______  HN   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1488. Eudesmia menea  ______  M#8097  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1489. Eunomia colombina  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1490. Eunomia latenigra  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1491. Eupseudosoma aberrans  ______  BZ
  1492. Eupseudosoma involuta  ______  M#8257   in Central America, also parts of South America and the Caribbean
    SNOWY EUPSEUDOSOMA MOTH
    Eupseudosoma involuta     has previously been Eupseudosoma nivea and Eupseudosoma immaculata.

  1493. Eurylomia cordula  ______  HN   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1494. Euthyane grisescens  ______  HN pb   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1495. Euthyane simplex  ______  HN   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1496. Euthyane theodula  ______  HN pb   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1497. Evius hippia  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)

  1498. Gardinia magnifica  ______  CR  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1499. Glaucostola guttipalpis  ______  BZ
  1500. Glaucostola metaxantha  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN

  1501. Gorgonidia buckleyi  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:248)   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1502. Graphea marmorea  ______  CR  (BMCR:248)
  1503. Gymnelia nobilis  ______  HN pb  (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1504. Halysidota atra  ______  BZ
  1505. Halysidota excellens  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1506. Halysidota grandis  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI) 
  1507. Halysidota interlineata  ______  BZ   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1508. Halysidota orientalis  (ph)  ______  BZ   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)



    Halysidota orientalis
  1509. Halysidota pectenella  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)  (species described in 1980)
  1510. Heliactinidia sitia  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1511. Heliura rhodophila  ______  HN pb  (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1512. Heliura tetragramma  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1513. Homoeocera gigantea  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1514. Horama oedippus  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:250)   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1515. Horama panthalon  ______  M#8287  GU  HN  PN  (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
    Horama panthalon texana  ______  GU      subspecies in the US in Florida and from south Texas and the southwest US, in AZ and NM, south to Guatemala
    Horama panthalon panthalon  ______  PN      subspecies in Panama, northern South America, and the Antilles 
    TEXAS WASP MOTH
  1516. Horama plumipes  (phTM)  ______  M#8288  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:250)  (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1517. Hyaleucerea gigantea  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1518. Hyaleucerea vulnerata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1519. Hyalurga sixola  ______  BZ
  1520. Hyalurga sora  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:251)   (in tribe PERICOPINI) 
  1521. Hyalurga urioides  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:252)   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1522. Hypercompe albescens  ______  BZ
  1523. Hypercompe caudata  ______  M#8147  BZ  HN
  1524. Hypercompe icasia  ______  CR  (100BM:53-c)
  1525. Hypercompe leucartioides  ______  BZ  HN pb  (species described in 1967)
  1526. Hypercompe perplexa  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1527. Hyperthaema sororita  ______  BZ
  1528. Hypidalia sanguirena  ______  CR  (BMCR:248)
  1529. Hypocrita albimacula  (phTM)  ______  HN pb
    HYPOCRITA TIGER MOTH
  1530. Hypocrita ambigua  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1531. Hypocrita aletta  ______  CR  (BMCR:252) (ICR:118)  (in tribe PERICOPINI)

    Hypocrita aletta is a brightly colored moth, with conspicuous, iridescent pale blue markings along the margins of the wings. serving as a warning of its toxicity to birds.
  1532. Hypocrita arcaei  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:252)  (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1533. Hypocrita drucei  ______  CR  (BMCR:252)  (in tribe PERICOPINI) 
  1534. Hypocrita excellens  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1535. Hypocrita pylotis  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1536. Hypocrita reedia  ______  CR  (BMCR:252)  (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1537. Hyponerita tipolis  _____  BZ
  1538. Idalus alteria  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1539. Idalus crinis  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1540. Idalus dares  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1541. Idalus herois  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1542. Idalus intermedia  ______  BZ
  1543. Idalus lineosus  ______  BZ
  1544. Idalus tuisiana  ______  CR  (BMCR:248)
  1545. Idalus vitrea  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:248)   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1546. Idalus vitreoides  ______  BZ
  1547. Illice citrina  ______  CR  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1548. Illice opulentana  ______  CR  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI) 
  1549. Illice polyzona  ______  BZ  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1550. Isanthrene monticola  ______  CR  (BMCR:250)
  1551. Lampruna rosea  ______  BZ
  1552. Lepidokirbyia vittipes  ______  BZ

  1553. Lophocampa alternata  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1554. Lophocampa annulata  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1555. Lophocampa catenulata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI) 
  1556. Lophocampa citrina  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1557. Lophocampa seruba  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1558. Lophocampa sobrina  (phTM)  ______  M#8210  HN  (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1559. Loxophlebia geminata  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1560. Loxophlebia masa  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI) 
  1561. Lycomophodes correbiodes  ______  CR  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1562. Lycomophodes reducta  ______  CR  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1563. Lycomophodes sordida  ______  M#8093.2  BZ  HN pb  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1564. Lycomophodes strigosa  ______  BZ  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1565. Lycomophodes sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1566. Macrocneme adonis  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1567. Macrocneme auripes  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1568. Macrocneme cabimensis  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1569. Macrocneme chrysitis  ______  M#8273  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
    SOUTHERN CYAN TIGER MOTH
  1570. Macrocneme iole  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1571. Macrocneme lades  ______  HN    (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1572. Macrocneme sp.  ______  CR  (ICR:117)   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1573. Melese amastris  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1574. Melese asana  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1575. Melese flavimaculata  (phTM)  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1576. Melese incertus  ______  BZ
  1577. Melese laodamia  ______  BZ
  1578. Melese punctata  ______  BZ

  1579. Melese sixola  ______  CR  (BMCR:248)
  1580. Mesothen pyrrha  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1581. Mulona phelina  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1582. Munona iridescens  ______  CR  HN pb  (100C:91-c)   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1583. Mydromera notochloris  ______  CR  HN  (100BM:96-c)   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1584. Myrmecopsis ichneumonea  ______  CR  (BMCR:250)
  1585. Myrmecopsis strigosa  ______  M#8277  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1586. Napata leucotelus  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1587. Napata walkeri  ______  HN pb  (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1588. Neacerea rufiventris  ______  HN pb  (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1589. Neonerita dorsipuncta  ______  BZ  CR  (100BM:54-c)
  1590. Neritos atta  ______  BZ
  1591. Neritos cotes  ______  BZ
  1592. Neritos flavoroseus  ______  BZ
  1593. Neritos leucoplaga  ______  BZ
  1594. Neritos samos  ______  BZ  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI) 
  1595. Nodozana hieroglyphica  ______  CR  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1596. Nodozana picturata  ______  CR  (BMCR:253)  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1597. Notarctia proxima  ______  BZ  HN
  1598. Nudar fractivittarum  ______  BZ  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1599. Opharus consimilis  ______  BZ
  1600. Opharus gemma  ______  BZ
  1601. Opharus quadrupunctata  ______  BZ
  1602. Ordishia godmani  ______  BZ
  1603. Ordishia rutilus  ______  CR  (BMCR:248)
  1604. Ormetica abdalsan  ______  BZ
  1605. Ormetica ataenia  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1606. Ormetica goloma  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1607. Ormetica guapisa  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1608. Ormetica nabdalsa  ______  BZ
  1609. Ormetica orbona  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1610. Ormetica pauperis  ______  BZ
  1611. Ormetica sicilia  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1612. Ormetica taeniata  ______  BZ  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1613. Pachydota albiceps  ______  BZ
  1614. Parathyris cedonulli  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1615. Pareuchaetes insulata  ______  M#8227  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
    YELLOW-WINGED PAREUCHAETES MOTH
  1616. Parevia gurma  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1617. Parevia metachryseis  ______  BZ
  1618. Pelochyta arontes  ______  BZ

  1619. Pelochyta misera  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1620. Phaemolis lineatus  (phTM)  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)

  1621. Phaloesia saucia  ______  M#8039  CR  (BMCR:252)
     SAUCY BEAUTY MOTH
  1622. Pheia albsigna  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1623. Phoenicoprocta sanguinea  _____  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1624. Poliopastea sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1625. Pryteria costata  ______  BZ
  1626. Pryteria unifascia  ______  BZ

  1627. Pseudohemihyalea fallaciosa  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)  (species described in 1997)
  1628. Pseudohemihyalea labeculoides  ______  HN    (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)  (species described in 1995) 
  1629. Pseudohemihyalea porioni  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)  (species described in 1995)
  1630. Pseudomya melanthoides  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1631. Pseudophaloe cerealia  ______  CR  (BMCR:252) 
  1632. Pseudophaloe troetschi  ______  CR  (BMCR:255co) 
  1633. Psoloptera basifulva  (phTM)  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)   occurs in Central America south to Peru
  1634. Ptychotrichos episcepsidis  ______  HN pb   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1635. Pygarctia roseicapitis  ______  M#8253  BZ
  1636. Rhipha chionoplaga  ______  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1637. Rhipha flammans  ______  CR  (BMCR:249)
  1638. Rhipha persimilis  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1639. Robinsonia deiopeia  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1640. Robinsonia dewitzi  ______  BZ
  1641. Robinsonia sabata  ______  BZ  Hn pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1642. Saurita fumosa  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1643. Saurita myrrha  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1644. Saurita temenus  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1645. Saurita tipulina  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1646. Scaptius submarginallis  ______  BZ
  1647. Scena potentia  (phTM)  ______  HN
  1648. Selenarctica elissa  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1649. Selenarctia elissoides  ______  BZ
  1650. Sphaeromachia cubana  ______  BZ
  1651. Sphecosoma felderi  ______  HN   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1652. Sychesia dryas  ______  BZ
  1653. Symphlebia aryllis  ______  CR  (BMCR:249)
  1654. Symphlebia herbosa  ______  CR  (BMCR:249)
  1655. Symphlebia ipsea  ______  CR  (BMCR:249) 
  1656. Symphlebia lophocampoides  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1657. Symphlebia tessellata  ______  CR  (BMCR:257co)
  1658. Symphlebia underwoodi  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1659. Syntomeida melanthus  ______  M#8283  CR  HN  (BMCR:254co)  (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
    BLACK-BANDED WASP MOTH
  1660. Talara rubida  ______  BZ  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1661. Talara synnephela  ______  BZ  HN pb  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1662. Thysanoprymna superba  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:249)
  1663. Trichromia alba  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1664. Trichromia cotes  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1665. Trichromia flavoroseus  ______  HN   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1666. Trichromia sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1667. Trichura cerberus  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:250)  occurs in Central America, Trinidad, Brazil
  1668. Trichura coarctata  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1669. Trichura druryi  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1670. Trichura esmeralda  ______  HN   (in tribe CTENUCHINI)
  1671. Tricypha imperialis  ______  BZ
  1672. Tuina cingulata  ______  BZ  HN  (in tribe LITHOSIINI)
  1673. Utetheisa ornatrix  (ph)  ______  M#8105  BZ  CR  HN pb  (PNE:307) (W:478)   (in CALLIMORPHINI)  (described by Linnaeus in 1758)    
    ORNATE MOTH      (or ORNAMENTED UTETHEISA)
    Utetheisa ornatrix is the New World counterpart of Utetheisa pulchella, the Crimson Speckled Footman. 

    The forewing of Utetheisa ornatrix is yellowish white with irregular, transverse white bands, each enclosing a line of small black spots, and the hindwing is pink with marginal black marks.



    Above & below: the Ornate Moth
    (lower copyrighted photo by Lisa Johnson)

  1674. Virbia birchi  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1675. Virbia rosenbergi  ______  BZ 
  1676. Virbia sp.  (phTM)  ______  HN pb
  1677. Viviennea ardesiaca  ______  BZ
  1678. Viviennea salma  ______  BZ
  1679. Viviennea tegyra  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:249)   (in tribe PHAEGOPTERINI)
  1680. Xanthyda xanthosticta  ______  HN pb   (in tribe EUCHROMIINI)
  1681. Xenosoma flaviceps  ______  HN   (in tribe PERICOPINI)
  1682. Xenosoma nigromarginatum  ______  CR  (BMCR:252)
  1683. Zatrephes rosacea  ______  BZ


    Family EUTELIIDAE      (has been NOCTUIDAE)

    Also in this group: subfamily STICTOPTERINAE

    Moths in EUTELIIDAE are small to medium-sized moths, many of which have spectacular acrobatic resting positions.
    They occur in a variety of habitats, and even in urban areas. They are nocturnal, coming to lights in low numbers.  

  1684. Eutelia ablatrix  ______  CR  (BMCR:236)
  1685. Eutelia abscondens  ______  CR  (BMCR:236)
  1686. Eutelia auratrix  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:236)
  1687. Eutelia furcata  ______  M#8968.2  CR  (BMCR:238co)
    FLORIDA EUTELIA MOTH
  1688. Eutelia sp.  ______  HN pb
  1689. Nagara clara  ______  CR  (BMCR:237)  (in subfamily Stictopterinae) 
  1690. Nagara fenestra  ______  CR  (BMCR:237)  (in subfamily Stictopterinae)
  1691. Nagara heterogramma  ______  CR  (BMCR:237)  (in subfamily Stictopterinae) 
  1692. Nagara vitrea  ______  HN pb
  1693. Paectes abrostoloides  ______  M#8962  HN  (PNE:367) (W:376)
    LARGE PAECTES MOTH
  1694. Paectes albescens  ______  HN
  1695. Paectes devincta  ______  CR  (BMCR:236)
  1696. Paectes fovifera  ______  HN pb
  1697. Paectes fuscescens  ______  HN
  1698. Paectes glauca  ______  HN pb 
  1699. Paectes lunodes  ______  M#8963.1  CR  HN  (BMCR:236)
  1700. Thyriodes terrabensis  ______  CR  (BMCR:236)


     Family NOLIDAE

         Those in NOLIDAE are small deltoid noctuid moths that rest with their rounded wings in a flat position.
    They are predominantly gray or white with patterns of dotted or broken lines.
    Many species have raised tufts of hair-like scales on the forewing.
    NOLIDAE are most found in forests and fields. They are nocturnal, attracted to lights in small numbers.  
  1701. Collomena olivaris  ______  CR  (BMCR:246)
  1702. Diplolopha cycloptera  ______  CR  (BMCR:246)
  1703. Elaeognatha argentea  ______  CR  (BMCR:246)
  1704. Elaeognatha argyritis  ______  CR  (BMCR:246)  
  1705. Iscadia argentea  ______  HN
  1706. Iscadia furcifera  ______  HN
  1707. Iscadia mariva  ______  CR  (BMCR:246)
  1708. Iscadia producta  ______  CR  (BMCR:246)
  1709. Meganola leucostola  ______  HN pb
  1710. Meganola placens  ______  CR  (BMCR:246) 
  1711. Neostictoptera chlorotica  ______  CR  (BMCR:246)
  1712. Neostictoptera nigripuncta  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:246)
  1713. Nola caelata  ______  CR  (BMCR:246)
  1714. Nola turbana  ______  HN pb


     Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily PLUSIINAE:  MILLER MOTHS     
  1715. Agrapha ahenea  ______  CR  (BMCR:218)
  1716. Agrapha oxygramma  ______  BZ
  1717. Argyrogramma verruca  ______  H#8885  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:218) (PNE:375)
    GOLDEN LOOPER MOTH
  1718. Autographa biloba  ______  CR  (BMCR:218)
  1719. Autoplusia egena  ______  M#8891  HN
    BEAN-LEAD SKELETONIZER MOTH 
  1720. Autoplusia egenoides  ______  M#8893  CR  (BMCR:218)
  1721. Chrysodeixis includens  ______  M#8890  HN  (PNE:377)
    SOYBEAN LOOPER MOTH
  1722. Mouralia tinctoides  ______  CR  (BMCR:218)
  1723. Plusia caudata  ______  CR  (BMCR:218)
  1724. Plusia masoni  ______  CR  (BMCR:218)
  1725. Pseudoplusia includens  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:218) 
  1726. Rachiplusia ou  ______  M#8895  BZ  (PNE:377)
     GRAY LOOPER MOTH
  1727. Trichoplusia ni  ______  M#8887  HN  (PNE:377)
    NI MOTH

    Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily BAGISARINAE

         Moths in BAGISARINAE are small to medium-sized noctuids, many with cryptic lichen-like markings.
    They are nocturnal and will come to lights.  
  1728. Amyna octo  ______  HN
  1729. Bagisara albicosta  ______  M#9174  CR  (BMCR:217)
  1730. Bagisara avangareza  ______  CR  (BMCR:21`7)
  1731. Bagisara laverna  ______  M#9175.2  CR  (BMCR:217)
  1732. Bagisara patula  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:217)
  1733. Bagisara rectifascia  ______  M#9169  CR  (BMCR:217)
    STRAIGHT-LINED MALLOW MOTH
  1734. Bagisara repanda ______  M#9168  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:217)
    WAVY-LINED MALLOW MOTH
      
  1735. Bagisara tristicta  ______  M#9176  CR  (BMCR:217)


     Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily ACONTIINAE:  BIRD-DROPPING MOTHS

         Those in ACONTIINAE are small moths, most of which are excellent bird-dropping mimics. They occur at forest edges and in fields, sometimes during the day. Most are nocturnal and will come to lights.

  1736. Acidaliodes celenna  ______  HN pb
  1737. Acontia tetragona  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:220)
  1738. Eusceptis splendens  ______  CR  (BMCR:220)
  1739. Hoplotarache viridifera  ______  CR  (BMCR:220)
  1740. Ommatochila mundula  ______  BZ
  1741. Thioptera intensifica  ______  CR  (BMCR:220)


    Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily ACRONICTINAE:  DAGGERS

         Those in ACRONICTINAE, the DAGGERS, are predominantly gray noctuid moths that often have black dagger-like dashes on the forewing. Some can be difficult to identify.
    They occur in forests and gardens. They are nocturnal and visit lights and sugar bait in small numbers. 
      
  1742. Acronicta beameri  ______  M#9234  CR  (BMCR:216)
  1743. Acronicta velia  ______  CR  (BMCR:216)
  1744. Antachara rotundata  ______  HN pb
  1745. Argyrosticta ditissima  ______  HN pb
  1746. Argyrosticta vauaurea  ______  HN pb


     Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily CUCULLIINAE:  HOODED OWLETS

         The CUCULLIINAE is a distinctive group of moths that rest with their wings folded and their forelegs outstretched.
    A thick thoratic crest typically curls forward over the head to create a "hooded" appearance, hence the name HOODED OWLETS.
    They occur in forest and gardens. They are nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers. 
  1747. Cucullia costaricensis  ______  CR  (BMCR:221)
  1748. Cucullia lilacina  ______  CR  (BMCR:221)
  1749. Dolocucullia buddhae  ______  CR  (BMCR:221)


    The following genus, NEOGALEA, is now said to be in the subfamily ONCOCNEMIDINAE.

     In ONCOCNEMIDINAE, the ONCOCNEMIDINE SALLOWS are mostly medium-sized, predominantly gray moths that often sit with their wings slightly folded. Sometimes, however, the wings are held flat.
    They are nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers. 
  1750. Neogalea sunia  ______  CR  HN  (BMCR:221)


         Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily XYLENINAE

    Those here said to be in subfamily NOCTUINAE, tribe XYLENINI

         The XYLENINE SALLOWS (either XYLENINAE or XYLENINI) are thick-bodied noctuids that inhabit forests and fields.
    They are nocturnal and come to light and sugar bait, some in large numbers.
  1751. Calymniodes conchylis  ______  BZ
  1752. Xylina subcostalis  ______  HN


     Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily AGARISTINAE

         Moths in AGARISTINAE are generally nocturnal and forest-dwelling, such as the WOOD-NYMPHS.
    Some in the family are, however, day-flying.
  1753. Darceta falcata  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:219)
  1754. Darceta ophideres  ______  CR  (BMCR:219)
  1755. Darceta proserpina  ______  CR  Hn pb  (BMCR:219)
  1756. Darceta severa  ______  BZ  CR  (BMCR:219)
  1757. Epithisanotia sanctijohannis  (phTM)  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:219)
    SAINT JOHN'S EPITHISANOTIA 
  1758. Euscirrhopterus  poeyi  ______  CR  (BMCR:219)
  1759. Neotuerta sabulosa  ______  CR  (BMCR:219) 
  1760. Seirocastnia amalthea  ______  HN
  1761. Vespola caerulifera  ______  HN pb


     Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily CONDICINAE

         Moths in CONDICINAE are known as GROUNDLINGS. They are small to medium-sized deltoid noctuid moths that rest with their wings flat or slightly tented.
    They are found in woodlands and gardens. They are nocturnal and come to light in low numbers. 
  1762. Condica albigera  ______  M#9702  CR  (BMCR:225)
  1763. Condica circuita  ______  BZ
  1764. Condica cupienta  ______  M#9713  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:225)
     SPLOTCHED GROUNDLING MOTH
  1765. Condica funerea  ______  CR  (BMCR:225)
  1766. Condica imitata  ______  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:225)
  1767. Condica mimica  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1768. Condica mobilis  ______  M#9693  BZ  CR  HN  (BMCR:225) (PNE:419)
    MOBILE GROUNDLING MOTH
  1769. Condica roxana  ______  CR  (BMCR:225)
  1770. Condica selenosa  ______  CR  (BMCR:225)

  1771. Condica subaurea  ______  HN
  1772. Condica subornata  ______  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:225)
  1773. Condica sutor  ______  M#9699  BZ  HN pb  (PNE:421)
     COBBLER MOTH
  1774. Condica vacillans  ______  M#9702.1  CR  (BMCR:239co)
  1775. Condica sp.  ______  HN pb
  1776. Condica sp.  ______  HN pb
  1777. Diastema tigris  ______  HN pb
  1778. Micrathetis dasarada  ______  HN pb
  1779. Micrathetis triplex  ______  M#9644  HN
    TRIPLEX CUTWORM MOTH

    Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily AMPHIPYRINAE:  AMPHIPYRINE SALLOWS

     Those here in AMPHIPYRINAE are chunky moths that usually rest with their wings tented over their backs.
    Most inhabit forests and field edges. They are nocturnal and visit lights in small numbers. 
  1780. Antachara diminuta  (phTM)  ______  HN
  1781. Cropia aleuca  ______  BZ
  1782. Cropia carnitincta  ______  BZ
  1783. Cropia cedica  ______  BZ
  1784. Cropia connecta  ______  M#9622  HN 
  1785. Cropia isidora  ______  BZ
  1786. Cropia phila  ______  BZ  HN pb
  1787. Metaponpneumata rogenhoferi  ______  HN

    Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily ERIOPINAE:  FERN MOTHS

     Moths in ERIOPINAE, the FERN MOTHS, are small, complexly patterned noctuids that rest with their wings tightly folded.
    They have tufts of hair-like scales on the thorax and inner margins of the wing that stick up when at rest.
    These woodland moths are nocturnal and regularly come to light.
  1788. Callopistria floridensis  ______  M#9630  BZ  HN pb  (PNE:427)
     FLORIDA FERN MOTH
  1789. Callopistra rivularis  ______  HN pb


    Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily HADENINAE
  1790. Bryolymnia forreri  ______  BZ


    The following genus, GONODES, is said to be in subfamily NOCTUINAE, tribe ELAPHRIINI
  1791. Gonodes liquida  ______  M#9687  BZ  HN pb
  1792. Hampsonodes mastoides  ______  BZ


     The following genus, SPODOPTERA, is said to be in subfamily NOCTUINAE, tribe PHOSPHILINI
  1793. Spodoptera albula  ______  M#9673  HN
    GRAY-STREAKED ARMYWORM MOTH 
  1794. Spodoptera cosmioides  ______  occurs in South America and in Central America north to Costa Rica

    Spodoptera cosmioides     is now considered conspecific with Spodoptera latifascia (below).
  1795. Spodoptera dolichos  ______  M#9671  BZ  HN
    SWEETPOTATO ARMYWORM MOTH
  1796. Spodoptera eridania  ______  M#9672  HN
    SOUTHERN ARMYWORM MOTH
  1797. Spodoptera exigua  ______  M#9665  HN
    BEET ARMYWORM MOTH
  1798. Spodoptera frugiperda  ______  M#9666  HN  (PNE:431)
    FALL ARMYWORM MOTH
  1799. Spodoptera latifascia  ______  M#9670  BZ  HN
    GARDEN ARMYWORM MOTH      (or VELVET ARMYWORM MOTH)
    Spodoptera latifascia     is now considered conspecific with Spodoptera cosmioides (above).    
  1800. Spodoptera ornithogalli  ______  M#9669  HN  (PNE:431)
    YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM MOTH
  1801. Spodoptra sp.  ______  HN pb
  1802. Stauropides persimilis  ______  HN pb


     Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily HELIOTHINAE:  FLOWER MOTHS

         Moths in HELIOTHINAE, the FLOWER MOTHS, are small to medium-sized, and often beautifully patterned noctuids. They are found in forests and fields.
    The hindwing color and pattern is often important for identification.
    Many species are regularly encountered during the day, taking nectar from flowers.  
    Although most are diurnal, many HELIOTHINAE species are also nocturnal and are attracted to lights in small numbers.  
  1803. Helicoverpa zea  ______  M#11068  CR  HN  (BMCR:222) (PNE:425)
    CORN EARWORM MOTH

         The Corn Earworm Moth is prone to irruptive northerly movements in the late summer and fall. 
  1804. Heliothis ebenicolor  ______  CR  (BMCR:222)
  1805. Heliothis subflexa  ______  M#11070  BZ
    SUBFLEXUS STRAW MOTH
  1806. Heliothis virescens  (ph)  ______  M#11071  CR  HN  (BMCR:222) (PNE:425)
     TOBACCO BUDWORM MOTH



     Tobacco Budworm Moth
         (photo by Lisa Johnson)


         Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily CYDOSIINAE
  1807. Cydosia curvinella  ______  M#9001  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:220)
  1808. Cydosia phaedra  ______  HN pb


     Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily DIPHTHERINAE
  1809. Diphthera festiva  ______  M#8560  BZ  CR  HN pb  (BMCR:230) (PNE:391)
    HIEROGLYPHIC MOTH
    The Hieroglyphic Moth is a distinctive species with a crisp black pattern on an orange background bringing to mind ancient Egyptian artwork. It will come to light.


         Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily EUSTROTIINAE

     Moths in EUSTROTIINAE are colorful small to medium-sized noctuids. They are nocturnal and come to lights. 
  1810. Marimatha botyoides  ______  HN pb
  1811. Marimatha sp.  ______  HN pb
  1812. Tripudia furcula  ______  HN  (species described in 2009)


    Family NOCTUIDAE, Subfamily NOCTUINAE

         Those below in the tribe NOCTUINI are medium-sized moths with long, moderately narrow forewings.
    They are mostly nocturnal and come to light, but some take nectar from flowers during the day. 
  1813. Agrotis ipsilon  ______  M#10663  CR  HN  (BMCR:224) (PNE:517)  (in tribe NOCTUINI) 
    IPSILON DART MOTH
    The Ipsilon Dart Moth can frequently be found at sugar bait.
     
  1814. Agrotis (or Feltia) repleta  ______  M#10665  CR  (BMCR:224)
    REPLETE DART MOTH
  1815. Agrotis (or Feltia) subterranea  ______  HN  (PNE:515)   (in tribe NOCTUINI)
    SUBTERRANEAN DART MOTH
  1816. Anicla ignicans  ______  CR  (BMCR:224)
  1817. Anicla infecta  ______  BZ  HN  (PNE:507)   (in tribe NOCTUINI)
     GREEN CUTWORM
  1818. Dipterygia ordinarius  ______  CR  (100C:75-c)   (in tribe DYPTERYGIINI)


         Moths in the following genus, ELAPHRIA, are called MIDGETS. 
    They are small, highly-patterned brown moths with short rounded wings. They can be locally common in woodlands and gardens. All are nocturnal and will come to light in small to moderate numbers.
     
  1819. Elaphria agrotina  ______  M#9677  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe ELAPHRIINI)
  1820. Elaphria deltoides  (phTM)  ______  M#9679.1  BZ  HN pb   (in tribe ELAPHRIINI)
  1821. Elaphria perigeana  ______  HN pb   (in tribe ELAPHRIINI)
  1822. Elaphria subobliqua  (phTM)  ______  M#9682.1  HN   (in tribe ELAPHRIINI)
  1823. Elaphria sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe ELAPHRIINI)
  1824. Elaphria sp.  ______  HN pb   (in tribe ELAPHRIINI) 
  1825. Hemieuxoa molitrix  ______  CR  (BMCR:224)
  1826. Hemieuxoa nezia  ______  CR  (BMCR:224)


    Moths below in the tribe LEUCANIINI, the WAINSCOTS, are medium-sized, mostly tan-colored noctuids, with faint streaky forewing patterns.
    Their distinguishing features are often subtle making species difficult to tell apart.  
    LEUCANIINI species are often found in wetlands and fields. They are nocturnal and come to light.
  1827. Leucania inconspicua  ______  M#10450.1  HN pb   (in tribe LEUCANIINI)
  1828. Leucania multilinea  ______  M#10446  HN  (PNE:497)   (in tribe LEUCANIINI)
    MANY-LINED WAINSCOT MOTH
  1829. Mythimna unipuncta  ______  M#10438  HN  (PNE:495)   (in tribe LEUCANIINI)
    ARMYWORM MOTH

     Another name for Mythimna unipuncta is the White-speck. The forewing is variably colored, from taht of straw to orange-brown, with reniform spots that are often orange. A tiny white speck touches the inner part of a reniform spot. 

    Mythimna unipuncta comes to sugar bait, and can be quite numerous.
  1830. Neophaenis respondens  ______  HN   (in tribe DYPTERYGIINI) 
  1831. Peridroma semidolens  ______  CR  (BMCR:224)
  1832. Praina temperata  ______  CR  (BMCR:224)



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