ECUADOR BIRDS
during Focus On Nature Tours 

including tours in the 
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

Tinamous to Swifts

Noting those found during 
Focus On Nature Tours
with an (*).  

1991 thru 2015

during the months of February, 
 April, May, July, and August




Part 1 of a List of Ecuador Birds 
compiled by Armas Hill,
with some photos.


There have been 21 FONT birding tours in Ecuador,
during which over 1,100 species of birds have cumulatively been seen.
Presently 1,637 species of birds are in this 4-part list. 


Photo at upper right: A LONG-TAILED POTOO roosting during the day
in the Amazonian Rainforest in eastern Ecuador
(photographed by Alan Brady during a FONT tour) 
A close-up photo of this bird is in the list below (number #450)


Links to Groupings of Birds in this List:

Tinamous    Chachalacas, Guans, Curassows    Waterfowl    Seabirds    Grebes    

Flamingos, Ibises, Spoonbill, Stork    Herons, Egrets, Bitterns   Cormorants, Anhinga

Tropicbird, Frigatebirds, Pelicans, Boobies    Raptors    Trumpeter     Rails, Crakes, Allies     

Shorebirds    Skuas, Gulls, Terns, Skimmer    Pigeons, Doves     Macaws, Parakeets, Parrots    

Cuckoos     Owls    Oilbird, Potoos    Nighthawks, Nightjars    Swifts

There is relatively new information in this list regarding the taxonomy of owls, and their vocalizations.


Links to Other Parts of this Ecuador Bird List:

Part 2: Hummingbirds to Flycatchers     Part 3: Antshrikes to Woodcreepers 

Part 4: Vireos to Grosbeaks  


Codes:

Indicating regions visited (as follows):

E:     FOUND EAST OF THE HIGH ANDES 
az:   Amazonian Ecuador  (including the areas of La Selva & Sacha Lodges along the Rio Napo) 
po:   Podocarpus National Park (including the Rio Bombuscara area, near Zamora)
si:     the area of "San Isidro" near Cosanga, on the east Andean slope  

W:    FOUND WEST OF THE HIGH ANDES 
nm:  the areas of Nono Mindo Road and/or Mindo
po:   Podocarpus National Park (including near Loja)

H:     FOUND IN THE HIGH ANDES (mostly or always).
cu:    Cuenca, west into the mountains to El Cajas
po:    Podocarpus National Park (including the Cajanuma area)

G:     SEEN IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

Specific Locations: 

BR:  Buenaventura Reserve (Umbrellabird Lodge)
CN:  Canande Reserve (Canande Lodge)
CP:  Copalinga cabins & restaurant, near Zamora in southeast Ecuador 
JR:  Jorupe Reserve (Urraca Lodge)
TR:  Tapichalaca Reserve (Casa Simpson)
UR:  Utuana Reserve
YR:  Yanacocha Reserve 

These locations codes are followed by:
c: common    fc: fairly common    u: uncommon    r: rare    vr: very rare

(t)       a globally threatened or rare species, designated by Birdlife International
             (t1): critical       (t2): endangered       (t3): vulnerable
(nt):    a near-threatened species globally
(Ee):   species endemic to Ecuador
(Ge):   species endemic to the Galapagos
(Er):    rare species in Ecuador
(Ei):    introduced species in Ecuador

(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT website 

A primary reference for this list has been the "The Birds of Ecuador - Status, Distribution, and Taxonomy"  by Robert S. Ridgely and Paul J. Greenfield, published in 2001.

More than 2,100 birds that have been found during FONT South America Birding Tours, in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, & Venezuela.  


Additional Links:

Birds of the Amazonian Region     Rare Birds of the Andes & Patagonia

Mammals of South America  (with some photos)      Ecuador Mammals  (with some photos)

Butterflies of South America  (with some photos)     Moths of South America  (with some photos) 

Tropical Plants, including some in South America  (with some photos)

A Photo Gallery of Moths and Butterflies during FONT Ecuador Tours in 2013 & 2014 

PHOTO GALLERIES OF BIRDS, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, MAMMALS, AND OTHER NATURE 
DURING FONT ECUADOR TOURS IN:    April 2013    July 2013    April/May 2014: 

Information about Upcoming FONT Tours:
by month in:  2015   2016   or:  by geographic locations worldwide 

A Chronological List of all scheduled FONT birding & nature tours

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in Ecuador & Brazil

Directory of Photos in this Web-site

Bird-List:

          Tinamous

1. Gray Tinamou  (t3) (*)  _____  E  CP:fc
   Tinamus tao
   
   The Gray Tinamou has been classified as a near threatened species in Ecuador.
   
   
2. Black Tinamou  (t3) (Er)  ______
   Tinamus osgoodi
   
   A Black Tinamou was at Wildsumaco on March 5, 2013. The species occurs more commonly to the north of Ecuador in Colombia, but also to the south of Ecuador in Peru. 
   
   
3. Great Tinamou  (nt) (*)  _____ E,az  CN:u
   Tinamus major
   
   
4. White-throated Tinamou  (nt)  _____
   Tinamus guttatus
   
   
5. Highland Tinamou  (*)  ______ E,si   TR:r
   Nothocercus bonapartei
   
   
6. Tawny-breasted Tinamou  (*)  _____  E,si   TR:u  YR:r
   Nothocercus julius
   
   
7. Little Tinamou (*) ______ W,E,az,nm   BR:u  CN:c  CP:fc  JR:u
   Crypturellus soui
   
   
8. Brown Tinamou _____
   Crypturellus obsoletus
   
   
9. Bartlett's Tinamou  (*)  ______  E,az
   Crypturellus bartletti
   
   
10. Undulated Tinamou (*)  _____ E,az
    Crypturellus undulatus
    
    
11. Cinereous Tinamou (*)  _____ E,az
    Crypturellus cinerens
    
    
12. Berlepsch's Tinamou _____  CR:u
    Crypturellus berlepschi 
    
    The Berlepsch's Tinamou has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
    
    
13. Variegated Tinamou (*)  ______ E,az
    Crypturellus variegatus
    
    
14. Pale-browed Tinamou  (nt) (*)  _____ W   JR:c
    Crypturellus transfasciatus 
    
    The Pale-browed Tinamou has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
    
    
15. Tataupa Tinamou _____
    Crypturellus tataupa
    
    
16. Curve-billed Tinamou  (*)  ______  H  YR:u
    Nothoprocta curvirostris  
    
    
17. Andean Tinamou _____   UR:fc
    Nothoprocta pentlandii 
    
    
    CHACHALACAS, GUANS, CURASSOWS
    
    
18. Speckled Chachalaca (*) (ph)  _____  E,az  CP:c
    Ortalis guttata
    
    
    
    A Speckled Chachalaca photographed during the FONT tour
    in southern Ecuador in April 2014
    (photo by Marie Gardner) 
    
    
19. Rufous-headed Chachalaca  (t3) (*) (ph)  _____ W   BR:fc  CN:r  JR:fc
    Ortalis erythroptera
    
    The Rufous-headed Chachalaca has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
    
    
    
    A Rufous-headed Chachalaca photographed during
    the FONT tour in Ecuador in July 2013
    (photo by Marie Gardner)
    
    
20. Crested Guan (*) (ph) _____ W   BR:u  CN:u
    Penelope purpurascens aequatorialis
    
    The Crested Guan has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
    
    
21. Bearded Guan  (t3) (*) _____ W,po   TR:u
    Penelope barbata 
    
    The Bearded Guan has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
    
    
22. Spix's Guan  (*) _____ E,az
    Penelope jacquacu
    
    
23. Andean Guan  (*) _____ W,H,E,nm,si   YR:u
    Penelope montagnii
    
    
24. Baudo Guan  (t3)  _____  CR:r
    Penelope ortoni 
    
    The Baudo Guan has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
    
    
25. Wattled Guan  (nt) (*) _____  E,si
    Aburria aburri 
    
    The Wattled Guan has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador. 
    
    
26. Sickle-winged Guan  (*) (ph)  _____  W,E,nm,si   BR:u  CP:u  TR:u
    Chamaepetes goudotii
    
    
    
    A Sickle-winged Guan photographed during the April 2013 FONT tour in Ecuador
    (photo by Marie Gardner) 
    
    
27. Blue-throated Piping Guan  (t3) (*) _____ E,az
    Pipile cumanensis
    
    
28. Salvin's Curassow  (*) _____ E,az
    Mitu salvini 
    
    The Salvin's Curassow has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
    
    
29. Nocturnal Curassow  (*) _____ E,az
    Nothocrax urumutum
    
    
30. Great Curassow  (t3)  _____  CN:vr
    Crax rubra
    
    The Great Curassow is classified as "vulnerable" globally, but in Ecuador it is one of the rarest and most endangered cracids in the country, with, it is believed, less than 200 individuals remaining. 
    It is classified as a critically endangered species in Ecuador. 
    
    
31. Wattled Curassow  (t3)  _____
    Crax globulosa
    
    The Wattled Curassow has been classified as a critically endangered species in Ecuador. 
    
    
32. Marbled Wood Quail  (nt) (*) _____ E,az,po
    Odontophorus gujanensis
    
    
33. Rufous-fronted Wood Quail  (*) _____ W,E,si   BR:fc  CN:fc  TR:r
    Odontophorus erythrops
    
    
34. Dark-backed Wood Quail  (t3) (*) _____ W,nm
    Odontophorus melanonotus 
    
    The Dark-backed Wood Quail has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
    
    
35. Rufous-breasted Wood Quail  (nt) (*) (ph)  _____  W,nm  CP:u
    Odontophorus speciosus 
    
    The Rufous-breasted Wood Quail has been classified as a near threatened species in Ecuador.  
    
    
    
    Rufous-breasted Wood Quail photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013 
    (photo by Marie Gardner)
    
    
36. Starred Wood Quail  _____
    Odontophorus stellatus
    
    
37. Tawny-faced Quail  _____  CN:u
    Rhynchortyx cinctus 
    
    The Tawny-faced Quail has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
    
    
    SCREAMER & WATERFOWL
    
    
38. Horned Screamer  (*)  _____ W,E,az
    Anhima cornuta 
    
    The Horned Screamer has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador. 
    
    
39. Fulvous Whistling Duck  (*)  _____
    Dendrocygna bicolor
    
    
40. Black-bellied Whistling Duck  (*) (ph)  _____ W
    Dendrocygna autumnalis
    
    
41. Orinoco Goose  (nt)  _____
    Neochen jubata 
    
    The Orinoco Goose has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.
    
    
42. Muscovy Duck  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
    Cairina moschata 
    
    The Muscovy Duck has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
    
    
43. Andean Teal  (*)  _____ H,cu   TR:u 
    Anas andium    
    
    The Andean Teal is regarded as a separate species from the Speckled Teal, Anas flavirostris.
    
    
44. White-cheeked Pintail  (*) (ph)  _____  G,W 
    Anas bahamensis rubrirostris  (subspecies in Ecuador) 
    
    Another name for Anas bahamensis has been the Bahama Pintail.
    
    
45. Yellow-billed Pintail  (*) (ph)  _____ H
    Anas georgica spinicauda  (the only other subspecies is on South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic Ocean) 
    
    
46. Northern Pintail  (Er) (ph)  ______
    Anas acuta
    
    A male Northern Pintail at Lago San Pablo in Imbabura province, on June 28, 2012, was said to be a first for Ecuador.
    The species has occurred rarely in South America mostly in Colombia & Venezuela, but also it has been said in Brazil.
    
    
47. Northern Shoveler  (Er) (ph)  ______
    Anas clypeata
    
    On December 17, 2012, 26 Northern Shovelers were at the La Tola Road, in Esmealdas province. 
    The species was also at Laguna Mica, in Antisana on February 9, 2013.
    
    
48. Blue-winged Teal (*) (ph)  _____ G,H
    Anas d. discors
    
    
49. Cinnamon Teal  _____
    Anas cyanoptera borreroi  (a resident subspecies in the Andes) 
    
    The Cinnamon Teal has been classified as an extirpated species in Ecuador. 
    
    
50. Southern Pochard  (Er) (*)  _____
    Netta erythrophthalma
    
    The Southern Pochard has been classified as a critically endangered species in Ecuador.
    
    
51. Torrent Duck  (*) (ph)   _____ W,H,E,nm,po,si   TR:u
    Merganetta armata colombiana
    
    
    
    A female Torrent Duck photographed during the FONT tour 
    in Ecuador in April 2013
    (photo by Marie Gardner)
    
    
52. Lesser Scaup  (Er) (ph)  ______
    Aythya affinis
    
    A Lesser Scaup was collected at the Carolina Marshes (now Park) in Quito, back in May 1922.
    More recently, a female Lesser Scaup was found in February 2012 during a waterbird census at 2 sites: Laguna Yambo in Cotopaxi province and Lago San Pablo in Imbabura province. It was at he second of these locations in March 2012.  
    
    In early February 2013 (Feb 3 & 8), over 80 Lesser Scaup were at La Segua. The species was also present there, in smaller numbers, in late January.
    4 Lesser Scaup were at Laguna San Pedro on February 23, 2013.       
    
    
53. Ring-necked Duck  (Er) (ph)  ______
    Aythya collaris
    
    A female Ring-necked Duck at Laguna Mica in Antisana on February 25, 2013 was said to be the 2nd record for Ecuador. 
    Earlier that same month, on February 3, 2013, 2 Ring-necked Ducks were at La Segua with a flock (of more than 80) Lesser Scaup (above).  
    
    
54. Andean Duck  (*)  _____ H
    Oxyura ferruginea
    
    
55. Comb Duck  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E   JR:r 
    Sarkidiornis melanotos 
    
    The Comb Duck is no longer conspecific with what is now the Knob-billed Duck of Africa and Asia. 
    
    Sarkidiornis melanotos has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.  
    
    
    
    A Comb Duck in flight, photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in July 2013.
    During that tour, about 500 Comb Ducks were seen. 
    (photo by Marie Gardner)
    
    
56. Masked Duck  (*)  _____ W
    Nomonyx dominicys
    
    
    SEABIRDS: PENGUINS, ALBATROSSES, PETRELS, SHEARWATERS, STORM-PETRELS
    
    
57. Galapagos Penguin  (t2) (Ge) (*)  _____ G
    Spheniscus mendiculus
    
    
58. Humboldt Penguin  (t3) (ph)  _____
    Spheniscus humboldti  
    
    The Humboldt Penguin has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
    
    
59. Waved Albatross  (t1) (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
    Phoebastria irrorata
    
    The Waved Albatross only breeds on one island of the Galapagos (Hood) and on Isla de la Plata, another small island off the Ecuadorian mainland. 
    The Waved Albatross has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador and the Galapagos. 
    
    
    
    A Waved Albatross seen during the FONT tour in Ecuador in July 2013.
    This bird was one in only two pairs nesting that year on the offshore Ecuadorian island 
    of Isla de la Plata.  (photo by Marie Gardner)
    
    
60. Black-browed Albatross  (t2) (ph)  _____
    Thalassarche melanophris
    
    
61. Cape Petrel  (ph)  _____  
    Daption capense
    
    The Cape Petrel is also called the Pintado.
    
    
62. Galapagos Petrel  (t1) (Ge) (*)  _____ G 
    Pterodroma phaeopygia
    
    The Galapagos Petrel was part of the former Dark-rumped Petrel when it was merged with the Hawaiian Petrel.
    
    The Galapagos Petrel is classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.
    
    
63. Black Petrel  (t3) (*)  _____  
    Procellaria parkinsoni
    
    Procellaria parkinsoni has also been called the Parkinson's Petrel. It has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
    
    
64. Pink-footed Shearwater  (t3) (ph)  _____
    Puffinus creatopus
    
    The Pink-footed Shearwater has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
    
    
65. Buller's Shearwater  (t3)  ______
    Puffinus bulleri  (monotypic) 
    
    The first record of a Buller's Shearwater in Ecuador was one washed up on a beach on January 1, 1992, near Palmar in western Guayas.
    The Buller's Shearwater has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.  
    
    
66. Galapagos Shearwater  (Ge) (*)  _____ G   
    Puffinus subalaris  (monotypic) 
    
    The Galapagos Shearwater has been considered part of the Audubon's Shearwater, but genetics have shown it to be more closely related to the Christmas Island Sheareater, Puffinus nativitatis.
    
    
67. Wedge-tailed Shearwater (*)  _____ G
    Puffinus pacificus
    
    
68. Sooty Shearwater (*) (ph)  _____ W
    Puffinus griseus
    
    
69. Leach's Storm Petrel (*)  _____ G
    Oceanodroma leucorhoa
    
    
70. Band-rumped Storm Petrel (*)  _____ G
    Oceanodroma castro
    
    
71. Wilson's Storm Petrel  (ph)  ______
    Oceanites oceanicus 
    
    
72. White-vented Storm Petrel  (nt) (*)  _____ G  
    Oceanites gracilis
    
    Oceanites gracilis has also been called the Elliot's Storm Petrel.
    
    
73. Wedge-rumped Storm Petrel  (nt) (*)  _____ G  
    Oceanodroma tethys
    
    Oceanodroma tethys has also been called the Galapagos Storm Petrel. It is classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
    
    
74. White-faced Storm Petrel  (ph)  _____
    Pelagodroma marina
    
    
75. Least Storm Petrel  (*)  _____
    Oceanodroma microsoma 
    
    
76. Markham's Storm Petrel _____
    Oceandroma markhami
    
    
77. Black Storm Petrel _____
    Oceandroma melania
    
    
78. Hornby's Storm Petrel  _____
    Oceanodroma hornbyi 
    
    Oceanodroma hornbyi has also been called the  Ringed Storm Petrel.  
    
    
    GREBES
    
    
79. Least Grebe  (*) (ph)   _____ W
    Tachybaptus dominicus
    
    
80. Pied-billed Grebe (*) (ph)  _____ W
    Podilymbus podiceps
    
    
81. Silvery Grebe  (*) (ph)  _____ H
    Podiceps occipitalis 
    
    The Silvery Grebe has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
    
    
    
    A Silvery Grebe photographed during the FONT tour
    in Ecuador in April 2013
    (photo by Marie Gardner) 
    
    
82. Great Grebe  (Er) (*) (ph)  _____  W
    Podiceps major 
    
    A single Great Grebe was seen during the July 2013 FONT tour in southern Ecuador, at a marsh not far from the seacoast on El Oro province.    
    As the species was neither in "the book" nor in our list, we thought at the time that it might have been "new" for Ecuador. 
    It turned out to be nearly so, as one (the first for the country) had been seen a few months earlier further north along the Ecuadorian coast.
    The Great Grebe normally occurs in southern South America, where we've seen it numerous times during FONT tours in Chile, Argentina, and far-southern Brazil in Rio Grande do Sul.   
    
    
    FLAMINGOES, IBISES, SPOONBILL, STORK 
    
    
83. American Flamingo  (*) (ph)  _____ G
    Phoenicopterus ruber
    
    
84. Chilean Flamingo  (*) (ph)   _____ W
    Phoenicopterus chilensis 
    
    
85. Glossy Ibis  (*) (ph)   _____ W
    Plegadis falcinellus
    
    Over 650 Glossy Ibis were at shrimp farms west of La Segua, Chone on September 22, 2012. 
    
    
86. Bare-faced Ibis  (Er) _____
    Phimosus infuscatus
    
    
87. American White Ibis  (*) (ph)   _____
    Eudocimus albus
    
    
88. Scarlet Ibis  (Er) (ph)  ______
    Eudocimus ruber 
    
    2 Scarlet Ibis were by Lago Agrio, near Cuyabeno on March 19, 2013.
    
    
89. Green Ibis  (*)  _____ E,az
    Mesembrinibis cayennensis
    
    
90. Black-faced Ibis  (*) (ph)   _____
    Theristicus melanopis 
    
    The Black-faced Ibis has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.
    
    
91. Roseate Spoonbill  (*) (ph)   _____ E
    Platalea (formerly Ajaia) ajaja
    
    
92. Wood Stork  (ph)   _____   BR:vr  TR:vr
    Mycteria americana 
    
    
93. Jabiru  (Er) (ph)  ______
    Jabiru mycteria
    
    The Jabiru has been classified as a critically endangered species in Ecuador.  
    
    
    HERONS, EGRETS, BITTERNS
    
    
94. Cocoi Heron  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az
    Ardea cocoi
    
    
95. Great Blue Heron  (Er) (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
    Ardea herodias
    
    
96. Little Blue Heron  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az  CN:r
    Egretta caerulea
    
    
97. Great Egret  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az,po   BR:vr  JR:u
    Casmerodius (formerly Ardea) alba
    
    
98. Snowy Egret  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az   BR:vr  CN:r  JR:u
    Egretta thula
    
    
99. Tricolored Heron  (*) (ph)  _____ W
    Egretta tricolor
    
    
100. Striated Heron  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az,po  CN:u
     Butorides striatus
     
     
101. Green Heron  (Er) (ph)  _____
     Butorides virescens
     
     
102. Lava Heron  (Ge) (*)  _____ G  
     Butorides sundevalli
     
     Butorides sundevalli has also been called the Galapagos Heron.
     
     
103. Zigzag Heron  (nt) (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Zebrilus undulatus
     
     
     
     A Zigzag Heron
     (photo by Frank Stermitz)
     
     
104. Western Cattle Egret  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az,nm,si   BR:r  CN:u  JR:r
     Bubulcus ibis
     
     The Western Cattle Egret is in parts of Europe and Africa, and now in much of the Americas. The Eastern Cattle Egret, Ibis coromandus, is in eastern Asia. 
     
     
105. Agami Heron  (t3) (*) (ph)  _____ E,az  
     Agamia agami
     
     Agamia agami has also been called the Chestnut-bellied Heron. 
     
     
106. Capped Heron  (ph)  _____
     Pilherodius pileatus 
     
     
107. Black-crowned Night-Heron  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E
     Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli
     
     
108. Yellow-crowned Night-Heron  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
     Nyctanassa violacea
     
     
109. Boat-billed Heron  (*) (ph)   ______ E,az
     Cochlearius c. cochlearius 
     
     
110. Rufescent Tiger Heron  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az
     Tigrisoma lineatum
     
     
111. Fasciated Tiger Heron  (nt)  _____  E,si   BR:r  CN:r
     Tigrisoma fasciatum
     
     
112. Pinnated Bittern  (*) (ph)  _____
     Botaurus pinnatus 
     
     The Pinnated Bittern has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
113. Least Bittern  (*) (ph)   _____ E
     Ixobrychus exilis 
     
     
114. Stripe-backed Bittern  (Er)  ______
     Ixobrychus involucris
     
     
     TROPICBIRD, FRIGATEBIRDS, PELICANS, BOOBIES
     
     
115. Red-billed Tropicbird  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
     Phaethon aethereus 
     
     
116. Magnificent Frigatebird  (*) (ph)   _____ G,W  CN:vr
     Fregata magnificens
     
     
     
     A female Magnificent Frigatebird 
     photographed during the FONT tour
     in Ecuador in July 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)  
     
     
117. Great Frigatebird  (*)  _____ G
     Fregata minor  
     
     
118. Brown Pelican  (*) (ph)   _____ G,W
     Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi
     
     
119. Peruvian Pelican  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Pelecanus thagus
     
     
120. Peruvian Booby  _____
     Sula variegata 
     
     The Peruvian Booby has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
121. Blue-footed Booby (*) (ph)   _____ G,W
     Sula nebouxii
     
     
     
     Above: Blue-footed Boobies diving and feeding. 
     Photographed from shore during the FONT Ecuador Tour in May 2014.   
     Below: the blue feet of Blue-footed Boobies 
     photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in July 2013 
     on the island Isla de la Plata off the west coast of Ecuador 
     (both photos by Marie Gardner)
     
     
     
     
     
122. Nazca Booby  (*) (ph)   _____ G,W 
     Sula granti 
     
     The Nazca Booby was part of the Masked Booby.
     
     
     
     A Nazca Booby during the FONT tour in Ecuador in July 2013,
     on the offshore island of Isla de la Plata,
     one of the few places where the species nests.
     
     Below: During another, previous FONT tour an adult Nazca Booby 
     with its large chick, in the Galapagos Islands, another nesting location. 
     
     
     
     
     
123. Red-footed Booby  (*) (ph)   _____ G,W
     Sula sula
     
     
124. Brown Booby  (Er) (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Sula leucogaster
     
     
     CORMORANTS, ANHINGA
     
     
125. Neotropic Cormorant  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az  CN:r
     Phalacrocorax brasilianus
     
     
126. Flightless Cormorant  (t2) (Ge) (*)  _____ G 
     Phalacrocorax harrisi
     
     Phalacrocorax harrisi has also been called the Galapagos Cormorant.
     
     
127. Guanay  Shag  (nt)  _____  
     Phalacrocorax bougainvillii
     
     Phalacrocorax bougainvillii is also called the Guanay Cormorant. It has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
128. Anhinga  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Anhinga anhinga 
     
     
     RAPTORS
     
     
129. Andean Condor (*) (ph)   _____ H,cu
     Vultur gryphus 
     
     The Andean Condor has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.  
     
     
     
     An Andean Condor in flight, photographed during the FONT tour
     in Ecuador in April 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
130. King Vulture (*) (ph)   _____ E,az    BR:vr  CN:u  JR:u
     Sarcoramphus papa
     
     
131. Black Vulture (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az,nm,po,si   BR:c  CN:fc  CP:fc  JR:c  UR:fc  TR:u
     Coragyps atratus
     
     
132. Turkey Vulture (*) (ph)   _____ W,Eaz,nm,po   BR:c  CN:fc  CP:c  JR:fc  UR:c  TR:u
     Cathartes aura
     
     
133. Greater Yellow-headed Vulture (*)  _____ E,az
     Cathartes melambrotus
     
     
134. Pearl Kite (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Gampsonyx swainsonii
     
     
     
     A Pearl Kite photographed during the FONT tour
     in Ecuador in July 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner) 
     
     
135. White-tailed Kite  (*) (ph) _____  E,si
     Elanus leucurus
     
     
136. Gray-headed Kite (*)  _____ W,E,nm   BR:r  CN:r
     Leptodon c. cayanensis
     
     
137. Swallow-tailed Kite (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az,nm,si   BR:fc  CN:fc  CP:fc  JR:fc  TR:u
     Elanoides forficatus yetapa
     
     
138. Hook-billed Kite (*)  _____ E,az,nm  CN:r
     Chondrohierax uncinatus
     
     
139. Double-toothed Kite (*)  _____ E,az,nm   BR:vr  CN:u  CP:vr
     Harpagus bidentatus
     
     
140. Rufous-thighed Kite  (Er)  ______
     Harpagus diodon
     
     
141. Plumbeous Kite (*)  _____ E,az,po   BR:u  CN:u
     Ictinia plumbea
     
     
142. Mississippi Kite  (Er)  ______
     Ictinia mississippiensis
     
     
143. Snail Kite (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az  CN:vr
     Rostrhamus sociabilis 
     
     The Snail Kite has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
144. Slender-billed Kite (*)  _____ E,az
     Heliocolestes (formerly Rostrhamus) hamatus
     
     
145. Bicolored Hawk  (*)  _____ W,E,si   BR:vr  CN:r  JR:r  TR:vr
     Accipiter bicolor
     
     
146. Gray-bellied Hawk  (nt)  _____
     Accipiter poliogaster
     
     
147. Tiny Hawk  (*)  _____ W,E,nm   BR:vr  CN:r  CP:vr
     Accipiter superciliosus
     
     
148. Plain-breasted Hawk  (*)  _____ W,H,E,nm,po,si   BR:r  TR:u  UR:fc  YR:fc
     Accipiter ventralis 
     
     
149. Semicollared Hawk  (nt) (*)  _____  E,si  TR:vr
     Accipiter collaris
     
     
150. Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle  (*) (ph)   _____ H,po   TR:r  UR:fc  YR:u
     Geranoaetus melanoleucus
     
     
151. Variable Hawk  (*) (ph)  _____ W,H,cu,po   BR:r  TR:r  UR:fc  YR:u 
     Geranoaetus polyosoma  (formerly Buteo polyosoma)
     
     The Variable Hawk includes the "Puna Hawk" and the "Red-backed Hawk".
     
     
     
     A Variable Hawk in flight, photographed during
     the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
152. Zone-tailed Hawk  (*) (ph)   _____ W   BR:vr  JR:u
     Buteo albonotatus
     
     
153. Swainson's Hawk  (*) (ph)   _____ E   BR:vr  CN:vr
     Buteo swainsoni
     
     
154. Short-tailed Hawk  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E   BR:u  CN:u  CP:vr  JR:u
     Buteo brachyurus
     
     
155. Broad-winged Hawk  (*)  _____ W,H,E,cu,si   BR:u  CN:u  TR:fc  UR:r
     Buteo platypterus
     
     
156. Roadside Hawk  (*) (ph)   _____ W,E,az,nm,po,si   BR:u  CN:u  CP:c  JR:r  UR:fc  TR:fc
     Rupornis magnirostris  (formerly Buteo magnirostris)
     
     
157. White-rumped Hawk  (*)  _____ E,si   TR:r  UR:r
     Buteo leucorrhous
     
     
158. White-throated Hawk  (*)  _____ E  TR:r  UR:r  YR:r
     Buteo albigula 
     
     The White-throated Hawk is the only Austral-Neotropical migrant, evidence has shown, to migrate over the dry Atacama Desert in Chile & Peru and then across the Equator in the northern Andes in Ecuador. 
     The species breeds in Argentina & Chile during the Austral summer.
     
     At one time, the Buteo albiguta was considered a race of the Short-tailed Hawk (above), Buteo brachyurus.    
     
     
159. Gray-lined Hawk  (*) (ph)  _____ W  BR:u  CN:r
     Buteo nitidus 
     
     The Gray-lined Hawk was conspecific with the Gray Hawk, Buteo plagiatus, from northern Central America north into the United States.
     
     
160. Galapagos Hawk  (t3) (Ge) (*)  _____ G
     Buteo galapagoensis
     
     
161. Bay-winged Hawk  (*) (ph)  _____ W  JR:fc  UR:r  
     Parabuteo unicinctus
     
     In North America, Parabuteo unicinctus is called the Harris' Hawk.  
     
     
162. Black-collared Hawk  (ph)  _____
     Busarellus nigricollis
     
     
163. Gray-backed Hawk  (t2) (*) (ph)  _____ W    BR:fc  CN:r  JR:u
     Pseudastur occidentalis  (was Leucopternis occidentalis)
     
     The Gray-backed Hawk, virtually an endemic in Ecuador, has been classified as an endangered species in the country. 
     
      
     
     Above & below: a Gray-backed Hawk photographed during 
     the FONT Ecuador Tour in July 2013.
     In the lower photo, the bird is about to take flight. 
     
     
     
     
     
164. White Hawk  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az  CP:u
     Pseudastur albicollis  (was Leucopternis albicollis)
     
     
165. Black-faced Hawk  (*)  _____ E,az
     Leucopternis melanops
     
     
166. Plumbeous Hawk  (nt) _____  CN:r
     Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea  (was Leucopternis plumbea) 
     
     The Plumbeous Hawk has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
     
     
167. Semiplumbeous Hawk  _____  CN:u
     Leucopternis semiplumbea 
     
     The Semiplumbeous Hawk has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
168. Barred Hawk  (*)  _____ W,E,nm,si   BR:u  CP:vr
     Morphnarchus princeps  (was Leucopternis princeps)
     
     Other names for Morphnarchus princeps have been the Black-chested Hawk and the Prince Hawk. 
     
     
169. Slate-colored Hawk  (*)  _____  E,az
     Buteogallus schistacea  (was Leucopternis schistacea)
     
     
170. Savanna Hawk  (*) (ph)  _____ W   BR:r  JR:u
     Buteogallus meridionalis
     
     
171. Great Black Hawk  (*) (ph)  _____ W   BR:r  CN:r
     Buteogallus urubitinga
     
     
172. Common Black Hawk  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Buteogallus anthracinus
     
     
173. Montane Solitary Eagle  (nt) (*)  _____  E,si   BR:vr  CP:vr  TR:vr
     Buteogallus solitarius  (was Harpyhaliaetus solitarius)
     
     The Montane Solitary Eagle has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
174. Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle  (*)  _____  E,si   CN:r
     Spizaetus melanoleucus  (was Spizastur melanoleucus)
     
     
175. Ornate Hawk-Eagle  (nt) (*) (ph) _____ W,E,az   BR:vr  CN:r
     Spizaetus ornatus
     
     
176. Black Hawk-Eagle  (*) _____ E,az,si   BR:r  CN:u
     Spizaetus tyrannus
     
     
177. Harpy Eagle  (nt) (*) (ph)  _____ E,az  CN:vr
     Harpia harpyja 
     
     The Harpy Eagle has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
178. Crested Eagle  (nt)  _____
     Morphnus guianensis 
     
     The Crested Eagle has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador. 
     
     
179. Black-and-Chestnut Eagle  (t3) (*) _____ W,E,nm,si   TR:r
     Oroaetus isidori  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus) 
     
     The Black-and-chestnut Eagle has been classified as vulnerable species in Ecuador. Its population in the country is thought to be a maximum of 200 mature individuals.  
     
     Oroaetus isidori has also been called the Isidor's Eagle.   
     
     
180. Cinereous Harrier  (*) (ph)  _____ H
     Circus cinereus  
     
     The Cinereous Harrier has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
181. Crane Hawk  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E   JR:r
     Geranospiza c. caerulescens  (subspecies in eastern Ecuador)
     Geranospiza caerulescens balzarensis  (subspecies in western Ecuador) 
     
     
182. Osprey  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az    BR:vr  CN:r
     Pandion haliaetus carolinensis
     
     
183. Laughing Falcon  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az   BR:u  CN:u  JR:u
     Herpetotheres c. cachinnans  (subspecies in eastern Ecuador)
     Herpetotheres cachinnans fulvescens  (subspecies in western Ecuador) 
     
     
184. Barred Forest Falcon  (*) _____ W,nm   BR:u  CN:u  CP:u
     Micrastur ruficollis
     
     
185. Lined Forest Falcon  (*) _____ E,az
     Micrastur gilvicollis 
     
     
186. Plumbeous Forest Falcon  (t3)  _____  CN:r
     Micrastur plumbeus 
     
     The Plumbeous Forest Falcon has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
187. Slaty-backed Forest Falcon  (*) _____ E
     Micrastur miraandollei
     
     
188. Collared Forest Falcon  (*)  _____  E,si  JR:r  CN:r  CP:u
     Micrastur semitorquatus
     
     
189. Buckley's Forest Falcon  _____
     Micrastur buckleyi
     
     
190. Black Caracara  (*) _____ E,az  CP:u
     Daptrius ater
     
     
191. Red-throated Caracara  (*) _____ E,az  CN:vr
     Ibycter americanus
     
     
192. Yellow-headed Caracara  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Milvago chimachima
     
     
193. Carunculated Caracara  (*) (ph)  _____  H,cu   YR:u
     Phalcoboenus carunculatus
     
     
     
     A Carunculated Caracara photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013 
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
194. Mountain Caracara  _____
     Phalacoboenus megalopterus
     
     
195. Northern Crested Caracara  (*) (ph)  _____ W   BR:u  JR:fc
     Caracara cheriway
     
     
196. Bat Falcon  (*) (ph)  _____  W,E,az   BR:r  CN:u  CP:vr  JR:r
     Falco rufigularis
     
     
     
     A Bat Falcon photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2014.
     During that tour, we saw a pair of Bat Falcons in the very same tree
     where we had see two the previous year, in April 2013.
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
197. Orange-breasted Falcon  (nt) (ph)   _____  E,si
     Falco deiroleucus
     
     The Orange-breasted Falcon has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.  
     
     
198. Aplomado Falcon  (*) (ph)  _____ W   YR:r
     Falco femoralis
     
     
199. Peregrine Falcon  (*) (ph)  _____  H,E,si   YR:r
     Falco peregrinus   
     
     The Peregrine Falcon has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.
     
     During a FONT tour in Ecuador, a Peregrine Falcon was seen at the monument at the Equator north of Quito. That bird was observed during that one sighting in both the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres.    
     
     
200. Merlin  (*) (ph)  _____ W,H,E,si
     Falco columbarius
     
     
201. American Kestrel  (*) (ph)  _____ W,H,E,nm,po,si   BR:r  TR:r  UR:r  YR:u
     Falco sparverius  
     
     
     TRUMPETER
     
     
202. Gray-winged Trumpeter  (*) _____ E,az
     Psophia crepitans 
     
     The Gray-winged Trumpeter has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
      
     
     LIMPKIN
     
     
203. Limpkin  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az
     Aramus guarauna
     
     
     RAILS, CRAKES, ALLIES
     
     
204. Ecuadorian Rail  (*)  _____  W,H    
     Rallus aequatorialis
     
     What is now the Ecuadorian Rail was part of the Virginia Rail of North America and Mexico.
     
     
205. Mangrove Rail  ______
     Rallus longirostris cypereti
     
     What is now the Mangrove Rail was part of the more-northerly Clapper Rail, now Rallus crepitans. 
     The Mangrove Rail has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
206. Blackish Rail  _____  TR:r
     Pardirallus nigricans
     
     
207. Plumbeous Rail  (*) _____ H
     Pardirallus sanguinolentus
     
     
208. Spotted Rail  (*)  _____  W
     Pardirallus maculatus  
     
     
209. Rufous-necked Wood Rail  _____   JR:u
     Aramides axillaris 
     
     The Rufous-necked Wood Rail has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
     
     
210. Brown Wood Rail  (t3)  _____  CN:r
     Aramides wolfi 
     
     The Brown Wood Rail has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.
     
     
211. Gray-necked Wood-Rail  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Aramides calopterus
     
     
212. Red-winged Wood Rail  _____
     Aramides calopterus 
     
     
213. White-throated Crake  (*) _____ W   BR:fc  CN:fc
     Laterallus albigularis
     
     
214. Rufous-sided Crake  _____
     Laterallus melanophaius
     
     
215. Black-banded Crake  _____
     Laterallus fasciatus
     
     
216. Russet-crowned Crake  _____
     Laterallus viridis
     
     
217. Galapagos Rail  (t3) (Ge)  _____
     Laterallus spilonotus
     
     
218. Chestnut-headed Crake  (*) _____ E
     Anurolimnas castaneiceps
     
     
219. Gray-breasted Crake  (*) _____
     Laterallus exilis
     
     
220. Uniform Crake  _____
     Amaurolimnas concolor
     
     
221. Sora  _____  CR:r
     Porzana carolina 
     
     
222. Yellow-breasted Crake  ______
     Porzana flaviventer
     
     
223. Paint-billed Crake  _____  CN:r
     Neocrex erythrops
     
     
224. Colombian Crake  _____  CN:r
     Neocrex colombianus
     
     
225. Andean Coot  (*) _____ H,cu  
     Fulica ardesiaca
     
     Fulica ardesiaca has been called the Slate-colored Coot.
     
     
226. American Coot  (Er)  ______
     Fulica americana 
     
     The American Coot has been classified as an extirpated species in Ecuador. 
     
     
227. Common Gallinule  (*) (ph)  _____ W 
     Gallinula galeata
     
     
228. Purple Gallinule  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az
     Porphyrula martinica
     
     
     
     Above: an adult Purple Gallinule during 
     the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2014. 
     Below: a very young bird at the same place and time.
     Hard to believe that what is below will evolve 
     to what is above.  (photos by Marie Gardner) 
     
     
     
     
     
229. Azure Gallinule  (*) _____ E,az
     Porphyrula flavirostris
     
     
230. Sunbittern  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,nm   BR:vr  CN:r
     Eurypyga helias
     
     
231. Sungrebe  (ph)  _____
     Heliornis fulica
     
     
     SHOREBIRDS
     
     
232. Wattled Jacana  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az
     Jacana jacana
     
     
233. Peruvian Thick-knee  _____   JR:vr
     Burhinus superciliaris  
     
     The Peruvian Thick-knee has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
234. American Oystercatcher  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Haematopus palliatus
     
     
235. Southern Lapwing  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Vanellus chilensis cayennensis
     
     
236. Pied Plover  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az
     Hoploxypterus (has been Vanellus) cayanus  
     
     The Pied Plover has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
237. Andean Lapwing  (*) ______ H   YR:vr
     Vanellus resplendens
     
     
238. Killdeer  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Charadrius vociferus
     
     
239. Black-bellied Plover  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W,E,az 
     Pluvialis squatarola
     
     Pluvialis squatarola is called, in the Old World, the Grey Plover.
     
     
240. American Golden Plover  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
     Pluvialis dominica
     
     
241. Pacific Golden Plover  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Pluvialis fulva
     
     
242. Snowy Plover  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Charadrius nivosus occidentalis
     
     
243. Wilson's Plover  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Charadrius wilsonia beldingi
     
     
244. Semipalmated Plover  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Charadrius semipalmatus 
     
     
245. Collared Plover  (*) _____ W,E,az
     Charadrius collaris  (monotypic)
     
     
246. Piping Plover  (nt) (Er) (ph)  _____
     Charadrius melodus
     
     The Piping Plover has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
247. Tawny-throated Dotterel  (Er)  _____
     Oreopholus ruficollis
     
     The Tawny-throated Dotterel has been classified as an extirpated species in Ecuador.
     
     
248. Ruddy Turnstone  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
     Arenaria interpres
     
     
249. Surfbird  _____
     Aphriza virgata
     
     
250. Solitary Sandpiper  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az  CN:r
     Tringa solitaria
     
     
251. Lesser Yellowlegs  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az
     Tringa flavipes
     
     
252. Greater Yellowlegs  (*)  _____ W,E,az
     Tringa melanoleuca
     
     
253. Spotted Sandpiper  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az,cu,nm   BR:vr  CN:u  JR:u  TR:r
     Actitis macularia
     
     
254. Wandering Tattler  (*) _____ G
     Heteroscelus incanus
     
     
255. Willet  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Tringa (formerly Catoptrophorus) semipalmatus
     
     
256. Upland Sandpiper  _____  E,si   TR:r  YR:r
     Bartramia longicauda
     
     
257. Red Knot  (*) (ph)  _____ G
     Calidris canutus
     
     
258. White-rumped Sandpiper  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Calidris fuscicollis
     
     
259. Least Sandpiper  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
     Calidris minutilla
     
     
260. Baird's Sandpiper  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,si   TR:r  YRvr
     Calidris bairdii
     
     
261. Western Sandpiper  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Calidris mauri
     
     
262. Semipalmated Sandpiper  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Calidris pusilla
     
     
263. Pectoral Sandpiper  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Calidris melanotos
     
     
264. Sanderling  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
     Calidris alba
     
     
265. Dunlin  (ph)  ______
     Calidris alpina
     
     
266. Curlew Sandpiper  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Calidris ferruginea
     
     
267. Stilt Sandpiper  (ph)  _____  TR:vr
     Calidris (formerly Micropalama) himantopus
     
     
268. Buff-breasted Sandpiper  (nt) (ph)   _____
     Tryngites subruficollis
     
     The Buff-breasted Sandpiper has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
     
     
269. Short-billed Dowitcher  (*) (ph)  _____ W 
     Limnodromus griseus
     
     
270. Long-billed Dowitcher  (Er)  ______
     Limnodromus scolopaceus
     
     A Long-billed Dowitcher at Lago San Pablo in Imbabura province, found on March 3, 2012, was the first confirmed field sighting of the species in Ecuador.
     Prior to that, specimens were collected in Canar province on October 9, 1896 and in Chimborazo province on December 14, 1929.  
     
     
271. Whimbrel  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
     Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus
     
     
272. Hudsonian Godwit  (ph)  _____
     Limosa haemastica 
     
     The Hudsonian Godwit has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
273. Marbled Godwit  (ph)  ______
     Limosa fedoa
     
     11 Marbled Godwits were at Bahia de Caraquez on September 22, 2012.
     
     
274. South American Snipe  (ph)  _____  E,si
     Gallinago paraguaiae
     
     
275. Wilson's Snipe  (Er)  ______
     Gallinago delicata
     
     A Wilson's Snipe was at San Pedro on March 10, 2013.
     
     
276. Noble Snipe  (*) _____ H  (has also been called Paramo Snipe)
     Gallinago nobilis  (monotypic)
     
     
277. Andean Snipe  _____   TR:fc  YR:fc
     Gallinago jamesoni
     
     
278. Imperial Snipe  (nt)  _____   TR:u  YR:u
     Gallinago imperialis
     
     
279. Puna Snipe  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Gallinago andina
     
     
280. Black-necked Stilt  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W
     Himantopus mexicanus
     
     
281. American Avocet  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Recurvirostra americana 
     
     
282. Wilson's Phalarope  (*) _____ W,H
     Phalaropus tricolor
     
     
283. Red-necked Phalarope  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Phalaropus lobatus
     
     
284. Red Phalarope  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Phalaropus fulicaria
     
     
285. Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe  (*) _____ H
     Attagis gayi
     
     
286. Least Seedsnipe  (ph)   _____
     Thinocorus rumicivorus 
     
     The Least Seedsnipe has been classified as an extirpated species in Ecuador. 
     
     
     SKUAS, GULLS, TERNS, SKIMMER
     
     
287. Pomarine Skua  (ph)   _____
     Stercorarius pomarinus
     
     
288. Parasitic Jaeger  (ph)   _____  
     Stercorarius parasiticus
     
     Stercorarius parasiticus is called, in the Old World, the Arctic Skua.
     
     
289. Long-tailed Jaeger  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Stercorarius longicaudus  
     
     
290. Chilean Skua  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Stercorarius chilensis
     
     
291. South Polar Skua  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Stercorarius maccormicki
     
     
292. Kelp Gull  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Larus dominicanus
     
     
293. Herring Gull  (Er)  ______
     Larus argentatus smithsonianus
     
     
294. Lesser Black-backed Gull  (Er) (ph)  _____
     Larus fuscus
     
     
295. Ring-billed Gull  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Larus delawarensis
     
     
296. California Gull  (Er) (ph)  _____
     Larus californicus
     
     
297. Belcher's Gull  (Er)  ______
     Larus belcheri 
     
     
298. Gray-hooded Gull  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Chroicocephalus (formerly Larus) c. cirrocephalus
     
     
     
     A Gray-hooded Gull photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour
     in May 2014  (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
299. Andean Gull  (*) (ph)  _____  H,cu
     Chroicocephalus (formerly Larus) serranus
     
     
     
     An Andean Gull photographed during the FONT tour
     in Ecuador in April 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
300. Gray Gull  (*) (ph)  _____  W
     Leucophaeus (formerly Larus) modestus
     
     
301. Lava Gull  (t3) (Ge) (*) _____  G
     Leucophaeus (formerly Larus) fuliginosus  (monotypic) 
     
     
302. Franklin's Gull  (*) (ph)  _____ G  CN:vr
     Leucophaeus (formerly Larus) pipixcan  (monotypic)
     
     
303. Laughing Gull  (*) (ph)  _____  W
     Leucophaeus (formerly Larus) atricilla  (monotypic)
     
     
304. Sabine's Gull  (ph)   _____
     Xema sabina  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus)
     
     
305. Swallow-tailed Gull  (*) (ph)  _____ G
     Creagrus furcatus  (monotypic, and the single member of its genus) 
     
     
     
     Swallow-tailed Gull
     
     
306. Gull-billed Tern  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Gelochelidon (formerly Sterna) nilotica
     
     
307. Large-billed Tern  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Phaetusa simplex 
     
     The Large-billed Tern has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
     
     
308. Yellow-billed Tern  (*) _____ E,az  
     Sternula superciliaris
     
     Another name for Sternula superciliaris has been the Amazon Tern.
     
     
309. Peruvian Tern  (t2)  _____
     Sternula lorata 
     
     The Peruvian Tern has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
310. Least Tern  (Er)  ______
     Sternula antillarum
     
     
311. Caspian Tern  (Er)  ______
     Hydroprogne (formerly Sterna) caspia
     
     
312. Royal Tern  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Thalasseus (formerly Sterna) maxima
     
     
313. Elegant Tern  (nt) (ph)  _____
     Thalasseus (formerly Sterna) elegans 
     
     The Elegant Tern has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
314. Sandwich Tern  (*) (ph)  _____ W
     Thalasseus (formerly Sterna) sandvicensis acuflavida
     
     
315. Common Tern  (*) _____ W
     Sterna hirunda 
     
     A Common Tern at Lago San Pedro on December 11, 2012 was said to be the first highland record for Ecuador.
     There was one previous record known for the Rio Napo.
     
     
316. Arctic Tern  (ph)  _____
     Sterna paradisaea
     
     
317. South American Tern  (Er) (ph)  ______
     Sterna hirundinacea
     
     
318. Bridled Tern  (ph)  _____
     Onychoprion (formerly Sterna) anaethetus 
     
     The Bridled Tern has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador. 
     
     
319. Black Tern  (ph)   _____
     Chlidonias niger
     
     
320. Inca Tern  (ph)  _____
     Larosterna inca
     
     
321. Brown Noddy  (*) _____ G
     Anous stolidus
     
     
322. Black Skimmer  (*) (ph) _____ E,az
     Rynchops niger 
     
     The Black Skimmer has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
     
     
     PIGEONS, DOVES 
     
     
323. Galapagos Dove  (Ge) (*) _____ G
     Zenaida galapagoensis
     
     
324. Feral Pigeon (i) (*) _____ W,H,E
     Columba livia
     
     
325. Band-tailed Pigeon  (*) (ph)  _____ W,H,E,cu,nm,po,si   BR:u  TR:c  UR:fc  YR:fc
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) fasciata
     
     
326. Scaled Pigeon  _____
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) speciosa
     
     
327. Pale-vented Pigeon  (*) _____ W,E,az  CN:u  CP:c
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) c. cayennensis  (subspecies in eastern Ecuador)
     Patagioenas cayennensis occidentalis  (subspecies in western Ecuador)
     
     
328. Ruddy Pigeon  (t3) (*) _____ W,E,az,nm   BR:r  CN:fc  CP:u  TR:u
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) subvinacea
     
     
329. Plumbeous Pigeon  (*)  _____ W,E,az,nm   BR:u
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) plumbea
     
     
330. Dusky Pigeon  _____  CR:c
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) goodsoni
     
     
331. Peruvian Pigeon  (t3)  ______
     Patagioenas (formerly Columba) oenops
     
     The Peruvian Pigeon has recently been found in Ecuador. The largest population of this vulnerable species is in the Peruvian side of the Maranon valley.
     Patagioenas oenops has been classified as a vulnerable species, both globally and in Ecuador. ;  
     
     Another name for Patagioenas oenops has been the Maranon Pigeon.  
     
     
332. Eared Dove  (*) (ph)  _____ H,cu,nm,po   BR:r  JR:fc  UR:fc  YR:u
     Zenaida auriculata
     
     
333. West Peruvian Dove  (*) _____ W    
     Zenaida meloda 
     
     What is now the West Peruvian Dove was part of the White-winged Dove of North and Central America. 
     
     
334. Common Ground Dove  (*) (ph)  _____ H
     Columbina passerina quitensis
     
     
335. Plain-breasted Ground Dove  (*) _____ W
     Columbina minuta
     
     
336. Ruddy Ground Dove  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Columbina talpacoti
     
     
337. Ecuadorian Ground Dove  (*) _____ W   BR:u  CN:u
     Columbina buckleyi
     
     
338. Croaking Ground Dove  (*) _____ W,cu,po   JR:u
     Columbina cruziana  (monotypic)
     
     
339. Black-winged Ground Dove  (*) _____ H
     Metriopelia melanoptera
     
     
340. Blue Ground Dove  (*) _____ W,E,az   BR:r  CN:r
     Claravis pretiosa
     
     
341. Maroon-chested Ground Dove  _____  E,si   TR:r
     Claravis mondetoura
     
     
342. White-tipped Dove  (*) _____ W,H,E,az,nm   BR:fc  CN:r  JR:c  UR:c  YR:r
     Leptotila verrreauxi
     
     
343. Pallid Dove  (*) _____ W   BR:u  CN:u
     Leptotila pallida
     
     
344. Gray-fronted Dove  (*) _____ E,az  CP:c
     Leptotila rufaxilla
     
     
345. Ochre-bellied Dove  (t3) (*)  _____   BR:r  UR:r  JR:u
     Leptotila ochraceiventris
     
     The Ochre-bellied Dove has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.
     
     
346. Sapphire Quail-Dove  (t3) (*) _____ E,az
     Geotrygon saphirina
     
     
347. Indigo-crowned Quail-Dove  _____  CN:u
     Geotrygon purpurata 
     
     The Indigo-crowned Quail-Dove has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
348. Olive-backed Quail-Dove  _____  CN:r
     Geotrygon veraguensis 
     
     The Olive-backed Quail-Dove has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
     
     
349. White-throated Quail-Dove  (*) (ph)  _____  W,E,nm,po,si   BR:u  JR:fc(at higher elevation)  TR:u  UR:fc  YR:u
     Geotrygon frenata 
     
     
     
     A White-throated Quail-Dove photographed during 
     the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)   
     
     
350. Ruddy Quail-Dove  (*) _____ E,az   BR:vr  CN:r
     Geotrygon m. montana
     
     
351. Violaceous Quail-Dove  (Er)  _____
     Geotrygon violacea
     
     
     MACAWS, PARAKEETS, PARROTS
     
     
352. Blue-and-Yellow Macaw  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Ara ararauna
     
     
     
     Blue-and-yellow Macaws photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
353. Military Macaw  (t3)  _____  CP:vr
     Ara m. militaris 
     
     The Military Macaw has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
354. Great Green Macaw  (t3) (ph)  _____  CN:r  
     Ara ambigua
     
     Another name for Ara ambigua is the Buffon's Macaw.
     
     By whatever name, Ara ambigua has been classified as a critically endangered species in Ecuador.
     
     
     
     A Great Green Macaw in a mural on the side of a building,
     photographed at the Cerro Blanco Reserve in western Ecuador,
     during the FONT tour there in May 2014.  
     
     
355. Scarlet Macaw  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Ara m. macao
     
     
356. Red-and-green Macaw  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Ara chloroptera  (monotypic) 
     
     The Red-and-green Macaw has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
     
     Red-and-Green Macaws
     
     
357. Chestnut-fronted Macaw  (*) _____ E,az
     Ara severa castaneifrons
     
     
358. Red-bellied Macaw  (*) _____ E,az
     Orthopsittaca (formerly Ara) manilata
     
     
359. White-eyed Parakeet  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az  CP:u  TR:u
     Psittacara (formerly Aratinga) leucophthalmus callogenys
     
     
360. Scarlet-fronted Parakeet  (*) _____ W   
     Psittacara (formerly Aratinga) wagleri 
     
     Psittacara wagleri has also been called the Red-fronted Parakeet.
     
     
361. Red-masked Parakeet  (nt) (*) (ph)  _____ W   BR:fc  JR:fc
     Psittacara (formerly Aratinga) erythrogenys  (monotypic) 
     
     The Red-masked Parakeet has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador. 
     
     
     
     A Red-masked Parakeet photographed during 
     the FONT tour in Ecuador in July 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
362. Dusky-headed Parakeet  (*) _____ E,az
     Aratinga weddellii  (monotypic)
     
     
363. Golden-plumed Parakeet  (t3) (*)   _____  TR:u
     Leptosittaca branickii 
     
     The Golden-plumed Parakeet has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador. 
     
     
364. Yellow-eared Parrot  (t1)  _____
     Ognorhynchus icterotis 
     
     The critically endangered Yellow-eared Parrot is now apparently extinct in Ecuador. Only a tiny hope exists of relocating it in the country. 
     The Yellow-eared Parrot has been classified as a critically endangered species, globally and in Ecuador.
     
     
365. El Oro Parakeet  (t3) (Ee) (*) (ph)  _____ W   BR:u
     Pyrrhura orcesi 
     
     The El Oro Parakeet has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
     
     El Oro Parakeet
     
     
366. Maroon-tailed Parakeet  (*) _____ E,az  CR:fc
     Pyrrhura melanura 
     
     
367. White-breasted Parakeet  (t3) (Ee) (*) _____ E,po   CP:u  TR:r  
     Pyrrhura albipectus
     
     Pyrrhura albipectus has also been called the White-necked Parakeet. It has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. Endemic to the county, it may now be classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.  
     
     
368. Barred Parakeet  (*) _____ W,E,nm,si   TR:u
     Bolborhynchus lineola
     
     
369. Blue-winged Parrotlet  (*) _____ E,az
     Forpus xanthopterygius
     
     
370. Pacific Parrotlet  (*) (ph)  _____  W,po   BR:u  CN:u  JR:c
     Forpus coelestis
     
     
     
     A Pacific Parrotlet photographed during
     the FONT Ecuador Tour in July 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)  
     
     
371. Dusky-billed Parrotlet  (*)   _____  E,az  
     Forpus s. sclateri
     
     Forpus sclateri has also been called the Sclater's Parrotlet.
     
     
372. Gray-cheeked Parakeet  (t2) (*) _____ W   BR:u  JR:c
     Brotogeris pyrrhopterus
     
     The Gray-cheeked Parakeet has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador, but it may now be either vulnerable or endangered in the country.    
     
     
373. Cobalt-winged Parakeet  (*) _____ E,az
     Brotogeris cyanoptera
     
     
374. Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet  _____
     Touit purpurata 
     
     
375. Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet  (t3)  _____
     Touit huetii
     
     
376. Blue-fronted Parrotlet  _____   BR:r  CN:r
     Touit dilectissima
     
     The Blue-fronted Parrotlet has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
     
     
377. Spot-winged Parrotlet  (t3)  _____
     Touit stictoptera 
     
     The Spot-winged Parrotlet has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.  
     
     
378. Black-headed Parrot  (*) _____ E,az  (has also been called Black-headed Caique)
     Pionites melanocephala
     
     
379. Rose-faced Parrot  _____   BR:r  CN:fc  (has also been called Beautiful Parrot)
     Pionopsitta pulchra
     
     
380. Saffron-headed Parrot  (t3) _____  CN:vr
     Pionopsitta pyrilia  (monotypic)
     
     
381. Orange-cheeked Parrot  (nt) (*) _____ E,az 
     Pyrilia (or Pionopsitta) barrabandi
     
     Pyrilia barrabandi has also been called the Barraband's Parrot.
     
     
382. Red-faced Parrot  (t3) (*) _____ H,po
     Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops
     
     The Red-faced Parrot has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.
     
     
383. Short-tailed Parrot  _____
     Graydidasculus brachyurus
     
     
384. Blue-headed Parrot  (*) _____ W,E,az  CR:fc
     Pionus menstruus 
     
     
385. Red-billed Parrot  (*) _____ W,E,nm,si   TR:fc
     Pionus sordidus
     
     
386. Speckle-faced Parrot  (*)  ______  E,si  TR:fc  YR:vr   
     Pionus tumultuosus
     
     The Speckle-faced Parrot includes the "White-capped Parrot", Pionus tumultuosus seniloides.
     
     Pionus tumultuosus has also been called the Plum-crowned Parrot. 
     
     
387. Bronze-winged Parrot  (*) _____ W,mn   BR:c  CN:fc
     Pionus chalcopterus
     
     
388. Red-lored Amazon  (*) _____ W  CN:vr
     Amazona autumnalis lilacina
     
     The subspecies Amazona autumnalis lilacina in western Ecuador is by some called the Lilacine Amazon.   
     
     Amazona autumnalis lilacina has been classified as vulnerable in Ecuador.
     
     
389. Festive Amazon  _____
     Amazona festiva
     
     
390. Yellow-crowned Amazon  (*) _____ E,az
     Amazona ochrocephala
     
     
391. Orange-winged Amazon  (*) _____ E,az
     Amazona amazonica
     
     
392. Scaly-naped Amazon  (*) _____ W,E,nm,si   TR:fc
     Amazona mercenaria
     
     
393. Mealy Amazon  (*) _____ E,az  CN:fc
     Amazona farinosa
     
     
394. Red-fan Parrot  (ph)  _____
     Deroptyus accitrinus
     
     
     HOATZIN
     
     
395. Hoatzin  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Opisthocomus hoazin
     
     
     CUCKOOS
     
     
396. Black-billed Cuckoo  (*) _____ W   BR:r  CP:vr  JR:r
     Coccyzus erythropthalmus
     
     
397. Yellow-billed Cuckoo  (*) _____ W,E,si
     Coccyzus americanus
     
     
398. Pearly-breasted Cuckoo  _____
     Coccyzus euleri
     
     
399. Dark-billed Cuckoo  (*) _____ G,W
     Coccyzus melacoryphus
     
     
400. Gray-capped Cuckoo  _____   JR:r
     Coccyzus lansbergi
     
     
401. Squirrel Cuckoo  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az,nm,po,si   BR:fc  CN:fc  CP:fc  JR:u  TR:u
     Piaya cayana
     
     
402. Black-bellied Cuckoo  (*) _____ E
     Piaya melanogaster
     
     
403. Little Cuckoo  (*) _____ W,E   BR:u  CN:u  CP:vr
     Coccycua minuta
     
     
404. Dwarf Cuckoo  (Er)  ______
     Coccycua pumila
     
     A Dwarf Cuckoo at Las Penas, in Esmeraldas province, on December 12, 2012 was said to be the first record for Ecuador.  
     
     
405. Greater Ani  (*) _____ E,az
     Crotophaga major
     
     
406. Smooth-billed Ani  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az,nm,po   CN:u  CP:c  TR:u
     Crotophaga ani
     
     
407. Groove-billed Ani  (*) (ph)  _____ G,W,po   BR:u  JR:c
     Crotophaga sulcirostris
     
     
408. Striped Cuckoo (*) _____ W,nm   BR:r  CN:u  UR:r  JR:r
     Tapera naevia
     
     
409. Pheasant Cuckoo  _____
     Dromococcys phasianellus
     
     
410. Pavonine Cuckoo  (*) _____ E
     Dromococcys pavoninus
     
     
411. Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo  _____
     Neomorphus geoffroyi
     
     
412. Red-billed Ground Cuckoo  (Er)  ______
     Neomorphus pucheranii
     
     
413. Banded Ground Cuckoo  (t3)  _____  CN:r
     Neomorphus radiolosus 
     
     The Banded Ground Cuckoo has been classified as an endangered species in Ecuador.
     
     
     OWLS
     
     
414. American Barn Owl  (*) (ph)  _____  E,si   JRr  
     Tyto furcata 
     
     The American Barn Owl has been part of the Barn Owl of Eurasia & Africa, Tyto alba.
     But Tyto furcata is a heavier bird, with a larger and stouter head and body, and with much more powerful talons. 
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Tyto furcata contempta  ______  (subspecies in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; the male has a much longer wing than the female, 312mm for the male & 291 mm for the female)
     
     
415. Galapagos Barn Owl  (*)  ______  G  (considered distinct from the American Barn Owl) 
     Tyto punctatissima 
     
     
416. Tropical Screech Owl  (*) (ph)  _____ E
     Megascops (formerly Otus) choliba 
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Megascops choliba crucigerus  ______  (subspecies in eastern Ecuador, and north in eastern Colombia & south in eastern Peru) 
     
     Three morphs of the Tropical Screech Owl are known: gray-brown, red, brown.
     
     
417. Choco Screech Owl  ______  BR:r  CN:u
     Megascops (formerly Otus) cenralis
     
     The Choco Screech Owl occurs in lowland humid forests in western Ecuador and western Colombia. As its common name suggests, much of its range is in the region of the Choco.
     
     In the past, the Choco Screech Owl has been part of the Vermiculated Screech Owl, Megascops vermiculatus, that ranges into Central America, and the Roraiman Screech Owl, Megascops roraimae, of Venezuela, northern Brazil, and the Guianas.  
     These 3 species of Screech Owls (Choco, Vermiculated, Roraiman) are very similar to each other in appearance, but are easily separated by their voice.
     Megascops roraimae has been called the Foothill Screech Owl, with a range extending west into Ecuador.
     Megascops vermiculatus has been called the Middle American Screech Owl, and it included what is now the Guatemalan Screech Owl, Megascops guatemaiae.
     Some have still considered the Choco Screech Owl as part of the Vermiculated Screech Owl that occurs in western Colombia. Others inexplicably do not include the Choco Screech Owl in literature as either a species or a subspecies. It is not, for example, as either in the "Owls of the World, A Photographic Guide", by Heimo Mikkola (the source for much of the owl information in this list).            
     
     
418. Peruvian Screech Owl  (*)  _____   JR:fc  UR:r
     Megascops (formerly Otus) roboratus  (monotypic)
     
     The Peruvian Screech Owl occurs only in southern Ecuador & northern Peru. It is locally uncommon to rare due to habitat destruction as it is dependent upon trees with holes for nesting.
     
     The Peruvian Screech Owl gives a long, somewhat undulating trill with equally spaced notes, beginning softly but increasing steadily to a higher volume.
     
     
419. Tumbes Screech Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  W
     Megascops pacificus  (monotypic)
     
     The Tumbes Screech Owl was considered a subspecies of the Peruvian Screech Owl, but it has been separated on the basis of morphology and vocalization.
     More molecular and biological study is needed. The "split" has been thought by some to be premature.  
     
     The Tumbes Screech Owl is mostly in lowlands below 500 meters above sea level. It is often near human settlements.
     
     The Tumbes Screech Owl gives a rapid purring trill that lasts some 1.5 to 2 seconds, with a slight downward inflection.  
     
       
     
     Close to a tree trunk and behind leaves and branches, 
     a Tumbes Screech Owl, roosting during the day,
     photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in July 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner) 
     
     
420. Rufescent Screech Owl  _____   TR:r
     Megascops (formerly Otus) ingens
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Megascops ingens ingens  ______  (subspecies on east slope of the Andes)
     The other subspecies is in Colombia & Venezuela.
     
     
421. Colombian Screech Owl  (nt)  ______
     Megascops colombianus  (monotypic)
     
     The Colombian Screech Owl has been considered conspecific with the Rufescent Screech Owl. Further research is still needed, but Megascops colombianus is generally regarded as a full species.
     
     The Colombian Screech Owl occurs in northern Ecuador, and in Colombia, only on the western slope of the Andes between 1300 & 2100 meters above sea level.   
     
     
422. Cinnamon Screech Owl  _____  (species described in 1986)
     Megascops (formerly Otus) petersoni  (monotypic)
     
     The Cinnamon Screech Owl occurs in southern Ecuador & northern Peru, on forested eastern foothills of the Andes. 
     It lives in moist cloud forests rich in epiphytic plants and mosses, from 1700 to 2500 meters above sea level.
     
     The Cinnamon Screech Owl may be closely related to the Cloud Forest Screech Owl, Megascops marshalli of Peru & Bolivia, rather than the Rufescent or Colombian Screech Owls as previously thought. 
     At one time, Megascops petersoni was considered a subspecies of the Cloud Forest Screech Owl, that was described in 1981.  
     
     
423. Tawny-bellied Screech Owl  _____ 
     Megascops (formerly Otus) w. watsonii
     
     Megascops w. watsonii, in Ecuador, is said by some to the Northern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl, Megascops watsonii.
     The Southern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl is further east, in Brazil, south of the Amazon River. For it, the scientific name is Megascops usta. If split, both of the Tawny-bellied Screech Owls are monotypic.      
     
     
424. Rio Napo Screech Owl  (*)  ______  E,az
     Megascops (formerly Otus) napensis
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Megascops napensis napensis  ______  (subspecies in eastern Ecuador & eastern Colombia, in dense rainforest between 250 & 1500 meters above sea level)
     Other subspecies are in Peru & Bolivia.
     
     The Rio Napo Screech Owl in its call has a single phrase that lasts only 7 to 10 seconds.
     
     The Northern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl also lives in dense primary rainforest, but at a lower elevation.      
     
     
425. White-throated Screech Owl  _____  E,si   JR:r(at higher elevation)  TR:u  UR:u
     Megascops (formerly Otus) albogularis
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Megascops albogularis albogularis  ______  (subspecies in the Andes in Ecuador & Colombia; in Ecuador it is fairly common on both slopes)
     There are 3 other subspecies in Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia.
     
     The White-throated Screech Owl occurs from 1300 to 3600 meters above sea level, but mostly between 2000 & 3000 meters.   
     
     
426. Great Horned Owl  (ph)  _____   YR:r
     Bubo virginianus 
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Bubo virginianus nigrescrens  (subspecies in Ecuador & Colombia; the darkest of the many subspecies) 
     
     
427. Crested Owl  (*) _____ E,az   BR:vr  CN:r
     Lophostrix cristata
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Lophostrix cristata cristata  ______  (subspecies east of the Andes from Suriname & Venezuela south to northern Bolivia) 
     
     
428. Spectacled Owl  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az   BR:u  CN:u  JR:u
     Pulsatrix perspicillata
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Pulsatrix perspicillata chapmani  ______  (subspecies from eastern Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     Pulsatrix perspicillata perspicillata  ______  (subspecies from northern Colombia, Venezuela, & Guianas south to eastern Peru & Brazil)   
     
     
429. Band-bellied Owl  (*) _____ E,si  CP:fc
     Pulsatrix melanota  (monotypic)
     
     Pulsatrix melanota generally inhabits dense and humid mountain forests between 700 & 1600 meters above sea level. But sometimes it is found in more open woodland and at lower elevations.
     
     The partly-overlapping Spectacled Owl has yellow eyes and no rusty bars on the belly.
     
     The Band-bellied Owl is said to give a short purring call followed by a sequence of 4 or 5 popping notes, with an emphasis on the 3rd note. Deep, muffled hoots have been recorded.     
     
     
430. Andean Pygmy Owl  (*) _____ W,H,E,nm,po,si   TR:r  YR:u
     Glaucidium jardinii  (monotypic)
     
     The Andean Pygmy Owl occurs from the Venezuelan and Colombian Andes south to north-central Peru. It was conspecific with the more-northerly Costa Rican Pygmy Owl, but it has been separated they differ considerably in vocalizations.
     Glaucidium jardinii is found in semi-open cloud and mountain forests, and in other humid woodlands from 900 to 4000 meters above sea level.
     
     The song of the Andean Pygmy Owl consists of two different phrases. 
     The first has four or five short, struttering trills, at 0.35 second intervals. 
     The second has 5 to 10 staccato notes in rapid succession, with 4 per second at 0.15 second intervals.  
     
     
431. Cloud Forest Pygmy Owl  (t3)  _____   BR:vr
     Glaucidium nubicola (monotypic)
     
     Glaucidium nubicola inhabits humid cloud forests on steep Andean slopes, from 1400 to 2000 meters above sea level.
     In Ecuador it has also been found in young secondary forest and forest edges with dense growth.  
     
     The Cloud Forest Pygmy Owl utters a long sequence of soft complets. 
     
     
432. Central American Pygmy Owl  (Er)  ______
     Glaucidium griseiceps
     
     Glaucidium griseiceps was first found in Ecuador in July 1990 northwest of Alto Tambo when 2 pairs were seen and tae-recorded.
     Subsequently the species was tape recorded in 1997 at Playa de Oro along the Rio Santiago, in low foothills.
     
     The Central American Pygmy Owl has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
433. Subtropical Pygmy Owl  _____  (described as a new species in 1995) 
     Glaucidium parkeri  (monotypic) 
     
     The Subtropical Pygmy Owl occurs on the eastern slopes of the Andes from southeastern Colombia to northern Bolivia in humid mountain forest and cloud forest with many epiphytes, mainly between 1450 & 1975 meters above sea level.   
     
     The Subtropical Pygmy Owl is notably smaller than the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl. The length of Glaucidium parkeri is 14 centimeters. That of Glaucidium brasilianum is 17 to 20 centimeters.  
     
     
434. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl  (*) (ph)  _____ E,az
     Glaucidium brasilianum
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Glaucidium brasilianum ucayalae  ______  (subspecies from southern Venezuela to Bolivia, also in Amazonian Brazil - in Ecuador in the east)
     
     
435. Pacific Pygmy Owl  (*) (ph)  _____  W,po   BR:r  JR:c  UR:r  (another name is the Peruvian Pygmy Owl, was part of the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl until 1991) 
     Glaucidium peruanum  (said to be monotypic, but populations of higher & lower altitudes may be different, as of yet undescribed subspecies. Those in lower elevations often have a crown with some spots and many elongated shaft-streaks)
     
     The Pacific Pygmy Owl inhabits riparian thickets, mesquite, semi-arid woodlands and bushlands with cacti and thorny shrubs, but it also occurs in city parks and in agricultural areas with trees.
     
     Glaucidium peruanum is only on the western side of the Andes, from western Ecuador south to northern Chile.
     Generally it is found in lowlands and up to 2400 meters above sea level. Locally, it can be higher, to 3000 meters. 
     
     
     
     A Pacific Pygmy Owl photographed during 
     the FONT tour in western Ecuador in July 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)  
     
     
436. Amazonian Pygmy Owl  ______  (described as a new species in 1990)
     Glaucidium hardyi  (monotypic)
     
     The Amazonian Pygmy Owl inhabits primary rainforest, where it lives in epiphyte-rich forest canopy. It occurs up to about 850 meters above sea level. Its geographic range includes eastern Ecuador.
     
     Glaucidium hardyi gives a melodious trill consisting of 10 to 30 fluted notes in a rapid staccato, with some 10 notes per second.   
     
     
437. Black-and-white Owl  _____   BR:u  CN:r
     Strix nigrolineata  (monotypic)
     
     The Black-and-white Owl inhabits rainforest and gallery forest, and swamps and flooded deciduous woodlands and mangroves from sea level to 2400 meters. It can be found not far from human habitation.
     
     The call of the Black-and-white Owl sometimes sounds like that of the Black-banded Owl (below). The two will respond to one another's calls, and there has been interbreeding between Strix nigrolineata and Strix bubula in Colombia.    
     
     
438. Black-banded Owl  (*) _____ E,az   YP:r
     Strix bubula
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Strix bubula bubula  ______  (subspecies from eastern Colombia to northern Argentina)
     
     
439. Mottled Owl  (*) _____ E,az   BR:u  JR:r(at higher elevation)
     Strix virgata
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Strix virgata virgata  ______  (subspecies east of the Andes from northern Colombia to eastern Ecuador)  
     
     The following species, Strix squamulata, has been part of the Mottled Owl.
     
     
440. Mexican Wood Owl  ______  CN:r
     Strix squamulata
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Strix squamulata centralis  ______  (subspecies from southern Mexico to southwestern Ecuador; in Ecuador west of the Andes) 
     
     
441. Rufous-banded Owl  (*) _____ E,si   TR:u
     Strix albitarsis  (monotypic)
     
     The Rufous-banded Owl generally inhabits cloud forests and mountain forests, mainly from 1700 to 3700 meters above sea level. But sometimes it is found in open areas with scattered trees between forested areas.  
     
     
442. Burrowing Owl  (*) (ph)  _____ W,H
     Athene cunicularia
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Athene cunicularia pichinchae  ______  (subspecies in the Andes in western Ecuador; dark gray-brown above, with rather dense dusky barring below)
     Athene cunicularia punensis  ______  (subspecies in coastal areas from southwestern Ecuador to northwestern Peru; small and pale, with less extensive barring below)   
     
     
443. Short-eared Owl  (ph)  _____  E,si   TR:r  YR:r
     Asio flammeus 
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR
     Asio flammeus bogotensis  ______  (subspecies from Colombia to Peru, this subspecies smaller and darker than others, with a more rusty wash)  
     
     
444. Galapagos Short-eared Owl  (*)  _____  G 
     Asio galapagonensis 
     
     Asio galapagonensis has been regarded as an aberrant subspecies of the widespread Short-eared Owl, Asio flammeus, but it has been separated due to long genetic isolation. 
     
     
445. Stygian Owl  _____   UR:r  YR:vr
     Asio stygius
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Asio stygius stygius  ______  (subspecies from Colombia to Brazil) 
     
     
446. Striped Owl  (*) (ph)  _____ W   CP:vr  JR:r
     Asio (or Pseudoscops) clamator
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Asio clamator clamator  ______  (subspecies from Colombia to Brazil)
     
     Another, as of yet unnamed subspecies has been found on the western slope in Ecuador and Peru, where confirmed records exist from more than 10 localities. It appears to differ in voice, eye color, and morphology.          
     
     
447. Buff-fronted Owl  _____
     Aegolius harrisii
     
     SUBSPECIES IN ECUADOR:
     Aegolius harrisii harrisii  ______  (subspecies from Venezuela to Bolivia)
     
     The Buff-fronted Owl lives in mountain forests and cloud forests, also dry forest and stunted alpine forests. In the Andes, it occurs between 1700 and 3900 meters above sea level, but it has also been found at lower altitudes.
     
     Aegolius harrisii utters very rapid whistled trills, with a quivering character, with some 15 notes per second and lasting 7 to 10 seconds. 
     
     The Buff-fronted Owl has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador. 
     
     
     OILBIRD, POTOOS
     
     
448. Oilbird  (ph)  _____  W,E,si   BR:vr  TR:r
     Steatornis carpipensis
     
     
449. Great Potoo  (*) _____ E,az
     Nyctibius g. grandis
     
     
450. Long-tailed Potoo  (*) (ph) _____ E,az
     Nyctibius aethereus longicaudatus
     
     
     
     A Long-tailed Potoo roosting during the day in an Amazonian rainforest
     during a FONT tour in Ecuador
     (photo by Alan Brady)
     
     
451. Common Potoo  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az,nm   BR:u  CN:r  TR:r
     Nyctibius griseus 
     
     
     
     A Common Potoo photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
452. Andean Potoo  (*) (ph)  _____  E,si  TR:r
     Nyctibius maculosus
     
     
     
     An Andean Potoo photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
453. Rufous Potoo  _____
     Nyctibius bracteatus
     
     
     NIGHTHAWKS, NIGHTJARS
     
     
454. Short-tailed Nighthawk  (*) _____ E,az   BR:vr
     Lurocalis semitorquatus
     
     
455. Rufous-bellied Nighthawk  (*) _____ E,si  TR:r  YR:r
     Lurocalis rufiventris
     
     
456. Sand-colored Nighthawk  (*) _____ E,az
     Chordeiles rupestris
     
     
457. Common Nighthawk  _____
     Chordeiles minor
     
     
458. Lesser Nighthawk  (*) _____ W
     Chordeiles acutipennis
     
     
459. Band-tailed Nighthawk  _____
     Nyctiprogne leucopyga 
     
     
460. Nacunda Nighthawk  _____
     Chordeiles (formerly Podager) nacunda
     
     
461. Pauraque  (*) (ph)  _____ W,E,az,nm   BR:fc  CN:fc  CP:c  JR:fc  TR:fc
     Nyctidromus a. albicollis
     
     
462. Scrub Nightjar  (*)  ______  W  
     Nyctidromus (formerly Caprimulgus) anthonyi
     
     Nyctidromus anthonyi has also been called Anthony's Nightjar. 
     
     
463. Ocellated Poorwill  _____
     Nyctiphrynus ocellatus
     
     
464. Choco Poorwill  (nt)   _____  CN:u
     Nyctiphrymus rosenbergi 
     
     The Choco Poorwill has been classified as a near-threatened species in Ecuador.
     
     
465. Band-winged Nightjar  (*) _____ H,E,po,si   TR:u  UR:r  YR:fc
     Systellura (formerly Caprimulgus) longirostris  (the single member of its genus) 
     
     
466. White-tailed Nightjar  _____
     Hydropsalis (formerly Caprimulgus) cayennensis 
     
     
467. Spot-tailed Nightjar  (Er)  ______
     Hydropsalis (formerly Caprimulgus) maculicaudus
     
     
468. Blackish Nightjar  (*) _____ E,az,po  CP:fc
     Nyctidromus (formerly Caprimulgus) nigrescens
     
     
469. Rufous Nightjar  (ph)  _____
     Antrostomus (formerly Caprimulgus) rufus 
     
     
470. Ladder-tailed Nightjar  (*) _____ E,az
     Hydropsalis climacocerca
     
     
471. Swallow-tailed Nightjar  (*) _____ H,E,si   TR:u
     Uropsalis segmentata
     
     
472. Lyre-tailed Nightjar  (*) ______ W,E,nm,si   TR:r
     Uropsalis lyra
     
     
     SWIFTS
     
     
473. White-collared Swift  (*) _____ W,H,E,az,nm,po,si   BR:u  CN:u  CP:fc  JR:fc  TR:u  UR:fc  YR:u
     Streptoprocne zonaris
     
     
474. Chestnut-collared Swift  (*) _____ W,H,E,nm,po   BR:u  CN:u  CP:c  JR:u  UR:r  TR:u
     Cypseloides rutilus
     
     
475. White-chinned Swift  (Er)  _____  E,si
     Cypseloides cryptus
     
     
476. Spot-fronted Swift  (*)  _____  W,E,si
     Cypseloides cherriei
     
     
477. White-chested Swift  (t3)  _____  
     Cypseloides lemosi 
     
     The White-chested Swift has been classified as a vulnerable species in Ecuador.
     
     
478. White-tipped Swift  (*) _____ W,H,E,si
     Aeronautes montivagus
     
     
479. Band-rumped Swift  _____  CR:fc
     Chaetura spinicauda
     
     
480. Gray-rumped Swift  (*) _____ W,E,az,nm   BR:fc  CN:u  CP:c
     Chaetura cinereiventris
     
     
481. Pale-rumped Swift _____ 
     Chaetura egregia
     
     
482. Chimney Swift  (*) _____  CN:r
     Chaetura pelagica
     
     
483. Short-tailed Swift  (*) _____ E,az
     Chaetura brachyura
     
     
484. Tumbes Swift  (*)  _____ W  JR:u   
     Chaetura ocypetes  
     
     The Tumbes Swift was part of the Short-tailed Swift (above).
     
     
485. Neotropical Palm Swift  (*) _____ E,az
     Tachornis squamata
     
     The Neotropical Palm Swift has been called the Fork-tailed Palm Swift.
     
     
486. Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift  (*) _____ W,E   BR:u  JR:u  CN:u
     Panyptila cayennensis
     
     
     
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