MAMMALS

in South America

In Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Ecuador, and Venezuela


With South American Mammals found
during Focus On Nature Tours
noted with an (*) 

Focus On Nature Tours during the months 
of February, March, June, July, August, 
September, October, November

1992 to 2015  
 

This List of South American Mammals compiled by Armas Hill

There have been 50 FONT Tours in Brazil.
In southern South America, 14 tours in Argentina and 19 in Chile.
In northern South America, 6 tours in Venezuela and 21 in Ecuador.

UPPER LEFT PHOTO: A GUANACO photographed during a FONT tour in Argentina



Links to Some of the Mammal Groupings in the following List: 

Opossums     Armadillos     Anteaters    Sloths    Rabbits    Squirrels & Other Rodents    Akodonts    

Porcupines    Agoutis    Cavies    Capybara    Degus & Tuco-tucos    Viscachas & Chinchillas    Cats    

Dogs & Foxes    Bear    Seals    Otters & Allies    Raccoons    Bats    Marmosets & Tamarins    

New World Monkeys    Dolphins    Whales    Peccaries    Cameloids    Deer    Tapirs    Manatee


For its size, South America has by far the richest animal population of all the continents of the world.
It has a greater variety of bats and rodents than anywhere else.
Survivors from when the continent was "an island" include: the edentates (armadillos, anteaters, sloths),
the camelids (guanaco, vicuna, llama, alpaca). 
There are about 70 species of monkeys, in addition to tamarins and marmosets.
Also in South America, there are most species of fresh water fish, and there are twice as many bird species 
as there are in Africa. (There are links below to South American bird-lists.)


Codes:

(t):    a globally threatened species, 
        designated by the IUCN  (the International Union for Conservation of Nature)
            (t1): critically endangered    (t2): endangered    (t3): vulnerable 
(nt):  a globally near-threatened species, designated by the IUCN

(i):     an introduced species in South America

(ph):   species with a photo in the FONT website  (a link to our photo directory below)


The following codes with an (*) indicates the mammal seen during a FONT tour (or tours) in that country.  

AR:  Argentina
          so:  southern Argentina (including Valdes Peninsula)
          tf:   Tierra del Fuego
BR:  Brazil
          af:   Alta Floresta (southern Amazonian)
          am: Amazonia (particularly the area of Manaus) 
          ig:   area of Iguazu Falls
          mn: Minas Gerais
          mt:  Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul (including the Pantanal)
          rs:   Rio Grande do Sul          
          se:   southeast Brazil (the states of Rio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo)
BO:  Bolivia
CH:  Chile
          ce:  central Chile from the Pacific coast, up into the Andes
          fn:   in the far-north in areas of Arica & Lauca National Park
          so:   in southern Chile, including Chiloe Island  
          tf:    Tierra del Fuego
EC:  Ecuador 
          az:  Amazonian Ecuador, along the Napo and other rivers
          gp:  Galapagos 
          we:  western Ecuador
PE:   Peru 
PG:  Paraguay
UG:  Uruguay 
VE:   Venezuela
           ll: the Llanos

Some local names are in the following list beneath the scientific names, with the above two-letter country codes.

At this time, there are 644 species of mammals in the list that follows.  
Of these, about 125 species of mammals have been found during FONT South American tours.  

 
Additional Links:

Information about Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours:
by month in:  2014   2015   or:  by geographic locations worldwide

A Chronological List of all scheduled FONT Tours   

Other Lists & Photo Galleries of Neotropical Mammals in:

Argentina    Brazil    Chile    Ecuador    Venezuela

Central America    Mexico    Belize    Guatemala    Costa Rica   Panama

Other Lists & Photo Galleries of:    Mammals    Birds     Butterflies    Amphibians, Reptiles

Bird-Lists (noting birds during previous FONT tours): 

A Complete List & a Photo Gallery of Argentina Birds:
Part 1: Tinamous to Flycatchers    Part 2: Antshrikes to Grosbeaks

A Complete List & a Photo Gallery of Brazil Birds:
Part 1: Tinamous to Doves    Part 2: Macaws to Flycatchers    
Part 3: Antshrikes to Woodcreepers    Part 4: Vireos to Grosbeaks

Regional Lists of Brazilian Birds:
Mato Grosso    Minas Gerais    Southeast Brazil    Rio Grande do Sul    

A Complete List & a Photo Gallery of Chile Birds:
Part 1: Tinamous to Coots    Part 2: Thick-knee to Saltator

A Complete List of Ecuador Birds (with some photos):
Part 1: Tinamous to Swifts    Part 2: Hummingbirds to Flycatchers    
Part 3: Antshrikes to Woodcreeper    Part 4: Vireos to Grosbeaks

A List of Venezuela Birds  (with some photos)

Rare Birds in South America, in the Andes & Patagonia    Rare Birds in Brazil

Directory of Photos in the FONT Website  

 

List of South American Mammals:

       AMERICAN OPOSSUMS -  (globally just over 85 species, with some recently described)   

       in the order DIDELPHIMORPHIA

          in the family DIDELPHIDAE  

          LARGE AMERICAN OPOSSUMS:

1. Southern (or Black-eared) Opossum  ______  AR  BR(*) af,se  EC(*) we  VE(*) ll  (also called Common Opossum)
   Didelphis marsupialis
   AR name: Comadreja Grande
   BR name: Gamba de Orelha Preta
   
   Geographic range: from eastern Mexico to Brazil & Bolivia. 
   
   Didelphis marsupialis was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 
   
   
2. White-eared Opossum  (ph)  ______ AR  BR(*) af  EC  UG(*)  
   Didelphis albiventris
   BR: Gamba de Orelha Branca
   
   Geographic range: from Colombia & Venezuela to central Argentina
   
   
   
   A White-eared Opossum photographed during a FONT tour
   in Uruguay in October 2010
   (photo by Bob Enever)   
   
   
3. Big-eared Opossum  ______  AR(*)  BR  (was part of the Southern, or Black-eared Opossum) 
   Didelphis aurita
   
   Geographic range: in eastern Brazil, Paraguay, & northeastern Argentina & southeastern Brazil
   
   
   WATER OPOSSUM:
   
   
4. Water Opossum (or Yapok)  ______  AR  EC
   Chironectes minimus
   
   Geographic range: from southern Mexico and Belize to northeastern Argentina  
   
   
   THICK-TAILED OPOSSUM:
   
   
5. Thick-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  (another name is Lutrine Opossum)
   Lutreolina crassicaudata
   
   Geographic range: east of the Andes in Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina.
   Another population, far to the north, was long known from only 2 specimens taken in Guyana. Recently (1976), 4 more specimens were collected from eastern Venezuela and later (in 1982) 9 were collected in eastern Colombia.
   It is possible that the species may be found to occur in the intervening region of central South America.    
   
   
   "FOUR-EYED" OPOSSUMS:
   
   
6. Gray "Four-eyed" Opossum  ______  BR  EC
   Philander opossum  
   
   Geographic range: from northeastern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and southwestern Brazil.
   
   Philander opossum was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
   
   
7. Anderson's "Four-eyed" Opossum  ______  EC  (another name is Black "Four-eyed" Opossum) 
   Philander andersoni
   
   Geographic range: in eastern Colombia, Ecuador, southern Venezuela, western Brazil, Peru
   
   
8. Bridled "Four-eyed" Opossum  ______  AR  (also called the Southeastern Four-eyed Opossum)
   Philander frenata
   
   Philander frenata was part of the Gray Four-eyed Opossum (above), Philander opossum,   
   
   Geographic range: from southeastern Brazil to Paraguay and northeastern Argentina, in coastal forest
   
   
9. McIlhenny's "Four-eyed" Opossum  ______  (was part of the Black, or Anderson's Four-eyed Opossum)
   Philander mcilhennyi
   
   Geographic range: in western Amazonian Brazil & northeastern Peru, in rainforest
   
   
   WOOLLY OPOSSUMS:      
   
   
10. Derby's Woolly Opossum ______  EC  (another name is Central American Woolly Opossum)
    Caluromys derbianus
    
    Geographic range: from southern Mexico to Ecuador 
    
    
11. Brown-eared Woolly Opossum ______  AR  EC  (another name is Western Woolly Opossum) 
    Caluromys lanatus
    
    Geographic range: from Colombia to northern Argentina & southern Brazil
    
    
12. Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum ______   
    Caluromys philander
    
    Geographic range: from Venezuela to southern Brazil 
    
    Caluromys philander was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
    
    
    BLACK-SHOULDERED OPOSSUM:
    
    
13. Black-shouldered Opossum ______  
    Caluromysiops irrupta
    
    Caluromysiops irrupta is known with certainty only from 3 locations in southern Amazonian Brazil, and one on the upper Jaru Riverin west-central Brazil.
    A report from extreme southern Colombia is said to be doubtful.
    
    Caluromysiops irrupta was described in 1951.
    
    
    BUSHY-TAILED OPOSSUM: 
    
    
14. Bushy-tailed Opossum  ______  EC
    Glironia venusta  (the single member of its genus)
    
    Glironia venusta has been known from just a few specimens (8) collected in the Amazonian regions
    Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. Said to be in humid tropical forests and assumed to be arboreal. 
    
    
    MURINE, or MOUSE, OPOSSUMS:
    
    
15. Linnaeus' Mouse-Opossum  (ph)  ______ EC(*) az, VE(*)  (another name is Murine Mouse-Opossum)   
    Marmosa murina
    
    Geographic range: in northern & central South America; also Tobago.  
    
    Marmosa murina was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
    
    
    
    A Linnaeus', or Murine Mouse-Opossum photographed 
    during a FONT tour in Venezuela.
    The small animal had been in the nest of bird's nest made of mud,
    the nest of a Hornero.
    
    
16. Anderson's Mouse-Opossum (t1) ______ PE  
    Marmosa andersoni
    
    Geographic range: in southern Peru in the Cosnipata region near Cusco 
    
    Marmosa andersoni was described in 1972.
    
    
17. Rufous Mouse-Opossum ______  EC  (another name has been Little Rufous Opossum) 
    Marmosa lepida 
    
    Geographic range: very locally from Surinam to Ecuador, Bolivia, & southern Brazil 
    
    
18. Robinson's Mouse-Opossum ______  EC
    Marmosa robinsoni
    
    Geographic range: from Belize to Ecuador & Venezuela; also Trinidad & Tobago and Grenada 
    
    
19. Red Mouse-Opossum ______  EC
    Marmosa rubra
    
    Geographic range: in eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru
    
    
20. Tyler's Mouse-Opossum ______ VE  
    Marmosa tyleriana
    
    Geographic range: in southern Venezuela in the tepuis 
    
    Marmosa tyleriana was described in 1931.
    
    
21. Dryland Mouse-Opossum (t2) ______  (another name is Guajira Mouse-Opossum)  
    Marmosa xerophila
    
    Geographic range: in northwestern Venezuela & northeastern Colombia
    
    Marmosa xerophila was described in 1979.
    
    
    The following in the genus MARMOSA are in the subgenus MICOUREUS.
    
    
22. White-bellied Woolly Mouse-Opossum  ______  AR  (another name has been Pale-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum) 
    Marmosa constantiae  
    
    Geographic range: in Mato Grosso in Brazil, also Bolivia & northern Argentina 
    
    
23. Long-furred Woolly Mouse-Opossum  ______  (known locally as the "Cuica")
    Marmosa demerarae   
    
    Geographic range: from Colombia, Venezuela, & the Guianas to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, & northern Brazil
    
    
24. Little Woolly Mouse-Opossum  ______  (was part of the Little Woolly Mouse-Opossum)
    Marmosa phaea
    
    Geographic range: from Panama to western Ecuador
    
    
25. Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse-Opossum  ______  EC  (another name is Short-furred Woolly Mouse-Opossum)
    Marmosa regina 
    
    Geographic range: in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and central Amazonian Brazil 
    
    
26. Tate's Woolly Mouse-Opossum  ______  AR
    Marmosa paraguayanus
    
    Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, in the Atlantic Forest
    
    Marmosa paraguayanus was described in 1931, and named after the American zoologist George Tate.    
    
    
    GRACILE MOUSE-OPOSSUMS:
    
    
27. Aceramarca Gracile Mouse-Opossum  (t1)  ______
    Gracilinanus aceramarcae  
    
    Geographic range: in southern Peru & western Bolivia in Yungas
    
    
28. Agile Gracile Mouse-Opossum  ______  AR
    Gracilinanus agilis  
    
    Geographic range: in eastern & south-central Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northeastern Argentina
    
    
29. Wood Sprite Gracile Mouse-Opossum  ______ 
    Gracilinanus dryas  
    
    Geographic range: in Colombia & northwestern Venezuela
    
    
30. Emilia's Gracile Mouse-Opossum  ______
    Gracilinanus emiliae  (now includes Gracilinanus longicaudus of central Colombia; merged in 2001) 
    
    Geographic range:  in northern Brazil, Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana. Very few records
    
    
31. Red-bellied Gracile Mouse-Opossum  (t1)  ______  
    Gracilinanus ignitus
    
    Gracilinanus ignitus is only known from the holotype specimen collected in 1962 in northwestern Argentina, in Jujuy in the Yuto region. The species was described in 2002.     
    
    
32. Kalinowski's Gracile Mouse-Opossum  ______  
    Gracilinanus kalinowski  
    
    Geographic range; from Guyana to eastern Peru, very few records 
    
    Gracilinanus kalinowski was described in 1992.
    
    
33. Northern Gracile Mouse-Opossum  ______
    Gracilinanus marica   
    
    Geographic range: in Colombia & northern Venezuela 
    
    
34. Brazilian Gracile Mouse-Opossum  ______  AR
    Gracilinanus microtarsus  
    
    Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul, and in northeastern Argentina, in Missiones
    
    
35. Sierra de Perjira Gracile Mouse-Opossum  ______  
    Gracilinanus perijae  
    
    Geographic range: in northeastern Colombia 
    
    Gracilinanus perijae was described in 1992.
    
    
36. Chacoan Gracile Opossum  ______  AR  BR
    Cyptonanus chacoensis
    
    Geographic range: in Paraguay, southwestern Brazil, northern Argentina, in seasonally flooded grasslands & forests in & near the Gran Chaco. 
    
    Cyptonanum chacoensis was described in 1931.
    
    
37. Red-bellied Gracile Opossum  ______  AR (endemic)
    Cryptonanus ignitus
    
    Cryptonanus ignitus was last seen in 1962, and is now presumed to be extinct. Its known geographical range was in the Jujuy province in northern Argentina. Where it occurred, the forest habitat has been destroyed.
    
    From a specimen, Cryptonanus ignitus was described in 2007.
    
    
38. Agricola's Gracile Opossum  ______  BR (endemic)
    Cryptonanus agricolai
    
    Geographic range: in eastern Brazil, in caatigna and cerrado habitats.
    
    Cryptonanus agricolai was described in 2007. It was named after a Brazilian physician, Ernani Agricola.   
    
    
39. Guahiba Gracile Opossum  ______  BR  (endemic)
    Cryptonanus guahybae
    
    Geographic range: in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, only known on 3 islands: Guahiba, Sao Lourenceo, and Taquara, in forests.
    
    Cryptonanus guahybae was described in 1931. 
    
    
40. Unduavi Gracile Opossum  ______  BO  (endemic)
    Cryptonanus unduaviensis
    
    Geographic range: in northern Bolivia, in seasonally flooded grassland.
    
    Some specimens previously assigned to the Agile Gracile Mouse-Opossum, Gracililinanus agilis (above), are now said to be Cryponanus unduaviensis.
    
    Cryponanus unduaviensis was described in 1931
    
    
    The following genus MARMOSOPS has been part of MARMOSA.
    
    
41. Bishop's Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ PE  (was part of the Delicate Slender Mouse-Opossum)  
    Marmosops bishopi  
    
    Marmosops bishopi was described in 1981.
    
    
42. Slim-faced Slender Mouse-Opossum  (t2)  ______
    Marmosops cracens  
    
    Geographic range: in northwestern Venezuela 
    
    
43. Dorothy's Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______
    Marmosops dorothea  
    
    Geographic range: in central Bolivia & southern Amazonian Brazil
    
    
44. Gray-bellied Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______ 
    Marmosops fuscata  
    
    Geographic range: in eastern Colombia, northern Venezuela, Trinidad
    
    
45. Handley's Slender Mouse-Opossum  (t1)  ______
    Marmosops handleyi  
    
    Marmoscops handleyi is known only from the type locality in central Colombia, in the Antioquia region.
    
    
46. Tschudi's Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______  EC  (another name is Andean Slender Mouse-Opossum) 
    Marmosops impavidus
    
    Geographic range: from eastern Panama to Venezuela and southern Peru & Bolivia 
    
    
47. Gray Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______
    Marmosops incana  
    
    Geographic range: in eastern & southeastern Brazil, from Bahia to Parana, in Atlantic coastal forest  
    
    
48. Junin Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______  (was part of the Delicate Slender Mouse-Opossum)
    Marmosops juninensis
    
    Geographic range: in central Peru
    
    
49. Cerro Neblina Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______  (was part of the Andean Slender Mouse-Opossum)
    Marmosops neblina
    
    Geographic range: Venezuela, central Amazonian Brazil, and eastern Ecuador
    
    
50. White-bellied Slender Mouse-Opossum ______ EC(*) az
    Marmosops noctivaga
    
    Geographic range: in western Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
    
    
51. Delicate Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______
    Marmosops parvidens   
    
    Geographic range: in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Peru, central Brazil
    
    
52. Sao Paulo Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______  (was part of the Gray Slender Mouse-Opossum)
    Marmosops paulensis
    
    Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, from southern Minas Gerais & Sao Paulo
    
    
53. Pinheiro's Slender Mouse-Opossum  ______  (was part of the Delicate Slender Mouse-Opossum)  
    Marmosops pinheiroi
    
    Geographic range: French Guiana
    
    
    SOUTHERN MOUSE OPOSSUMS:
    
    The following genus THYLAMYS has been part of MARMOSA.
    
    
54. Cinderella Fat-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  (was part of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum)
    Thylamys cinderella
    
    Geographic range: in northwestern Argentina
    
    
55. Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  CH
    Thylamys elegans 
    
    Geographic range: in central Peru, Bolivia, Chile, northwestern Argentina
    
    
56. Long-tailed Fat-tailed Opossum  ______
    Thylamys macrurus  
    
    Geographic range: southern Brazil, Paraguay
    
    Thylamys macrura was known as Marmosa grisea. 
    
    
57. White-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  CH  (also called Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum)
    Thylamys pallidior 
    
    Geographic range: in Bolivia, Argentina
    
    
58. Common Fat-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  (also called the Small Fat-tailed Opossum)
    Thylamys pusillus  
    
    Geographic range: in central & southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, southern Bolivia
    
    
59. Argentine Fat-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  (another name is the Sponsorial Fat-tailed Opossum)
    Thylamys sponsorius
    
    Thylamys sponsorius was part of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum (above).
    
    Geographic range: in northwestern Argentina  
    
    
60. Velvety Fat-tailed Opossum  ______
    Thylamys velutinus  
    
    Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in cerrado & caatinga habitats
    
    
61. Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  (another name is the Pretty Fat-tailed Opossum) 
    Thylamys venustus
    
    Thylamys venustus was part of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum (above).
    
    Geographic range: in Bolivia & northwestern Argentina 
    
    
62. Chacoan Pygmy Opossum  (t3)  ______  AR  (endemic)
    Chacodelphys formosa  (the only member of its genus; the genus erected in 2004)
    
    Until 2004, the Chacoan Pygmy Opossum was known from only one specimen that was collected in 1920 in the Formosa province in Argentina, in the chaco habitat.
    
    Chacodelphys formosa has been (since 1930) either Marmosa or Thylamys formosa, and later (after 1989) part of Gracilinanus agilus (above) and subsequently Gracilinanus formosus.   
    
    Chacodelphys formosa is the smallest known didelphid. It head-body length is 2.7 inches. Its tail 2.2 inches.
    
    
    PATAGONIAN OPOSSUM:
    
    
63. Patagonian Opossum  ______  AR  
    Lestodelphys halli  (the single member of its genus)
    
    Lestodelphys halli has been known from just a few specimens (9) taken at 3 localities in Patagonia, Argentina.
    
    
    BROWN "FOUR-EYED" OPOSSUM:
    
    
    Brown "Four-eyed" Opossum  ______  AR  EC 
    Metachirus nudicaudatus  (the single member of its genus)   
    
    Geographic range: from extreme southern Mexico to northeastern Brazil & northeastern Argentina
    
    
    SHORT-TAILED OPOSSUMS:
    
    
64. Sepia Short-tailed Opossum  ______  EC
    Monodelphus adusta    
    
    Geographic range: from eastern Panama to western Venezuela & northern Peru 
    
    
65. Three-striped Short-tailed Opossum  ______  BR
    Monodelphus americana  
    
    Geographic range: in northern & central Brazil
    
    
66. Northern Red-sided Opossum  ______
    Monodelphus brevicaudata  
    
    Geographic range: in Venezuela, the Guianas, & northern Brazil
    
    
67. Southern Short-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  (also called Yellow-sided Opossum)
    Monodelphus dimidiata
    
    Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, eastern Argentina 
    
    
68. Gray Short-tailed Opossum  ______  AR
    Monodelphus domestica
    
    Geographic range: in eastern & central Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
    
    
69. Emilia's Short-tailed Opossum  ______
    Monodelphus emiliae  
    
    Geographic range: in Amazonian Brazil & northeastern Peru
    
    
70. Ihering's Short-tailed Opossum  ______  BR
    Monodelphus iheringi  
    
    Geographic range: in southern Brazil
    
    
71. Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum   ______  AR
    Monodelphus kunsi  
    
    Geographic range: in Bolivia, Brazil, & Argentina
    
    
72. Marajo Short-tailed Opossum  ______
    Monodelphus maraxina  
    
    Geographic range: on Isla Marajo in Para, northeastern Brazil
    
    
73. Orinoco Short-tailed Opossum  ______  (was part of the Red-legged Short-tailed Opossum)  
    Monodelphus orinoci
    
    Geographic range: Venezuela, in the llanos
    
    
74. Osgood's Short-tailed Opossum  ______
    Monodelphus osgoodi  
    
    Geographic range: in southern Peru & western Bolivia
    
    
75. Chestnut-striped Short-tailed Opossum  ______  BR
    Monodelphus rubida  
    
    Geographic range: in eastern Brazil from Goias to Sao Paulo
    
    
76. Long-nosed Short-tailed Opossum  ______  AR  BR
    Monodelphus scalops  
    
    Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil 
    
    
77. Southern Red-sided Opossum  ______  AR  (has also been called Shrewish Short-tailed Opossum)
    Monodelphus sorex
    
    Geographic range: in southern Brazil, southeastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina 
    
    
78. Theresa's Short-tailed Opossum  ______
    Monodelphus theresa  
    
    Geographic range: in eastern Brazil, and in the Andes of Peru   
    
    
79. One-striped Short-tailed Opossum  (t1)  ______  AR  BR   
    Monodelphus unistriata  
    
    Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil in the Itarare region of Sao Paulo; where known from the holotype collected before 1842. Another specimen is said to have been collected, more recently, in northeastern Argentina.  
    
    Monodelphus unistriata is possibly extinct.
    
    
    in the order PAUCITUBERCULATA:  highly relictual, there are 7 extinct families in the order
    
    in the family CAENOLESTIDAE
    
    "SHREW" OPOSSUMS
    
    
80. Gray-bellied Shrew-Opossum (or Caenolestid) (nt)  ______  EC
    Caenolestes caniventer  
    
    Geographic range: in the Andes of southwestern Ecuador & northern Peru
    
    
81. Andean Shrew-Opossum (or Caenolestid) (t3)  ______  EC  (another name has been Condor Shrew-Opossum)  
    Caenolestes condorensis
    
    Geographic range: in Ecuador in the Cordillera del Condor 
    
    Caenolestes condorensis was described in 1996.
    
    
82. Northern Shrew-Opossum (or Caenolestid) (t3)  ______  EC  (another name is Blackish Shrew-Opossum)
    Caenolestes convelatus  
    
    Geographic range: in the Andes of western Colombia & north-central Ecuador
    
    
83. Dusky Shrew-Opossum (or Caenolestid)  ______  EC  (another name is Silky Shrew-Opossum)
    Caenolestes fuliginosus  
    
    Geographic range: in the Andes of northern & western Colombia, extreme western Venezuela, Ecuador 
    
    
84. Caenolestes (or Lestoros) gracilis  ______
    
    Geographic range: in the Andes of southeastern Peru
    
    
85. Incan Shrew-Opossum  ______
    Caenolestes (or Lestoros) inca
    
    Geographic range: in the Andes of south-central Peru
    
    
86. Long-nosed Shrew-Opossum (or Long-nosed Caenolestid) (nt)  ______  AR  CH 
    Rhyncholestes raphanurus
    
    Rhyncholestes raphanurus was called the Chilean Shrew-Opossum, and includes what was Rhyncholestes continentalis in Chile. 
    
    Geographic range: in southern Chile & adjacent Argentina, in old growth evergreen temperate forests  
    
    
    in the order MICROBIOTHERIA: has the most restricted recent distribution of any order of mammals (other than possibly the extinct BIBYMALAGASIA)
    
    
    MICROBIOTHERIA has been said to be in the magorder AUSTRALIDELPHIA  
    
    in the family MICROBIOTHERIIDAE: aside from the one surviving species, this is an otherwise extinct family of New World marsupials
    
    MONITO DEL MONTE
    
    
87. Monito del Monte  (nt)  ______  AR  CH  (the only species in its genus and its order) 
    Dromiciops australis  
    
    The Monito del Monte occurs only in south-central Chile from the vicinity of Concepcion south to Chiloe Island, and east to slightly beyond the Argentina border in the mountains.
    It inhabits dense, humid forests, especially places with thickets of Chilean Bamboo (Chusquea sp.)
    
    
    ARMADILLOS - Family Dasypodidae  (globally 21 species)
    
    
88. Nine-banded (Long-nosed) Armadillo  (ph)  ______ AR(*)  BR(*) mt  EC 
    Dasypus novemcinctus
    AR name: Mulita Grande, Cachicamo, Tatu-hu
    BR name: Tatu-Galinha or Mulita Grande
    
    Geographic range: wide-ranging, from the south-central US to northern Argentina  
    
    Dasypus novemcinctus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
    
    
    
    Nine-banded (Long-nosed) Armadillo
    
    
89. Southern Long-nosed Armadillo  (nt)  ______  AR 
    Dasypus hybridus
    
    Geographic range: in southern Paraguay, northern Argentina, Uruguay, & southern Brazil, in grasslands
    
    
90. Great Long-nosed Armadillo  ______  EC  
    Dasypus kappleri
    
    Geographic Range: from eastern Colombia to Suriname, south to Amazonian Brazil, in forests
    
    
91. Hairy Long-nosed Armadillo ______  
    Dasypus pilosus
    
    Geographic range: in south-central Peru, in high elevations of the west Andean slope
    
    
92. Llanos Long-nosed Armadillo ______ 
    Dasypus sabanicola
    
    Geographic range: in central Venezuela & central Colombia, in llanos & savannas  
    
    
93. Seven-banded Armadillo ______  AR
    Dasypus septemcinctus
    
    Geographic range: from southeastern Amazonian & eastern Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay, & northern Argentina, in grassland & forest 
    
    
94. Yepes' Long-nosed Armadillo ______  AR  (also called Yepes' Mulita)
    Dasypus yepesi
    
    Geographic range: in northwestern Argentina, in Salta & Jujuy provinces
    
    Dasypus yepesi was described in 1995.
    
    
95. Andean Hairy Armadillo  (t3)  ______  AR  CH
    Chaetophractus nationi
    
    Geographic range: in northern Chile in the altiplano & Bolivia in the puna
    
    
96. Screaming Hairy Armadillo ______   AR
    Chaetophractus vellerosus
    
    Geographic range: from Bolivia & northwestern Paraguay to central Argentina, in dry sandy areas of chaco regions 
    
    
97. Big Hairy Armadillo  (ph)  ______  AR(*)  CH
    Chaetophractus villosus
    
    Geographic range: southern Bolivia & Paraguay to southern Chile & Argentina.
    
    
    
    Above & below: the Big Hairy Armadillo, photographed during 
    the FONT tour in southern Argentina in December 2013
    (photo by Marie Gardner) 
    
    
    
    
    
98. Northern Naked-tailed Armadillo ______ 
    Cabassous centralis
    
    
99. Chacoan Naked-tailed Armadillo  (nt)  ______  AR
    Cabassous chacoensis
    
    
100. Greater Naked-tailed Armadillo  ______  AR(*) ne
     Cabassous tatouay
     
     
101. Southern Naked-tailed Armadillo  ______  EC
     Cabassous unicinctus  
     
     Cabassous unicinctus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
102. Six-banded Armadillo (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) mt  (has been called Yellow Armadillo)
     Euphractus sexcinctus  (the single member of its genus)
     BR: Tatu Peba or Tatu Peludo
     
     Geographic range: from Suriname & north-central Brazil south to Uruguay & northern Argentina, in rainforest & savanna
     
     Euphractus sexcinctus was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 
     
     
     
     Six-banded Armadillo
     
     
103. Pichi  (nt)   ______  AR(*)  CH  (open areas of S & C Argentina & S & C Chile)
     Zaedyus pichiy  (the single member of its genus)
     AR: Pichi (Patagonico)
     
     Geographic range: in central & southern Argentina and central & southern Chile, in open areas
     
     
104. Chacoan Fairy Armadillo ______  AR  (also called Greater Fairy Armadillo)
     Calyptophrae (formerly Chlamyphorus) retusus
     
     
105. Pink Fairy Armadillo ______  AR
     Chlamyphorus truncatus
     
     
106. Southern Three-banded Armadillo  (nt)  ______  AR
     Tolypeutes matacus
     
     
107. Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo ______
     Tolypeutes tricinctus
     
     
108. Giant Armadillo  (t3) (ph)  ______  AR  BR  EC
     Priodontes maximus  (the single member of its genus)
     
     
     
     Giant Armadillo
     
     
     AMERICAN ANTEATERS - Family Myrmecophagidae  (3 species)
     
     
109. Giant Anteater  (t3) (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) az,mn,mt  EC  VE(*) ll
     Myrmecophaga tridactyla
     BR name: Tamandua Bandeira
     
     Myrmecophaga tridactyla was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
     
     The above Giant Anteater was photographed at night during our Brazil Tour 
     in Mato Grosso do Sul in September 2006. 
     We saw a nice number of these animals both day & night.
     In the photo, the head of the anteater is to the right, with its long nose 
     toward the ground as the animal feeds. Note the small ear.  
     (Above photo by Andy Smith)
     Below is another photograph of a Giant Anteater, walking in open countryside 
     of Brazilian grassland.
     
     
     
     Giant Anteater
     
     
110. Northern Tamandua  (ph)  ______  EC
     Tamandua mexicana
     
     Three subspecies of the Northern Tamandua occur in South America:
     Tamandua mexicana punensis in Ecuador & Peru, west of the Andes. 
     Tamandua mexicana opistholeuca in most of Colombia
     Tamandua mexicana instabilis in northern Colombia & Venezuela.
     
     
     
     Northern Tamandua
     
     
111. Southern Tamandua  ______  AR  BR(*) mt  EC(*) az  VE(*) ll  
     Tamandua tetradactyla
     BR name: Tamandua Colete or Mambira or Tamandua Mirim
     EC & VE name: Tamandua or Oso Colmenero
     
     The Southern Tamadua is also called the Collared Tamandua, or Collared Anteater.  
     
     Tamandua tetradactyla was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
     SILKY ANTEATER - Family Cyclopedidae  (1 species)
     
     
112. Silky Anteater  ______  EC
     Cyclopes didactylus  (the single member of its genus & family)  
     
     
     TWO-TOED SLOTHS - Family Megalonychidae  (2 species)
     
     
113. Linnaeus' Two-toed Sloth  ______  EC  VE(*)  (was called the Southern Two-toed Sloth)
     Choloepus didactylus
     VE: Perezoso de Dos Dedos
     
     Choloepus didactylus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
114. Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth  (ph)  ______  EC
     Choloepus hoffmanni 
     
     
     
     Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth
     
     
     THREE-TOED SLOTHS - Family Bradypodidae  (totally 4 species)  
     
     
115. Maned Three-toed Sloth (t2) (ph)  ______  BR(*) se
     Bradypus torquatus
     
     
     
     A rare Maned Three-toed Sloth.
     Bradypus torquatus,
     clinging on the trunk of a Cecropia Tree
     (photographed by Marie Gardner during the FONT March 2008 Brazil Tour) 
     
     
116. Pale-throated Three-toed Sloth  ______  BR(*) am, VE(*)
     Bradypus tridactylus
     
     
117. Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth  (ph)  ______  EC
     Bradypus variegatus 
     VE: Perezoso de Tres Dedos
     
     
     
     Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth
     
     
     RABBITS - Family Leporidae  (globally 57 species)
     
     
118. Tapiti (or Forest Rabbit) ______  AR  BR(*) mn,mt  EC(*) an  (also called Brazilian Rabbit) 
     Silvilagus brasiliensis
     BR name: Coelho or Tapiti
     EC name: Conejo
     
     The Tapiti occurs up into high mountains, as in the Andes of Ecuador. 
     
     Silvilagus brasiliensis was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
119. Eastern Cottontail  (ph)  ______ VE(*) 
     Sylvilagus floridannus  
     
     Sylvilagus floridannus is mostly a North American species. Venezuela is at the southern end of its range.
     
     
120. European Rabbit  (i)  ______  AR(*)  CH(*)
     Oryctolagus cuniculus
     CH name: Conejo
     
     
121. European (or Brown) Hare  (i) (ph)  ______  AR(*)  CH(*)
     Lepus europaeus
     CH name: Liebre
     
     
     
     European Hares, pursued and pursuing. One both.
     During the FONT tour in Southern Argentina in December 2013.
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
     
     RODENTS: the gnawing mammals, in the Order Rodentia, which is the largest order of mammals with nearly 2,000 species worldwide 
     
     SQUIRRELS - Family Sciuridae  (globally 276 species worldwide)
     
     
122. Guianan (or Brazilian) Squirrel  (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) ig,mn,se
     Sciurus aestuans ingrami (in se Brazil)
     (in se Brazil)
     AR name: Ardilla Gris
     BR names: Esquilo or: Caxixe, Serelepe, Quatipuru, Caxinguele 
     
     
     
     A Guianan, or Brazilian, Squirrel photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
123. Southern Amazon Red Squirrel  (ph)  ______ BR(*) af  EC(*) az
     Sciurus spadiceus
     BR names: Esquilo or Quatipuru
     
     The Southern & Northern Amazon Red Squirrels are very similar. The Southern Amazon Red Squirrel is reddish, rather finely grizzled with black. 
     The Northern Amazon Squirrel is coarsely grizzled, with yellowish black on the back. Both species occur in Amazonian Ecuador. 
     
     
     
     Southern Amazon Red Squirrel
     (photo by Marie Grenouillet)
     
     
124. Northern Amazon Red Squirrel  ______  EC(*) az  VE(*)
     Sciurus igniventris
     EC name: Huayuashi
     VE name: Ardilla
     
     
125. Red-tailed Squirrel ______ EC  VE(*)
     Sciurus granatensis
     VE name: Ardilla 
     
     
126. Guayaquil Squirrel  (ph)  ______  EC(*) we
     Sciurus stramineus
     EC names: Ardilla parda or Ardilla Nucha Blanca, or Ardilla Mora, or Ardilla Negra
     (with an assortment of local names as there is much individual variation of color within populations) 
     
     
127. Bolivian Squirrel  ______  AR
     Sciurus ignitus
     AR name: Ardilla Roja
     
     
128. Amazon Dwarf Squirrel ______  EC(*) az
     Microsciurus flaviventer
     
     
129. Western Dwarf Squirrel  ______  EC
     Microsciurus mimulus
     
     
     BEAVERS - Family Castoridae  (globally 2 species, 1 in the Americas)
     
     
130. American Beaver  (i) (ph)  ______  AR(*) tf  CH
     Castor canadensis 
     
     The American Beaver was introduced into Tierra del Fuego for their pelts. It is now quite common there.
     The introduction was in 1946 by Argentine fur breeders. When the fur industry declined, animals from that trade went into the wild. They have since spread north from the Strait of Magellan into the Andean forests of southern Chile, and they have colonized on many of the Fuegian islands.  
     
        
     
     American Beaver   
     
     
     NEOTROPICAL MICE - Subfamily Sigmodontinae  (totally about 460 species)
     
     Among the following rodents, the AKODONTS are a large group, of about 105 species. They are small to medium-sized field mice and grass mice, distributed mainly in the southern half of South America.
     They are adapted to terrestrial and semi-fossorial life, and they have a tail shorter than their head and body length.   
     
     
131. Andean Altiplano Mouse  ______  AR  CH  (also called Andean Akodont)
     Abrothrix (or Chroeomys) andinus
     
     
132. Gray Grass Mouse  (nt)  ______  AR
     Abothrix illuteus
     
     
133. Jelski's Altiplano Mouse  ______  AR
     Abrothrix jelskii
     
     
134. Woolly Grass Mouse  ______  AR  CH   (also called Woolly Akodont)
     Abrothrix lanosus
     CH name: Raton Colorado
     
     
135. Long-haired Grass Mouse  ______  AR  CH  (also called Long-haired Akodont)
     Abrothrix longipilis
     CH name: Ratoncito lanudo
     
     
136. Olive Grass Mouse  ______  AR  CH  (also called Olive Akodont)
     Abrothrix olivaceus (formerly xanthorhinus)
     AR name: Raton Hocico Bayo 
     CH name: Raton Olivaceo
     
     
137. Sanborn's Grass Mouse  (nt)  ______  AR  CH  (also called Sanborn's Akodont)
     Abrothrix sanborni
     CH name: Raton negruzco
     
     
138. Yellow-nosed Grass Mouse  ______  CH  (also called Yellow-nosed Akodont)
     Abrothrix xanthorhinus
     CH name: Raton Hocico Bayo  
     
     
139. White-bellied Grass Mouse  ______  AR  CH
     Akodon albiventer
     CH name: Raton Ventriblanco 
     
     
140. Azara's Grass Mouse ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*) se
     Akodon azarai 
     
     
141. Bolivian Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon boliviensis
     
     
142. Budin's Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon bidini
     
     
143. Akondon caenosus  ______  AR
     
     
144. Cursor Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon cursor
     AR name: Raton de Monte 
     
     
145. Dolorous Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon dolores
     
     
146. Smoky Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon fumeus
     
     
147. Akodon glaucinus  ______  AR
     
     
148. Hershkovitz's Grass Mouse  ______  CH
     Akodon hershkovitzi
     
     
149. Intelligent Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon iniscatus
     
     
150. Altiplano Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon lutescens  
     
     
151. Markham's Grass Mouse  ______  CH  (also called the Wellington Akodont)
     Akodon markhami
     
     
152. Montane Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon montensis
     
     
153. Neuquen Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon neocenus
     
     
154. Parana Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon paranaensis
     
     
155. Philip Myers' Akodont  ______  AR
     Akodon philipmyersi
     
     
156. Akodon polopi  ______  AR
     
     
157. White-throated Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon simulator
     
     
158. Spegazzini's Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon spegazzinii
     
     
159. Forest Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon sylvanus
     
     
160. Akodon tartareus  ______  AR
     
     
161. Chaco Grass Mouse  ______  AR
     Akodon toba 
     
     
162. Olrog's Chaco Mouse  ______  AR
     Andalgalomys olrogi
     
     
163. Andean Mouse  ______  AR
     Andinomys edax
     
     
164. Andean Big-eared Mouse  ______  AR
     Auliscomys sublimis
     
     
165. Chaco Crimson-nosed Rat  ______  AR
     Bibimys chacoensis
     
     
166. Large-tipped Crimson-nosed Rat  ______  AR
     Bibimys labiosus
     
     
167. Torres' Crimson-nosed Rat  (nt)  ______  AR
     Bibimys torresi
     
     
168. Brazilian Shrew-Mouse  ______  AR
     Blarinomys breviceps  
     
     
169. Andean Long-clawed Mouse  ______  AR  CH 
     Chelemys macronyx
     CH name: Raton Topo Grande
     
     Other names for Chelemys macronyx are Andean Long-clawed Akodont, or Shrub Mole-Mouse) 
     
     
170. Web-footed Marsh Rat  ______  AR(*) ne  (another name has been Red Marsh Rat)
     Nolochilus brasiliensis
     AR name: Rata Nutria Comun
     
     
171. Waterhouse's Swamp Rat  ______  AR
     Scapteromys tumidus
     AR name: Rata de Pajonal
     
     
     MUSKRAT - Subfamily Arvicoliinae  (in the same subfamily as Voles & Lemmings, in which there are totally 140 species worldwide) 
     
     
172. Muskrat  (i) (ph)  ______  CH(*) tf
     Ondatra zibethica
     
     The Muskrat was Introduced into Tierra del Fuego, as the Beaver, for their pelts. Now apparently more common than that species in ponds in treeless areas.
     
     
     TRUE MICE & RATS - Subfamily Murinae  (globally about 535 species)
      
173. House Mouse (i) ______  BR(*) se, VE(*)
     Mus musculus
     BR: Cachita
     
     
174. Brown Rat (i) ______ BR(*) am,fs
     Rattus norvegicus
     
     
     NEW WORLD PORCUPINES - Family Erethizontidae  (totally 17 species, in the Americas)
     
     
175. Brazilian (or Prehensile-tailed) Porcupine  ______  AR  BR(*) mt
     Coendou prehensilis
     AR name: Coendu Misionero
     BR name: Ourico or Porco Espinho
     
     Coendou prehensilis was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
176. Bicolor-spinned Porcupine ______  EC(*) az
     Coendou bicolor
     EC name: Puchan
     
     
177. Koopman's Porcupine ______ BR
     Coendou nycthemera
     
     
178. Bahia Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ BR
     Sphiggurus insidiosus
     
     
179. Black-tailed Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ BR
     Sphiggurus melanurus
     
     
180. Roosmalen's Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______ BR
     Sphiggurus roosmalenorum
     
     
181. Orange-spined Hairy Dwarf Porcupine ______  BR  (endemic)
     Sphiggurus villosus
     
     Geographic range: in southern Brazil
     
     
182. Paraguaian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine  ______  AR
     Sphiggurus spinosus
     
     
183. Brown Hairy Dwarf Porcupine  ______  VE
     Sphiggurus vestitus
     
     Geographic range: in Venezuela & Colombia, in tropical or subtropical moist lowland forest
     
     
184. Frosted Hairy Dwarf Porcupine  ______  VE
     Sphiggurus pruinosus
     
     Geographic range: in Colombia and in northern & eastern Venezuela, in lowland tropical rainforest & cloud forest 
     
     
185. Streaked Dwarf Porcupine  ______  EC
     Sphiggurus ichillus
     
     Geographic range: in eastern Ecuador, and possibly Peru, in lowlands
     
     Sphiggurus ichillus was described in 2001. It is nocturnal and boreal, and thus not easy to see (explaining why it was not found until so recently).  
     
     
186. Bristle-spined Porcupine ______ BR
     Chaetomys subspinosus  (the single member of its genus)
     
     
     AGOUTIS & PACAS - Family Agoutidae  (totally 16 species)
     
     
187. Green Acouchi ______ EC(*) az
     Myoprocta exilis (formerly M. pratti)
     EC name: Guatusa Pequena or Papali 
     
     
188. Red Acouchi ______  BR  EC
     Myoprocta acouchy
     
     
189. Central American Agouti  (ph)  ______  EC(*) we
     Dasyprocta punctata
     
     In addition to occurring in southern Mexico and Central America, the Central American Agouti occurs in South America as far south as southern Ecuador and east to far-western Venezuela.
     There is also a highly disjunct population in southeastern Peru, far southwestern Brazil, Bolivia, western Paraguay, and far northwestern Argentina. This disjunct population is sometimes treated as a separate species, the Brown Agouti, Dasyprocta variegata.
     A major review of the geographic taxonomy may well be necessary.      
     
     
190. Black Agouti ______  EC(*) az
     Dasyprocta fuliginosa
     EC name: Guatusa
     
     
191. Azara's Agouti ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*) mt  PG(*)
     Dasyprocta azarae
     AR name: Acuti Rojizo
     BR name: Cutia
     
     
192. Red-rumped Agouti  (ph)  ______ BR(*) af,am,mn  VE(*)
     Dasyprocta leporina (formerly D. agouti)
     BR name: Cutia
     VE name: Picure or Acure
     
     
     
     A Red-rumped Agouti photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
193. Black-rumped Agouti ______ BR
     Dasyprocta prymnolopha
     
     
194. Lowland Paca ______  AR  BR(*) af,mt  EC   (another name is Spotted Paca)
     Cuniculus paca  (the genus name has been Agouti) 
     (the genus name has been Agouti) 
     AR & BR name: Paca
     
     Cuniculus paca was described by Linnaeus in 1766.
     
     
195. Mountain Paca  ______  EC
     Cuniculus taczanowskii
     
     
     PACARANA - Family Dinomyidae  (1 species)
     
     
196. Pacarana  (t2) ______  BR  EC 
     Dinomys branickii  (the single member of its genus)
     
     Geographic range:  in Peru & western Brazil, in the Amazon basin.
     
     
     CAVIES & GUINEA-PIGS  - Family Caviidae  (totally 16 species)
     
     
197. Common Yellow-toothed Cavy  (t3CH) ______  AR  (has also been called Highland Cavy)
     Galea musteloides
     
     
198. Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy ______  BR(*) se
     Galea spixii
     
     
199. Southern Mountain Cavy  (t3CH) (ph)  ______  AR(*)  (has also been called Lesser Cavy, or the Small Patagonian Cavy)  
     Microavia australis
     AR name: Cuis Chico
     
     
     
     A Small Patagonian Cavy photographed during the
     FONT tour in southern Argentina in December 2013.
     This mammal was at the Magellanic Penguin colony 
     at Punta Tomba, also using burrows.
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
200. Shipton's Mountain Cavy  (nt)  ______  AR(*) nw
     Microcavia shiptoni
     
     
201. Brazilian Guinea-Pig ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*) mt  EC
     Cavia aperea
     AR names: Cuis (Campestre) or Cuis (Selvatico) or Cuis Grande
     
     
202. Shiny Guinea-Pig ______
     Cavia fulgida
     
     
203. Greater Guinea-Pig ______ (*) BR fs  (*) UG
     Cavia magna 
     
     
204. Montane Guinea-Pig  (t3CH) ______  AR  (has also been called Tschudi's Cavy)
     Cavia tschudii
     
     
205. Acrobat Cavy ______ (in Goias, Brazil, in the area of the Rio Sao Mateus)
     Kerodon acrobata
     
      
206. Rock Cavy ______  BR(*) mn
     Kerodon rupestris
     
     
207. Patagonian Mara  (nt) (ph)  ______  AR(*) so  (also known as Patagonian Cavy)
     Dolichotis patagonum
     AR name: Mara (Patagonica) or Liebre Patagonica
     
     
     
     Patagonian Mara
     
     
208. Chacoan Mara ______ AR
     Dolichotis (formerly Pediolagus) salinicola
     AR name: Conejo de los Palos
     
     
     CAPYBARA - Family Hydrochoeridae  (1 species, in the Neotropics)
     (1 species, in the Neotropics)
     
     
209. Capybara  (ph)  ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*) af,mt,fs  VE(*) ll
     Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris  (the single member of its genus & family)
     (the single member of its genus & family)
     AR name: Carpincho 
     BR names: Capivara or Cupido
     
     The Capybara is the world's largest rodent. It is mostly aquatic.
     
     Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris was described by Linnaeus in 1766.
     
     
     
     Capybaras were seen both day (above) & night (below) during our
     tours in Mato Grosso do Sul, not only in September 2006 
     (when these photos were taken), but during every FONT tour in that area. 
     
     
     
     Another photo (below) of an adult & young Capybaras was taken during the 
     FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, in August 2008. 
     
     
     
     
     
     DEGUS & allies - Family Octodontidae  (mostly in Argentina & Chile)
     
     
210. Coruro  (t1CH)  ______  CH(*) so  
     Spalacopus cyanus  (the single member of its genus)
     Spalacopus cyanus maulinus  (subspecies in Chile)
     
     Geographic range: in central Chile, in sandy soils of lowlands
     
     
211. Chilean Rock Rat  ______  AR  CH  
     Pithanotomys fuscus
     
     Geographic range: in the Andes of central Chile & west-central Argentina, in montane forests & bunchgrass. 
     
     
212. Sage's Rock Rat  ______  AR  CH  
     Pithanotomys sagei 
     
     Geographic range: locally in the Andes in Neuquen province of west-central Argentina & Malleco province of central Chile, in montane forests & bunchgrass.  
     
     
213. Bridge's Degu  (t3) (t2CH)  ______  AR  CH  
     Octodon bridgesi
     
     Geographic range: in the Andes of central Chile & west-central Argentina, in forests & bamboo thickets.
     
     
214. Common Degu ______  CH(*) cc  (in semiarid scrub of W slope of Andes of north-central Chile)
     Octodon degus
     CH: Degu de las Pircas
     
     
215. Moon-toothed Degu  (t2CH) ______  CH  (also called Coastal Degu) 
     Octodon lunatus 
     
     Geographic range: in north-central Chile, in dense thorn scrub of coastal mountains.
     
     
216. Mountain Degu  ______  AR  CH(*) fn  
     Octodontomys gliroides
     
     Geographic range: in southwest Bolivia, northern Chile, & northwest Argentina, in open dry rocky habitats of the Andes. 
     
      
217. Mountain Viscacha-Rat  ______  AR   
     Octomys mimax  (the single member of its genus)
     
     The Mountain Viscacha Rat is not to be confused with the former Mountain Viscacha, that has been split to be the Northern Viscacha and the Southern Viscacha, in the Viscacha & Chinchilla family.    
     
     Geographic range: in northwest Argentina, on arid rocky slopes in Andean foothills.
     
      
218. Golden Viscacha-Rat  (t1)  ______  AR (endemic) 
     Pipanacoctomys aureus  (the single member of its genus)
     
     Geographic range: in northwest Argentina, in Catamarca province.
     
     
219. Chalchalero Vizcacha-Rat  (t1)  ______  AR
     Salinoctomys loschalchalerosorum
     
     
220. Plains Viscacha-Rat  (nt)  ______  AR
     Tympanoctomys barrerae  (the single member of its genus)
     
     
     TUCO-TUCOS - Family Ctenomyidae
     
     
221. Argentine Tuco-tuco  (nt)  ______ AR  (in the Chaco Province)
     Ctenomys argentinus
     
     Geographic range: in Argentina, in the Chaco habitat 
     
     
222. Southern Tuco-tuco  (t2)  ______  AR
     Ctenomys australis
     AR name: Tuco-tuco costero
     
     
223. Azara's Tuco-tuco  (t3)  ______  AR
     Ctenomys azarae
     
     
224. Berg's Tuco-tuco  (t3)  ______  AR
     Ctenomys bergi
     
     
225. Bolivian Tuco-tuco  ______  AR
     Ctenomys boliviensis
     
     
226. Bonetto's Tuco-tuco  (t2)  ______  AR
     Ctenomys bonettoi
     
     
227. Brazilian Tuco-tuco ______  BR(*) mn
     Ctenomys brasiliensis 
     
     
228. Budin's Tuco-tuco  ______  AR
     Ctenomys budini
     
     
229. Colburn's Tuco-tuco  ______  AR
     Ctenomys colburni
     
     
230. Puntilla Tuco-tuco  ______  AR
     Ctenomys coludo
     
     
231. Tawny Tico-tuco  ______  AR(*) nw
     Ctenomys fulvus
     AR name: Tucotuco del Tamarugal 
     
     
232. Magellanic Tuco-tuco  (t3)  ______  AR(*)  CH(*) fs
     Ctenomys magellanicus 
     AR name: Tuco-tuco Austral
     
     
233. Natterer's Tuco-tuco  ______  AR
     Ctenomys nattereri
     
     
234. Salta Tuco-tuco  ______  AR
     Ctenomys saltarius
     
     
     SPINY RATS - Family Echimyidae  (totally 81 species)
     
     
235. Common Spiny Tree Rat  ______  BR(*) af  EC(*) az
     Mesomys hispidus
     
     
236. Venezuelan Spiny Rat ______
     Proechimys amphichoricus
     
     
237. Huallaga Spiny Rat ______
     Proechimys brevicauda
     
     
238. Cuvier's Spiny Rat ______  (in the Guianas and eastern Amazonian Brazil)
     Proechimys cuvieri
     
     
239. Hairy Spiny Rat  ______  BR(*) mn  (in forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil)
     Proechimys setosus
     
     
240. Atlantic Bamboo Rat  ______  AR
     Kannabateomys amblyonyx
     
     
241. Fischer's Guiara  ______  AR
     Euryzygomatomys spinosus
     
     
242. Punar ______  (in rocky outcrops, cerrado and caatinga of Paraguay & eastern Brazil)
     Thrichomys apereoides
     
     
     COYPU - Family Myocastoridae
     
     
243. Coypu  (ph) ______  AR(*) ba  BR(*) fs, se  CH(*) ce
     Myocastor coypus
     AR & CH name: Coipo 
     BR name: Ratao do Banhado
     
     The Coypu is also known as the Nutria.
     
     
     
     A Coypu, or Nutria, photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
     VISCACHAS & CHINCHILLAS - Family Chinchillidae  (6 species)
     
     
244. Northern Viscacha  (ph)  _____    BO(possibly)  CH(possibly)  PE
     Lagidium peruanum
     
     This and the following species, Lagidium viscacia, have been combined, as when so, it was called the Mountain Viscacha.  
     
     
     
     A Northern Viscacha, photographed during a FONT tour in far-northern Chile 
     
     
245. Southern Viscacha  (ph)  ______  AR(*)  BO  CH(*)  PE
     Lagidium viscacia
     AR name: Chinchillon Comun
     CH name: Vizcacha de Montana    
     
     
     
     A Southern Viscacha, photographed during a FONT tour in central Chile
     
     
246. Wolffsohn's Viscacha  ______  AR  CH
     Lagidium wolffsohni
     AR name: Chinchillon Anaranjado
     
     Geographic range: southwest Argentina & adjacent Chile 
     
     
247. Ecuadorian Mountain Viscacha  (t1)  ______  EC
     Lagidium ahuacaense
     
     Lagidium ahuacaense was discovered in July 2005 at the Cerro El Ahuaca in Ecuador, where the only known population occurs, just over 300 miles north of the northernmost known population of the Northern Viscacha in Peru.
     The animal in Ecuador was first thought to be either possibly the Northern Viscacha, Lagidium peruanum, or a new species. Three years later, it was determined to be new, based on morphological and DNA sequence differences.
     Lagidium ahuacaense was formally described in 2009.
     
     The single known population of Lagidium ahuacaense that lives in rocky habitats on Cerro El Ahuaca, an isolated granite mountain in southern Ecuador, may be only a few dozen individuals.  
     
     
248. Plains Viscacha  ______  AR
     Lagostomus maximus
     AR name: Vizcacha
     
     
249. Long-tailed Chinchilla  (ph)  ______  CH(*) fn
     Chinchilla lanigera 
     
     
     
     Above & below: Chinchillas
     
     
     
     Short-tailed Chinchilla
     
     
250. Short-tailed Chinchilla  (t1) (t2CH) ______  AR  BO(*)
     Chinchilla brevicaudata
     
     
     CHINCHILLA-RATS  - Family Abrocomidae  (9 species)
     
     
251. Budin's Chinchilla-Rat  ______  AR
     Abrocoma budini
     
     
252. Ashy Chinchilla-Rat  ______  AR(*) nw
     Abrocoma cinera
     
     
253. Famatina Chinchilla-Rat  ______  AR
     Abrocoma famatina
     
     
254. Sierra del Tontal Chinchilla-Rat  ______  AR
     Abrocoma shistacea
     
     
255. Uspallata Chinchilla-Rat  ______  AR
     Abrocoma uspallata
     
     
256. Punta de Vacas Chinchilla-Rat  ______  AR
     Abrocoma vaccarum
     
     
     CATS - Family Felidae  (globally 39 species)
     
     
257. Jaguarundi   ______  AR  BR(*) mt  EC
     Puma yagouaroundi  (the genus has been Herpailurus and Felis) 
     AR names: Gato Eyra, Gato Moro
     
     
258. Colocolo  (nt)  ______  CH  EC
     Leopardus colocolo  (has been Felis colocolo)
     
     Traditionally, Leopardus colocolo has included the two species the follow below, the Pantanal Cat and the Pampas Cat.
     The subsequent splitting of those two from the Colocolo has been based on differences in pelage color and pattern, and cranial measurements.
     However, it has been said that the split is not supported by genetic work, so some taxonomists maintain the Pantanal Cat and the Pampas Cat as subspecies of Leopardus colocolo.  
     
     Geographic range of the more restricted Colocolo: in highlands of northern Chile & in forests of central Chile, on the west slope of the Andes.  
      
     
259. Pantanal Cat ______  BR(*) mt   
     Leopardus braccata  (has been Felis braccata)
     BR name: Gato Palheiro
     
     The Pantanal Cat and the Pampas Cat (below), Leopardus pajeros, have, by some, been split from the Colocolo (above), Leopardus colocolo.   
     
     Geographic range: in southwestern & southern Brazil.
     
     
     
     The Pantanal Cat (formerly part of the more-westerly and southerly Pampas Cat)
     photographed at night during a FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. 
     
     
260. Pampas Cat  ______  AR(*)  BO  CH  EC  PE
     Leopardus pajeros  (has been Felis pajeros)
     
     The Pampas Cat and the Pantanal Cat (above), Leopardus braccata, have, by some, been split from the Colocolo (also above), Leopardus colocolo.
     
     Geographic range: on the east slope of the Andes from Ecuador to northwestern Argentina; also in lowlands of Argentina & southern Chile.  
     
     In central to northwestern Argentina, the Pampas Cat occurs at altitudes below 4,070 feet above sea level in grassland, mesophytic and dry forest, and shrubland.
     In southern Argentina and far-southern Chile, the Pampas Cat is found in Patagonian steppes and shrubland below 3,600 feet above sea level.    
     
     In 2005, there were said to 5 subspecies of the Pampas Cat:
     L. p. pajeros, widely in Argentina and in southern Chile 
     L. p. crespoi, in northwestern Argentina, on the eastern slope of the Andes
     L. p. thomasi, in Ecuador, in the Andes 
     L. p. garleppi, in Peru, in the Andes
     L. p. steinbachi, in Bolivia, in the Andes
     Based on two specimens, L. p. steimbachi is larger and paler than L. p. garleppi. But due to it being such a small sample. some consider the two as synonyms.
     Some, included above in the nominate in southern Argentina & southern Chile, have been said to be another subspecies, L. p. crucinus, based on their larger size and dull pelage. 
     
     
261. Geoffroy's Cat  (nt)  ______  AR(*)  CH(*) fs 
     Leopardus geoffroyi  (has been Felis geoffroyi)
     CH name: Gato Montes
     
     Geographic range: in Bolivia, Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina & Chile.
     
     
262. Kodkod  (t3)  ______  AR  CH
     Leopardus guigna  (has been Felis guigna)
     
     Geographic range: in south-central Chile & southwestern Argentina.
     
     
263. Ocelot  (t2)  ______  AR  BR(*) mt  EC  
     Leopardus pardalis  (has been Felis pardalis)
     AR name: Gato Onza, Ocelote
     BR name: Gato do Mato Grande
     
     Geographic range: from Texas/Mexico south to northern Argentina & southeastern Brazil.
     
     Leopardus pardalis was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
     
     Ocelots (above & below)  photographed at night during 
     FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
     This wonderful animal has been seen nicely during many FONT tours in that area.    
     
      
     
     
     
264. Oncilla  (t3)  ______  AR  BR  EC  (another name is the Little Spotted Cat)
     Leopardus tigrinus  (has been Felis tigrinus)
     
     Geographic range: from Costa Rica south to northern Argentina & southeastern Brazil.
     
     
265. Margay  (nt)  ______  AR  BR  EC   
     Leopardus wiedii  (has been Felis wiedii)
     
     Geographic range: from Mexico south to northern Argentina & Uruguay.
     
     
266. Puma  (ph)  ______  AR  BR  EC  VE(*) ll   
     Puma concolor  (has been Felis concolor)
     AR & CH names: Puma, Leon Americano
     
     Other common names for the Puma are: Cougar, Mountain Lion, and Panther.
     
     Geographic range: one of the most extensive of all American mammals, from southwest Canada to southern Chile & Argentina
     
     Puma concolor was described by Linnaeus in 1771.
     
     
     
     Puma
     
     
267. Andean Mountain Cat  (t2)  ______  AR  CH
     Leopardus jacobita  (the genus has been Felis and Oreallurus)
     
     Geographic range: in southern Peru, southwestern Bolivia, northern Chile, & northwestern Argentina, in high altitude rocky regions. 
     
     
268. Jaguar  (nt) (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) mt  EC
     Panthera onca  (has been Jaguarius onca)
     BR name: Onca Pintada  
     
     Geographic range: from Mexico to northern Argentina & southern Brazil
     
     Panthera onca was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     A Link to a Feature about:  JAGUARS 
     
     
     
     The Jaguar (above & below) 
     This mighty animal has been seen during 3 FONT Brazil tours 
     in Mato Grosso do Sul in 4 years.
     
     
     
     
     There is a black, or melanistic form of the Jaguar in South America. 
     About 6 per cent of Panthera inca are the "Black Jaguar". 
     
     Below: both forms of the Jaguar together, photographed at a zoo
     in Guatemala
     
     
     
     
     
     
     DOGS & FOXES - Family Canidae  (globally 35 species)
     
     
269. Maned Wolf  (nt) (ph)  ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*) mn,mt
     Chrysocyon brachyurus
     AR name: Aguara Guazu, Lobo de Crin
     BR name: Lobo Guara 
     
     A Link to a Feature about:  the MANED WOLF
     
     
     
     Three photos of the Maned Wolf  
     
     
     
     
     
     This lower photo of a Maned Wolf after dark at a monastery 
     in the remote hills of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as seen during a number of FONT tours.
     
     
270. Gray Fox ______  VE(*)  (a North American species occurring as far south as northern Colombia & Venezuela)
     Urocyon cinereoargenteus    
     
     
271. Colpeo (Fox)  ______  AR(*)  fs tf  CH(*) cc tf  EC
     Lycalopex culpaeus  (the genus has been Pseudalopex and Dusicyon)  
     AR name: Zorro Colorado
     CH name: Zorro Culpeo
     There are 6 subspecies. On Tierra del Fuego (in Argentina) called Fuegian Fox, P. c. magellanicus)
     
     
272. South American Gray Fox  (ph) ______  AR(*) so  BR(*) fs  CH(*) fs tf  EC  (including the Pampas Fox)
     Lycalopex griseus  (the genus has been Pseudalopex and Dusicyon)  
     AR name: Zorro Gris, Chilla
     CH name: Zorro Chilla
     
     There are 7 subspecies of the South American Gray Fox. 
     One of them, the Pampas Fox, of e. Bolivia, s. Brazil, w. Paraguay, and central & eastern Argentina has been said by some to be Lycalopex gymnocercus, AR name: Zorro Pampa 
     
     
     
     Above & below: South American Gray Foxes. photographed during FONT tours
     Above: during the November 2009 tour in Chile 
     Below: during the December 2013 tour in Argentina
     (upper photo by Robert Hinz; lower photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
     
     
     
273. Darwin's Fox  (t1)  (ph)  ______  CH(*) so  (also called the Chiloe Fox; it has been said to be a dark form of the Pampas Fox)    
     Lycalopes fulvipes  (the genus has been Pseudlopex and Dusicyon) 
     CH name: Zorro Chilote
     
     The Darwin's Fox was known from only a specimen collected by Charles Darwin in 1833, until it was rediscovered in 1922. It is now considered a relict species confined to patches of old growth Valdivian forest in Chile, in Las Lagos and Araucania. It is a critically endangered species. 
     
       
     
     The Darwin's, or Chiloe Fox, photographed on Chiloe Island  
     
     
274. Sechura Fox  ______  EC  PE
     Lycalopex (formerly Pseudalopex) sechurae
     
     
275. Crab-eating Fox  (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) mt  VE(*) ll    
     Cerdocyon thous  (the genus has been said to be Dusicyon) 
     BR name: Graxaim or Cachorro do Mato
     
     There are said to be 7 subspecies of the Crab-eating Fox.
     
     Geographic range: from Colombia south to northern Argentina & Uruguay, in forest & savannas. 
     
     Cerdocyon thous was described by Linnaeus in 1766.
     
     
     
     Above & below: Crab-eating Foxes photographed at night during  
     a FONT Brazil tour in Mato Grosso do Sul.  
     The species has been seen during every FONT tour in that area.
     
     
     
     
     
276. Hoary Fox ______  BR(*) mn   (in the cerrado & caatinga of highlands of interior east-central Brazil)
     Lycalopex (has been said by some to be Dusicyon) vetulus
     
     
277. Short-eared Dog ______  BR(*) af  EC
     Atelocynus (has been said by some to be Dusicyon) microtis
     
     The Short-eared Dog is a rarely seen animal.
     
     
278. Bush Dog  (nt)  ______  AR  EC 
     Speothos venaticus
     
     
     BEARS - Family Ursidae  (globally 8 species)
     
     
279. Spectacled (or Andean) Bear  (t3)  ______  AR(rare)   EC
     Tremarctos ornatus
     
     Geographic range: from western Venezuela south to Bolivia and rarely northwestern Argentina, in mountain forests 
     
     
     EARED SEALS - Family Otariidae  (globally 14 species) 
     
     
280. Galapagos Sea Lion  (t3)  ______  EC(*) gp
     Zalophus californianus wollebacki 
     
     The Galapagos Sea Lion is a subspecies, or race of the California Sea Lion.  
     
     
281. Southern (or South American) Sea Lion  (ph)  ______  AR(*) so tf  BR(*) fs  CH(*) fn ce so 
     Otaria byronia  (has been Otaria flavescens)
     AR & CH names: Lobo de un Pelo
     
     
     
     Southern Sea Lions by a fish market along a river in Valdivia in southern Chile
     during the FONT tour in November 2011 
     (photo by Frank Stermitz)
      
     
282. South American Fur Seal ______  AR(*) tf
     Arctocephalus australis
     AR name: Lobo de los Pelos
     
     
283. Galapagos Fur Seal  (t3)  ______ EC(*) gp
     Artocephalus galapagoensis 
     
     
     EARLESS SEALS - Family Phocidae  (globally 20 species)
     
     
284. Southern Elephant Seal  (ph)  ______  AR(*) so
     Mirounga leonina
     AR name: Elefante Marino
     
     The male Southern Elephant Seal is the largest seal in the world, followed in size by the Northern Elephant Seal and the Leopard Seal.
     The male Southern Elephant Seal is four to five times the size of the female.
     A single male Southern Elephant Seal can have as many as 150 females in its harem.
     
     
     
     Two Southern Elephant Seals photographed during the FONT tour 
     in southern Argentina in December 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)  
     
     When they are not on the beach, and are far out at sea, Southern Elephant Seals spend very little time at the surface of the water.
     They dive repeatedly, generally for more than 20 minutes, hunting their prey, squid and fish, at depths of 1,300 to 3,300 feet below the surface of the sea.
     They are the deepest diving air-breathing non-cetaceans, going as deep as the maximum record of 6,998 feet.
     
     Adult female Southern Elephant Seals typically weight from 880 to 2,000 pounds.
     Adult males weigh from 4,900 to 8,800 pounds, and measure from 14 to 19 feet long.
     An adult female averages 1,700 pounds in weight. Mature males average 7,000 pounds.
     The largest ever measured was 22.5 feet long and was estimated to weigh 11,000 pounds.
     
     
     OTTERS & ALLIES - Family Mustelidae  (globally 68 species)
     
     
285. Greater Grison (or Huron) ______  BR(*) af  EC
     Galictis vittata 
     BR name: Furao or Furax
     
     
286. Lesser Grison  (ph)  ______  AR(*) so  BR(*) fs  CH(*) so
     Galictis cuja
     
     
     
     Lesser Grison
     
     
287. Tayra  ______  AR  BR(*) af,am,mn,se  EC
     Eira barbata
     BR name: Irara
     
     The Tayra is rather like a South American Marten. 
     
     Eira barbata was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
288. Tropical (or Amazon) Weasel ______  BR  EC
     Mustela africana
     
     
289. Colombian Weasel  (t2)  ______  EC
     Mustela felipei
     
     
290. Long-tailed Weasel  ______  EC
     Mustela frenata 
     
     
291. Patagonian Weasel  ______  AR
     Lyncodon patagonicus
     
     
292. Humboldt's (or Patagonian) Hog-nosed Skunk  (ph)  ______  AR(*) fs  CH(*) fs
     Conepatus humboldti
     AR names: Zorrino Patagonico, Zorrino Chico
     CH name: Chingue de la Patagonia
     
     Geographic range: in southern Chile & southern Argentina, in grasslands & scrub
     
     
     
     A Humboldt's, or Patagonian Hog-nosed Skunk photographed 
     during the FONT Southern Argentina Tour in December 2013
     (photo by Marie Gardner)  
     
     
293. Molina's Hog-nosed Skunk ______  AR
     Conepatus chinga
     
     Geographic range: Peru, southwestern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern & central Chile, northern & west-central Argentina, Uruguay, and possibly in southern Brazil, in open grasslands 
     
     
294. Striped Hog-nosed Skunk ______  BR  EC
     Conepatus semistriatus
     
     Geographic range: from Mexico to Venezuela & Peru, in forest clearings, forest edge, & pastures; also in east-central Brazil in caatinga & cerrado habitats  
     
     
295. Giant Otter  (t2) (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) af mt  EC  (another name has been Brazilian Otter)
     Pteronura brasiliensis
     BR name: Ariranha
     
     Geographic range: from southeastern Colombia & French Guiana south to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and Uruguay, locally in lowland-forest rivers and lakes. 
     
     
     
     The Giant Otters above were photographed during a FONT tour in the Pantanal of Brazil.
     Another photo and an color illustration of the species are below.  
     
     
     
     
     
     The photo below of 2 Giant Otters was taken during 
     the FONT Brazil Tour in August 2008.
     The animals was first seen resting on wooden steps along a riverbank.
     Later, they entered the water, and swam away.     
     
     
     
     
296. Neotropical River Otter  ______  AR  BR(*) mt rs se  EC
     Lutra (formerly Lontra) longicaudus
     AR name: Lobito Comun, Guairao
     BR name: Lontra or Cachorro-d'agua
     
     Geographic range: from Mexico south to Peru, northern Argentina, Uruguay, in clear fast-flowing streams and rivers, & in coastal lagoons.  
     
     
297. Marine Otter  (t2) (ph)  ______  AR  CH(*) so
     Lutra (formerly Lontra) felina
     CH names: Nutria Marina, Nutria del Mar, Chungungo
     
     Geographic range: from Peru to southern Chile & extreme southern Argentina, along rocky seacoasts 
     
     
     
     A Marine Otter photographed during the November 2011 FONT Chile Tour  
     (photo by Frank Stermitz)
     
     
298. Southern River Otter  (t2)  ______  AR  CH(*) so
     Lutra (formerly Lontra) provocax  
     
     Geographic range: in southern Chile & southern Argentina, in lakes & streams, and along rocky coasts
     
     
     RACCOONS - Family Procyonidae  (globally 19 species)
     
     
299. Crab-eating Raccoon  (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) mt  EC  VE(*) ll
     Procyon cancrivorous
     BR name: Mao Pelada
     
     
     
     Crab-eating Raccoon, photographed during a FONT tour in Venezuela
      
     
300. South American Coati  (ph)  ______  AR(*) ig  BR(*) ig mn mt se  EC
     Nasua nasua
     AR names: Coati, Pisote
     BR names: Quati or Quatimunde
     
     Nasua nasua was described by Linnaeus in 1766."Nasua" is from the Latin meaning "nose".
     
     When is a Coati a Coatimundi? Female Coatis and their young associate in bands of 5-12 individuals, but adult males are solitary. This difference at first confused biologists, who described the solitary males as a separate species. The use of the name "coatimundi" (meaning "lone Coati" in the Guarani language) for this species reflects the same error. 
     
     
     
     
     
     Above: Two photos of the South American Coati
     Below: a group of them seen during the FONT Brazil tour in August 2008.
     
     
     
     
301. White-nosed Coati  (ph)  ______  EC(*) we
     Nasua nurica
     
     
302. Mountain (or Andean) Coati ______  EC  (other names are the Dwarf or Little Coati)
     Nasuella olivacea
     
     There are 3 subspecies of Nasuelia olivacea:
     N. o. meridensis
     N. o. olivacea
     N. o. quitensis
     
     
303. Allen's Olingo  ______  EC
     Bassariscus alleni
     
     
304. Bushy-tailed Olingo  ______  EC
     Bassariscus gabbii
     
     
305. Kinkajou  (ph)  ______ BR  EC
     Potos flavus
     
     
     
     A Kinkajou photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Rosemary Lloyd)
       
     
     SHEATH-TAILED BATS - Family Emballonuridae  (globally 51 species)
     
     
306. Proboscis Bat ______ BR(*)  EC(*) az  (another name is Long-nosed Bat)
     Rhynchonycteris naso
     
     
     
     Proboscis Bat
     
     
307. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat  (t2)  ______  EC
     Balantiopteryx infusca
     
     
308. Shaggy Bat ______ BR  EC
     Centronycteris maximiliani
     
     
309. Northern Ghost Bat  ______  EC
     Diclidurus albus
     
     
310. Greater Sac-winged Bat ______ BR(*) af,mt  EC  (another name is Greater White-lined Bat) 
     Saccopteryx bilineata
     
     
311. Frosted Sac-winged Bat  ______  EC
     Saccopteryx canescens
     
     
312. Amazonian White-lined Bat ______ BR
     Saccopteryx gymnura
     
     
313. Lesser Sac-winged Bat ______ BR  EC  (another name is Lesser White-lined Bat)
     Saccopteryx leptura
     
     
314. Chestnut Sac-winged Bat ______ BR  EC
     Cormura brevirostris
     
     
315. White-winged Dog-like Bat ______ BR
     Peropteryx (formerly Peroymus) leucoptera
     
     
316. Greater Dog-like Bat ______ BR  EC
     Peropteryx kappleri
     
     
317. Lesser Dog-like Bat ______ BR  EC  (another name has been Trinidad Dog-like Bat)
     Peropteryx macrotis
     
     
318. Smoky Sheath-tailed Bat ______ BR
     Cyttarops alecto
     
     
     FISHING BATS - Family Noctilionidae  (2 species)
     
     
319. Greater Bulldog Bat  (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) af  EC(*) az  VE(*) ll
     Noctilio leporinus
     
     Noctilio leporinus is also called the Greater Fishing Bat.
     Noctilio albiventris (below) is also called the Lesser Fishing Bat, or the Southern Bulldog Bat.
     
     
     
     Greater Bulldog Bat
     
     
320. Lesser Bulldog Bat ______  AR  BR(*) af,mn  EC
     Noctilio albiventris
     
     
     LEAF-CHINNED BATS - Family Mormoopidae  (globally 8 species) 
     
     
321. Ghost-faced Bat  ______  EC
     Mormoops megalophylla
     
     
322. Davy's Naked-backed Bat  ______  BR
     Pteronotus davyi
     
     
323. Big Naked-tailed Bat  ______  EC
     Pteronotus gymnonotus
     
     
324. Lesser Moustached Bat ______ BR
     Pteronotus personatus
     
     
325. Common Moustached Bat ______ BR
     Pteronotus parnellii
     
     
     FREE-TAILED BATS - Family Molossidae
     
     
326. Cinnamon Dog-faced Bat  ______  AR
     Cynomops abrasus
     
     
327. Greenhall's Dog-faced Bat  ______  EC
     Cynomops greenhalli
     
     
328. Para Dog-faced Bat  ______  AR
     Cynomops paramus
     
     
329. Southern Dog-faced Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Cynomops planirostris
     
     
330. Black-bonneted Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Eumops auripendulus
     
     
331. Dwarf Bonneted Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Eumops bonariensis
     
     
332. Big Bonneted Bat  ______  AR
     Eumops dabbenei
     
     
333. Wagner's Bonneted Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Eumops glaucinus
     
     
334. Patagonian Bonneted Bat  ______  AR
     Eumops patagonicus
     
     
335. Western Mastiff Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Eumops perotis
     
     
336. Equatorial Dog-faced Bat  (t3)  ______  EC
     Molossopsa aequatorianus
     
     
337. Rufous Dog-faced Bat  ______  AR
     Molossops neglectus
     
     
338. Dwarf Dog-faced Bat  ______  AR
     Molossops temminckii
     
     
339. Black Mastiff Bat  ______  EC
     Molossus ater
     
     
340. Bonda Mastiff Bat  ______  AR  EC  (another name is Thomas' Mastiff Bat)
     Molossus currentium (formerly bondae)
     
     
341. Velvety Free-tailed Bat  (ph)  ______  AR  EC  (another name is Pallas' Mastiff Bat)
     Molossus molossus
     
     
     
     Velvety Free-tailed Bat, or Pallas' Mastiff Bat
     
     
342. Black Mastiff Bat  ______  AR
     Molossus rufus
     
     
343. Broad-eared Bat  ______  AR 
     Nyctinomops laticaudatus
     
     
344. Big Free-tailed Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Nyctinomops macrotis
     
     
345. Big Crested Mastiff Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Promops centralis
     
     
346. Brown Mastiff Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Promops nasutus
     
     
347. Brazilian (or Mexican) Free-tailed Bat  (ph)  ______  AR  EC
     Tadarida brasiliensis 
     
     
     
     Brazilian Free-tailed Bat
     
     
     AMERICAN LEAF-NOSED BATS - Family Phyllostomidae  (globally 155 species)
     
     
348. Tailed Tailless Bat  ______  AR  EC  (now that's a name!)
     Anoura caudifer
     
     
349. Handley's Tailless Bat  ______  EC
     Anoura cultrata
     
     
350. Tube-lipped Nectar Bat  (ph)  ______  EC(*)  (species described in 2005)
     Anoura fistulata
     
     Overall, the Tube-lipped Nectar Bat is thought to be uncommon. It occurs in subtropical Andean forest, from about 3,000 to 6,600 feet above sea level.
     It is said to be endemic to Ecuador (but who knows, it may be in nearby Peru).
     
     The long tongue of Anoura fistulata is similar, in anatomy, to that of an anteater. That tongue, of the bat, is the longest known tongue of any mammal in the world in relation to the size of the mammal. It goes into the bat as far as the ribcage.
     The length of the bat is 2 inches. The length of its tongue is 3 and a half inches.   
     
     The Tube-lipped Nectar Bat was seen during the FONT April 2014 tour in southern Ecuador, as it came to hummingbird feeders after dark at the Tapichalaca Reserve (south of the Podocarpus National Park). 
     To and from the feeders, the bats flew very fast, but a better view of the animal could be seen in the photo below.
     
      
     
     A Tube-lipped Nectar Bat photographed during the FONT tour
     in southern Ecuador in April 2014  (photo by Marie Gardner)   
     
     
351. Geoffroy's Tailless Bat  ______  EC
     Anoura geoffroyi
     
     
352. Minor Long-nosed Bat  ______  EC
     Choeroniscus minor
     
     
353. Greater Long-tailed Bat  (t3)  ______  EC
     Choeroniscus periosus 
     
     
354. Big-eared Woolly Bat  ______  AR  EC  (another name is Woolly False Vampire Bat)
     Chrotopterus auritus
     
     
355. Commissaris' Long-tongued Bat  ______  EC
     Glossophaga commissarisi
     
     
356. Miller's Long-tongued Bat  ______  
     Glossophaga longirostris 
     
     
357. Pallas' Long-tongued Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Glossophaga soricina  
     
     
358. Graybeard Bat  ______  BR  EC  (other names have been Davies' Big-eared Bat, and Bartica Bat)  
     Glyphonycteris daviesi
     
     
359. Tricolored Big-eared Bat  ______  BR  EC
     Glyphonyceris sylvestris
     
     
360. Dark Long-tongued Bat  ______  EC
     Lichonycteris obscura
     
     
361. Chestnut Long-tongued Bat  ______  EC
     Lionycteris spurelli
     
     
362. Handley's Nectar Bat  (t3)  ______  EC
     Lonchophylla handleyi
     
     
363. Western Nectar Bat  (t3)  ______  EC
     Lonchophylla hesperia
     
     
364. Godman's Nectar Bat  ______  EC
     Lonchophylla mordax
     
     
365. Orange Nectar Bat  ______  EC
     Lonchophylla robusta
     
     
366. Thomas' Nectar Bat  ______  EC
     Lonchophylla thomasi     
     
     
367. Long-legged Bat  ______  AR  BR  EC
     Macrophyllum macrophyllum
     
     
368. Behni's Big-eared Bat ______ BR
     Micronycteris (formerly Glyphonycteris) behnii
     
     
369. Orange-throated Big-eared Bat ______ BR
     Micronycteris (formerly Lampronycteris) brachyotis
     
     
370. Hairy Big-eared Bat ______ BR  EC
     Micronycteris hirsuta
     
     
371. Little Big-eared Bat ______ BR  EC
     Micronycteris megalotis
     
     
372. Common Big-eared Bat ______ BR
     Micronycteris microtis
     
     
373. White-bellied Big-eared Bat ______ BR  EC
     Micronycteris minuta
     
     
374. Niceforo's Big-eared Bat ______ BR
     Micronycteris nicefori
     
     
375. Golden Bat  ______  BR
     Mimon bennettii
     
     
376. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat  ______  BR  EC
     Mimon (formerly Anthorhina) crenulatum
     
     
377. Tomes' Sword-nosed Bat ______ BR  EC  (another name has been the Common Sword-nosed Bat)
     Lonchorhina aurita
     
     
378. Pygmy Round-eared Bat  ______  EC
     Lophostoma brasiliense
     
     
379. White-throated Round-eared Bat  ______  EC
     Lophostoma silvicolum
     
     
380. Greater Round-eared Bat ______  AR  BR
     Tonatia bidens
     
     
381. White-throated Round-eared Bat ______ BR
     Tonatia silvicola
     
     
382. Pale-faced Bat  ______  EC
     Phylloderma stenops 
     
     
383. Pale Spear-nosed Bat ______  AR  BR  EC
     Phyllostomus discolor
     
     
384. Lesser Spear-nosed Bat  ______  EC
     Phyllostomus elongatus
     
     
385. Greater Spear-nosed Bat  ______  EC
     Phyllostomus hastatus
     
     
386. Fringe-lipped Bat  ______  EC
     Trachops cirrhosus 
     
     
387. Chestnut Short-tailed Bat  ______  EC
     Carollia castanea
     
     
388. Seba's Short-tailed Bat ______  AR  EC(*) az
     Carollia perspicillata
     
     
389. Anderson's Fruit-eating Bat  ______  EC
     Artibeus anderseni
     
     
390. Fringed Fruit-eating Bat ______ AR  BR
     Artibeus fimbriatus 
     
     
391. Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat  (t3)  ______  EC
     Artibeus fraterculus
     
     
392. Silver Fruit-eating Bat ______ BR  EC
     Artibeus glaucus
     
     
393. Artibeus intermedius  ______  EC
     
     
394. Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat  (ph)  ______  BR  EC
     Artibeus jamaicensis
     
     
     
     Jamaican Fruit-eating Bats
     
     
395. Great Fruit-eating Bat ______ AR  BR(*) mt  EC  VE(*)
     Artibeus lituratus
     
     
396. Dark Fruit-eating Bat  ______  EC
     Artibeus obscurus
     
     
397. Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat  ______  EC
     Artibeus phaeotis
     
     
398. Flat-faced Fruit-eating Bat  ______  AR
     Artibeus planirostris
     
     
399. Toltec Fruit-eating Bat  ______  EC
     Artibeus toltecus
     
     
400. Salvin's Big-eyed Bat  ______  EC
     Chiroderma salvini
     
     
401. Little Big-eyed Bat  ______  EC
     Chirodrma trinitatum
     
     
402. Hairy Big-eyed Bat  ______  EC
     Chiroderma villosum
     
     
403. Velvety Fruit-eating Bat  ______  EC
     Enchisthenes hartii
     
     
404. MacConnell's Bat  ______  EC
     Mesophylla macconnelli
     
     
405. Short-headed Broad-nosed Bat  ______  EC
     Platyrrhinus brachycephalus
     
     
406. Thomas' Broad-nosed Bat  ______  EC
     Platyrrhinus dorsalis
     
     
407. Heller's Broad-nosed Bat  ______  EC
     Platyrrhinus helleri
     
     
408. Buffy Broad-nosed Bat  ______  EC
     Platyrrhinus infuscus   
     
     
409. White-lined Broad-nosed Bat  ______  AR
     Platyrrhinus lineatus
     
     
410. Greater Broad-nosed Bat  ______  EC
     Platyrrhinus vittatus
     
     
411. Ipanema Bat  ______  AR
     Pygoderma bilabiatum
     
     
412. Hairy Little Fruit Bat  ______  EC
     Rhinophylla alethina
     
     
413. Fischer's Little Fruit Bat  ______  EC
     Rhinophylla fischerae
     
     
414. Dwarf Little Fruit Bat  ______  EC
     Rhinophylla pumila
     
     
415. Aratathomas' Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  EC
     Sturnira aratathomasi
     
     
416. Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  EC
     Sturnira bidens
     
     
417. Bogota Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  EC
     Sturnira bogotensis   
     
     
418. Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Sturnira erythromos
     
     
419. Little Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  AR
     Sturnira lilium
     
     
420. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  EC
     Sturnira ludovici
     
     
421. Louis' Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  EC
     Sturnira luisis
     
     
422. Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  EC
     Sturnira magna  
     
     
423. Tschudi's Yellow-shouldered Bat  (nt)  ______  AR
     Sturnira oporaphilum
     
     
424. Tilda's Yellow-shouldered Bat  ______  EC
     Sturnira tildae
     
     
425. Common Tent-making Bat  (ph)  ______  EC
     Uroderma bilobatum
     
     
     
     Common Tent-making Bats
     (photo by Doris Potter)
     
     
426. Brown Tent-making Bat  ______  EC
     Uroderma magnirostrum
     
     
427. Spectral Bat  ______  EC
     Vampyrum spectrum
     
     
428. Striped Yellow-eared Bat  ______  EC
     Vampyressa nymphaea
     
     
429. Southern Little Yellow-eared Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Vampyressa pusilla
     
     
430. Common Vampire Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Desmodus rotundus
     
     
431. White-winged Vampire Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Diaemus youngi  
     
     
432. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat  ______  EC
     Diphylla ecaudata
     
     
     VESPER BATS - Family Vespertilionidae  (globally 364 species)
     
     
433. Southern Myotis  ______  AR
     Myotis aelleni
     
     
434. Silver-tipped Myotis  ______  AR  EC
     Myotis albescens 
     
     
435. Chilean Myotis ______ CH(*) ce
     Myotis (formerly Leuconoe) chiloensis
     
     
436. Atacama Myotis ______ CH(*) fn
     Myotis (formerly Selysius) atacamensis
     
     
437. Myotis dinellii  ______  AR
     
     
438. Hairy-legged Myotis  ______  AR  EC
     Myotis keaysi
     
     
439. Yellowish Myotis  ______  AR
     Myotis levis
     
     
440. Black Myotis  ______  AR  EC
     Myotis nigricans
     
     
441. Montane Myotis  ______  EC
     Myotis oxyotus
     
     
442. Riparian Myotis  ______  AR  EC
     Myotis riparius
     
     
443. Red Myotis  (nt)  ______  AR
     Myotis ruber
     
     
444. Velvety Myotis  ______  AR  EC
     Myotis simus
     
     
445. Eptesicus andinus  ______  EC
     
     
446. Brazilian Brown Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Eptesicus brasiliensis
     
     
447. Diminutive Serotine  ______  AR
     Eptesicus diminutus
     
     
448. Argentine Brown Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Eptesicus furinalis
     
     
449. Harmless Serotine  (t3)  ______  EC
     Eptesicus innoxius
     
     
450. Thomas' Big-eared Brown Bat  (nt)  ______  AR
     Histiotus laephotis
     
     
451. Big-eared Brown Bat  ______  AR
     Histiotus macrotus
     
     
452. Southern Big-eared Brown Bat  ______  AR
     Histiotus magellanicus
     
     
453. Small Big-eared Brown Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Histiotus montanus
     
     
454. Tropical Big-eared Brown Bat  ______  AR
     Histiotus velatus
     
     
455. Desert Red Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Lasiurus blossevillii
     
     
456. Hoary Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Lasiurus cinereus
     
     
457. Southern Yellow Bat  ______  AR  EC
     Lasiurus ega
     
     
458. Cinnamon Red Bat  ______  AR
     Lasiurus varius
     
     
     DISK-WINGED BATS - Family Thyroptera
     
     
459. Peter's Disk-winged Bat  ______  EC
     Thyroptera discifera
     
     
460. Spix's Disk-winged Bat  ______  EC
     Thyroptera tricolor
     
     
     SMOKY & THUMBLESS BATS - Family Furipteridae
     
     
461. Smoky Bat  (t3)  ______  EC
     Amorphochilus schnablii
     
     
462. Thumbless Bat  ______  EC
     Furipterus horrens 
     
     
     MARMOSETS & TAMARINS - Family Callitrichidae  (globally 43 species)
     
     
463. Buffy-tufted Marmoset (formerly one of the subspecies of Tufted-ear Marmoset) (t2) ______  BR(*) se (in Southeast Brazil, in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, & Sao Paulo) 
     Callithrix aurita
     BR: Sauim or Sagui
     
     
464. Buffy-headed Marmoset (formerly one of the subspecies of Tufted-ear Marmoset) (t2) (ph)  ______  BR(*) mn  (in east-central Brazil, locally in Minas Gerais, southern Espirito Santo, & Rio de Janeiro state)
     Callithrix flaviceps
     BR: Sauim or Sagui
     
     
     
     A Buffy-headed Marmoset photographed during the FONT tour 
     in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in March 2008
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
465. Black-tailed Marmoset (formerly one of the subspecies of Silvery Marmoset) ______ (*) BR mt  (in west & central Brazil, & in nearby Bolivia & Paraguay)
     Callithrix melanura 
     
     
466. Silvery Marmoset ______ BR  (in eastern Amazonian Brazil, in Para state) 
     Callithrix argentata
     BR: Sauim or Sagui
     
     
467. Rio Acari Marmoset ______ BR  (in central Amazonian Brazil)
     Callithrix acariensis
     
     
468. Gold-and-white Marmoset ______ BR  (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
     Callithrix chrysoleuca
     
     
469. Emilia's Marmoset ______ BR  (in southern Amazonian Brazil, in Rondonia & northern Mato Grosso)
     Callithrix emiliae
     
     
470. Geoffrey's Marmoset ______ BR  (in east-central Brazil, in Minas Gerais & Espirito Santo)
     Callithrix geoffroyi
     
     
471. Santarem Marmoset ______ BR  (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
     Callithrix humeralifera 
     
     
472. Dwarf Marmoset ______ BR  (in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
     Callithrix humilis 
     
     
473. Hershkovitz's Marmoset ______ BR  (locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
     Callithrix intermedia
     
     
474. White-tufted Marmoset  (ph)  ______ BR(*)  (also called Common Marmoset)  (in northeast Brazil) 
     Callithrix jacchus
     
     The White-tufted Marmoset originally occurred along the northeastern coast of Brazil from the state of Piaui to that of Bahia.
     Through the release of captive individuals, it also occurs now in southeastern Brazil, where the first sighting in the wild in Rio de Janeiro was in 1929. Today it is common in the area of that city.  
     
     The White-tufted Marmoset was described by Linnaeus in 1758.  
     
     
     
     White-tufted Marmoset    
     
     
475. Wied's Black-tufted Marmoset  (nt) (ph)  ______ BR  (endemic)
     Callithrix kuhlii 
     
     Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & extreme northwestern Minas Gerais    
     
     Callithrix kuhlii was described in 1985.
     
     
     
     Wied's Black-tufted Marmoset
     
     
476. White Marmoset ______ BR  (in central Amazonian Brazil, in Para state)
     Callithrix leucippe
     
     
477. Rio Manicore Marmoset ______ BR  (locally in central Amazonian Brazil)
     Callithrix manicorensis
     
     
478. Marca's Marmoset ______ BR  (locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
     Callithrix marcai 
     
     
479. Rio Maues Marmoset ______ BR  (locally in central Amazonian Brazil)
     Callithrix mauesi
     
     
480. Black-headed Marmoset ______ BR  (very locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
     Callithrix nigriceps
     
     
481. Black-tufted Marmoset ______ BR  (in northeast & east-central Brazil)
     Callithrix penicillata
     
     
482. Satere-Maues' Marmoset ______ BR  (in central Amazonian Brazil)
     Callithrix saterei
     
     
483. Pygmy Marmoset  ______  EC(*) az  (in eastern Ecuador, northeast Peru, & central Amazonian Brazil)
     Cebuella pygmaea
     EC: Mono de Bolsillo, or Leoncito
     
     The Pygmy Marmoset is the world's smallest true monkey.
     
     A family group of at least 5 Pygmy Marmosets was seen during a FONT tour at La Selva along the Napo River in Ecuador. 
     It is a very interesting mammal in that an entire family group will stay in one tree for up to a year feeding on sap. When the sap begins to run low, they'll leave the tree, moving to another, and "set-up shop" for another year.    
     
     
484. Black-mantled Tamarin ______  (in rainforests of the Amazon basin in eastern Peru, & northwest Brazil) 
     Saguinus nigricollis 
     
     
485. Graell's Tamarin  ______  EC(*)  az
     Saguinus graellsi
     EC: Chichico or Leoncito
     
     The Graell's Tamarin has been treated as a subspecies of the Black-mantled Tamarin, Saguinus grellsi, but it differs from it in having a dull olive-brown (not reddish-orange) lower back, rump, and thighs.    
     
     
486. Pied Bare-faced Tamarin  (t1)  ______ BR(*) am  (in rainforests of the Manaus region, in central Amazonian Brazil - east of the Rio Negro & north of the Amazon River)
     Saguinus bicolor   
     
     
487. Martin's Bare-faced Tamarin ______  BR  (has been considered conspecific with the Pied Bare-faced Tamarin, and was then-called the Brazilian Bare-faced Tamarin)  (in north-central Amazonian Brazil, north of the Amazon River) 
     Saguinus martinsi
     
     
488. Brown-mantled Tamarin  ______ BR  EC  (has also been called Saddle-backed Tamarin)
     Saguinus fuscicollis
     
     Geographic range: in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and northern & eastern Brazil, in dense forests.
     
     
489. Golden-mantled Tamarin  ______  EC
     Saguinus tripartitus
     
     
490. Emperor Tamarin ______ BR  (in dense lowland forests of eastern Peru & western Brazil)
     Saguinus imperator
     
     
491. Mottle-faced Tamarin ______ BR  (in southeast Colombia & northwest Brazil)
     Saguinus inustus
     
     
492. Red-chested Moustached Tamarin ______ BR  (in northern Bolivia & western Amazonian Brazil)
     Saguinus labiatus
     
     
493. White-mantled Tamarin ______ BR  (in western Amazonian Brazil)
     Saguinus melanoleucus
     
     
494. Red-handed Tamarin ______ BR(*) am  (in Guyana & northeast Amazonian Brazil, east of the Rio Negro, north of the Amazon River)
     Saguinus midas 
     
     
495. Black-chested Moustached Tamarin ______ BR  (in northeast Peru & western Amazonian Brazil)
     Saguinus mystax
     
     
496. Black Tamarin ______ BR  (in eastern Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
     Saguinus niger 
     
     
497. Red-capped Moustached Tamarin ______ BR  (in western Amazonian Brazil)
     Saguinus pileatus
     
     
498. Black-faced Lion Tamarin (t1) ______ BR  (in southeast Brazil, in Sao Paulo state & Parana)
     Leontopithecus caissara
     
     
499. Golden-headed Lion Tamarin (t2) (ph)  ______ BR  (in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & northeast Minas Gerais)
     Leontopithecus chrysomelas
     
     
     
     Golden-headed Lion Tamarin
     
     
500. Black Lion Tamarin (t1) ______ BR  (in southeast Brazil, in 2 small remnant forest patches in Sao Paulo)
     Leontopithecus chrysopygus
     
     
501. Golden Lion Tamarin (t1) ______ BR  (in southeast Brazil, in a few isolated forest patches in central & southern Rio de Janeiro state)
     Leontopithecus rosalia
     
     
     NEW WORLD MONKEYS - Family Atelidae  (globally 82 species)
     
     
502. Black Howler Monkey  (ph)  ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*) mt  
     Alouatta caraya
     AR names: Mono Aullador Negro, Caraya
     BR names: Guariba or Bugio or Caraja
     
     Geographic range: in south-central Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, & northwestern Argentina. 
     
     As in the photos below, the male of Black Howler Monkey is black; but the female is brown.
     
     
     
     Above: male Black Howler Monkey
     Below: female Black Howler Monkey
     Photographed during a FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
     
     
     
     
     
503. Red-handed Howler Monkey ______  BR(*) af  (in central & northeast Brazil)
     Alouatta belzebul
     BR: Guariba
     
     
504. Amazon Black Howler Monkey ______ BR  (C&E Amazonian Brazil, both N&S of the Amazon River)
     Alouatta nigerrima 
     
     
505. Brown Howler Monkey  (ph)  ______  BR(*) mn,se  
     Alouatta guariba (formerly A. fusca)
     AR name: Mono Aullador Rufo
     BR names: Bugio or Ruivo or Guariba
     
     There are two subspecies of the Brown Howler Monkey:
     Alouatta g. guariba, the Northern Brown Howler  (t1)
     Alouatta guariba clamitans, the Southern Brown Howler
     
     The nominate subspecies is critically endangered, with, it is said, fewer than 250 individuals restricted to the area of the Jequitinhonha River, in eastern Brazil. That river flows from eastern Minas Gerais into Bahia to the ocean.
     
     In the subspecies A. g. clamitans of southern South America, adult males are bright reddish with a golden tint; most adult females are brown.
     
     Geographic range: from Bahia in Brazil south to northeastern Argentina, in the Atlantic Forest. 
     
     
     
     A male Brown Howler Monkey in the trees of a fine forest
     in Minas Gerais, Brazil during a FONT tour in October 2009  
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
506. Venezuelan Red Howler Monkey ______  EC(*) az  VE(*) hp  (Colombia, Venezuela, NW Brazil)
     Alouatta seniculus
     VE name: Mono Colorado
     EC name: Coto Mono
     
     
507. Guyanan Red Howler Monkey ______  BR(*) am  (Guyana & NC Amazonian Brazil)
     Alouatta macconnelli
     
     
508. Bolivian Red Howler Monkey ______ BR  (S Peru, Bolivia, SW Brazil)
     Alouatta sara
     
     
509. Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkey  (t3)  ______  EC
     Alouatta palliata aequatorialis
     
     The Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkey is the southernmost subspecies of the Mantled Howler Monkey (ph) that ranges north to Mexico.
     Alouatta palliata aequatorialis ranges from Panama (possibly easternmost Costa Rica) through Colombia and Ecuador into northern Peru. 
     
     
510. White-nosed Bearded Saki  (t3) ______  BR(*) af,am  (C Brazil, S of the Amazon River to Mato Grosso)
     Chiropotes albinasus
     BR: Cuxiu or Piroclucu or Piroculu
     
     
511. Brown Bearded Saki  (t2) ______ BR  (in northeast Brazil)
     Chiropotes satanas
     
     
512. Buffy Saki ______ BR  (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Solimoes River)
     Pithecia albicans 
     
     
513. Gray Monk Saki ______ BR  (C & SW Amazonian Brazil, & S Peru to Bolivia)
     Pithecia irrorata
     
     
514. Monk Saki ______ BR  EC  (S Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru, & W Brazil)
     Pithecia monachus
     
     
515. Guianan Saki ______ BR  (E Venezuela & French Guiana, & NE Brazil south to the Amazon River)
     Pithecia pithecia
     
     
516. Equatorial Saki  ______  EC
     Pithecia aequatorialis
     
     Pithecia aequatorialis was described in 1987. Its geographic range is in Ecuador & Peru.  
     
     
517. Red Uakari ______ BR  (in northern Peru & west-central Brazil)
     Cacajao calvus
     
     
518. Black Uakari ______ BR  (SE Colombia, extreme S Venezuela, & NW Brazil)
     Cacajao melanocephalus      
     
     
519. White-headed Capuchin  (ph)  ______  EC  
     Cebus capucinus
     
     Cebus capucinus has been called the White-faced Capuchin or White-throated Capuchin. Its range is from Ecuador north into Central America to Honduras. 
     The subspecies in South America is the nominate, Cebus c. capucinus.     
     
     
     
     White-headed Capuchins photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Virginia Woodhouse)
     
     
520. Wedge-capped Capuchin ______  VE(*) ll  (also called the Weeping Capuchin)  
     Cebus olivaceus
     VE name: Mono Chuco
     
     Geographic range: from Colombia to French Guiana, & in northern Brazil south to the Rio Negro & Amazon River, in forests.
     
     
521. White-fronted Capuchin ______  BR  EC
     Cebus albifrons
     
     Geographic range: Colombia, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil, Ecuador, & northern Peru. 
     
     
522. Ka'apor Capuchin ______ BR (endemic)  
     Cebus kaapori
     
     Geographic range: in northeastern Brazil, in Maranhao.
     
     
     The genus of the South American Capuchin monkeys BELOW was changed in 2011 from Cebus to Sapajus.
     That change was for the "robust capuchins", those in the former "Cebus apella group".
     The Capuchins ABOVE retained the Cebus genus, the "gracile capuchins", those in the former "Cebus capuccinus group".   
     
     
523. Tufted Capuchin  ______  BR(*) af,am,mt  EC  (has been called the Brown Tufted Capuchin)
     Sapajus (formerly Cebus) apella
     AR names: Cai Comun, Mono
     BR name: Macaco Prego
     
     Geographic range: from Colombia south to Peru & central Brazil.
     
     In 2005, the following were said to be subspecies of the Tufted Capuchin:
     S. a. apella
     S. a. fatuellus
     The above two subspecies were described by Linnaeus in 1758 & 1766 respectively.
     S. a. margaritae
     S. a. peruanus
     S. a. tocantinus
     
     Another subspecies, Sapajus apella macrocephalus, has been regarded by some as a separate species, the Large-headed Capuchin.
     It occurs in parts of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.  
     
     Sapajus (formerly Cebus) apella was described by Linnaeus in 1758. For years, it had the common English name of Brown Capuchin.
     
     
524. Black-striped Capuchin ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*)  (has been called Black-striped Tufted Capuchin) 
     Sapajus (formerly Cebus) libidinosus
     
     Geographic range: in Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay, & southern Brazil, in forests
     
     
525. Black Capuchin  (ph)  ______  BR(*) mn,se  (has been called Black Tufted Capuchin)
     Sapajus (formerly Cebus) nigritus
     
     Geographic range: southeastern Brazil, in the Atlantic Forest.  
     
     
     
     A Black Capuchin photographed during the FONT August 2007 tour
     in Southeast Brazil
     (photo by Dan Coleman)
     
     
526. Golden-bellied Capuchin  (t1) ______ BR  (endemic)
     Sapajus (formerly Cebus) xanthosternos
     
     Other names for Sapajus xanthosternos are Yellow-breasted Capuchin and Buffy-headed Capuchin. 
     
     Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & northern Minas Gerais, in forest remnants. 
     
     
527. Blond Capuchin  (t1)  ______  BR (endemic)
     Sapajus flavius
     
     The critically endangered Blond Capuchin was rediscovered in 2006. Its estimated population is about 180 individuals.
     It was originally described in 1774, as Simia flavia, but without a type specimen.
     
     Geographic range: in northeastern Brazil, in the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco, and Alagoas. 
     
     
528. White-fronted Spider Monkey  (t2)  ______  EC
     Ateles belzebuth
     
     
529. White-cheeked Spider Monkey  (t2)  ______  BR(*) af  (was merged with a more widespread Black Spider Monkey)
     Ateles marginatus
     BR: Coata 
     
     Ateles marginatus is endemic to Amazonian Brazil.
     
     
530. Black Spider Monkey (v) ______ BR  (undisturbed primary rainforests from Guyana south into NE Amazonian Brazil, north of Amazon River, west to the Rio Negro)
     Ateles paniscus  
     
     
531. Peruvian Spider Monkey ______ BR (E Peru, N Bolivia, & W Amazonian Brazil)
     Ateles chamek
     
     
532. White-whiskered Spider Monkey  (t2) ______ BR  (EC Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
     Ateles marginatus
     
     
533. Black-headed Spider Monkey  (t1)  ______  EC  
     Ateles fusciceps
     
     Ateles fusciceps is said by some to be a subspecies of the Geoffroy's Spider Monkey, Ateles geoffroyi, of mostly Central America.   
     
     
534. Southern Muriqui  (t1)  ______ BR  (was called "Woolly Spider Monkey")  (in southeast Brazil, in Atlantic forest remnants of Rio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo states)
     Brachyteles arachnoides
     
     These rare animals, the Southern & the Northern Muriquis (above & below) are the largest monkeys in the New World, up to 5 feet tall. The two Muriquis were taxonomically "split" in 1995.
     
     
535. Northern Muriqui  (t1) (ph)  ______  BR(*)  mn  (was called "Woolly Spider Monkey")  (in east-central Brazil, in Atlantic forest remnants from Bahia to Espirito Santo & Minas Gerais) 
     Brachyteles hypoxanthus 
     
      
     
     These Northern Muriquis were photographed during a FONT tour 
     in May 2011 in Minas Gerais in Brazil  
     
     
536. Gray Woolly Monkey  (ph)  ______ BR 
     Lagothrix cana
     
     Geographic range: southern Peru & southern Amazonian Brazil
     
     There are two subspecies of the Gray Woolly Monkey:
     Lagothrix cana cana in Brazil & Peru
     Lagothrix cana tschudi in southeast Peru.  
     
     
     
     This Woolly Monkey was photographed in southeastern Peru,
     making it Lagothrix cana tschudi,
     (photo by Marie Grenouillet)
     
     
537. Brown Woolly Monkey  (t3)  ______ BR  EC  
     Lagothrix lagotricha
     
     Another name for Lagothrix lagotricha is the Humboldt's Woolly Monkey. 
     
     Geographic range: in southeastern Colombia, northeastern Ecuador, far northeastern Peru, & northwestern Amazonian Brazil east to the Rio Negro. 
     
     
538. Silvery Woolly Monkey  (t3)  ______ BR  EC 
     Lagothrix poeppigii 
     
     Another name for Lagothrix poeppigii is the Poeppig's Woolly Monkey.
     
     Geographic range: in eastern Ecuador & northern Peru, & extreme western Amazonian Brazil, in highlands
     
     
539. Colombian Woolly Monkey  (t1)  ______
     Lagothrix lugens
     
     Geographic range: Colombia
     
     
540. Common Squirrel Monkey  (ph)  ______  EC(*) am
     Saimiri sciureus
     EC: Fraile, Frailecito, Barizo
     
     In the latest taxonomy, there are in total 5 squirrel monkey species, in Central & South America.
     
     
     
     Common Squirrel Monkey
     (photo by Marie Grenouillet)
     
     
541. Bolivian Squirrel Monkey ______ BR  (Amazon basin of E Peru, Bolivia & SW Brazil)
     Saimiri boliviensis 
     
     
542. Bare-eared Squirrel Monkey ______  BR(*) am  (C Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
     Saimiri ustus
     
     
543. Black Squirrel Monkey ______ BR  (W Amazonian Brazil)
     Saimiri vanzolinii
     
     
544. Coppery Titi  ______  
     Callicebus cupreus
     
     
545. White-tailed Titi  ______  EC(*) az
     Callicebus discolor
     EC: Zocayo, Saui
     
     The White-tailed Titi was considered part of the Coppery Titi (above), Callicebus discolor, now of Amazonian Brazil and Peru.   
     
     
546. Dusky Titi ______ BR  (EC Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
     Callicebus moloch
     
     
547. Masked Titi  (t3) (ph)  ______  BR(*) mn  (EC Brazil, coastal forests of EC Minas Gerais, S Espirito Santo, & NE Rio de Janeiro)
     Callicebus personatus
     BR: Guigo or Saua
     
     
     
     A Masked Titi during a FONT tour in Minas Gerais, Brazil in October 2009 
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
548. Black-fronted Titi  (t3) ______  BR(*) se  (Atlantic forest of S Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, & SW Rio de Janerio)
     Callicebus nigrifrons 
     
     The Black-fronted Titi, Callicebus nigrifrons, was formerly a subspecies of the Masked Titi, Callicebus personatus.  
     
     
549. Baptista Lake Titi ______ BR  (C Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
     Callicebus baptista
     
     
550. Blond Titi (ce) ______ BR  (EC Brazil, in remnant forests of N Bahia)
     Callicebus barbarabrownae
     
     
551. Prince Benhard's Titi ______ BR  (SC Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus bernhardi
     
     
552. Brown Titi _____ BR  (SC Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus brunneus
     
     
553. Booted Titi _____ BR  (C Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus calligatus
     
     
554. Ashy-black Titi ______ BR  (C Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus cinerascens
     
     
555. Coimbra-Filho's Titi (ce) ______ BR  (NE Brazil)
     Callicebus coimbrai
     
     
556. White-tailed Titi ______ BR  (another name has been Double-browed Titi)
     Callicebus discolor
     
     Geographic range: west-central Amazonian Brazil
     
     
557. Dubious Titi ______ BR  (WC Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus dubius
     
     
558. Hoffmann's Titi ______ BR  (C Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus hoffmannsi
     
     
559. Lucifer Titi ______ BR  EC  (S Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, & W Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus lucifer
     
     
560. Mourning Titi ______ BR  (NW Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus lugens
     
     
561. Black-handed Titi  (formerly a subspecies of Masked Titi) ______ BR (Atlantic forest of EC Brazil, in SE Bahia & N Espirito Santo)
     Callicebus melanochir
     
     
562. Pallid Titi ______ BR  (Paraguay & SC Brazil: the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul)
     Callicebus pallescens   
     
     
563. Red-crowned Titi ______ BR  (C Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus purinus
     
     
564. Kinglet Titi ______ BR  (C Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus regulus 
     
     
565. Stephen Nash's Titi ______ BR  (WC Amazonian Brazil, not well known)
     Callicebus stephennashi
     
     
566. Collared Titi ______ BR (C Amazonian Brazil)
     Callicebus torquatus
     
     
567. Azara's Night Monkey ______ BR  (Amazonian Brazil south to NE Argentina)
     Aotus azarai
     
     
568. Nancy Ma's Night Monkey ______ BR  (Western Amazonian Brazil)
     Aotus nancymaae
     
     
569. Black-headed Night Monkey ______ BR  (E Peru & W&C Amazonian Brazil)
     Aotus nigriceps 
     
     
570. Northern Night Monkey ______ BR  (E Colombia, S Venezuela, & NC Brazil)
     Aotus trivirgatus
     
     
571. Gray-bellied Night Monkey ______ BR  EC  (another name has been Noisy Night Monkey)  
     Aotus vociferans
     
     Geographic range: Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northern Peru, & northwestern Amazonian Brazil
     
     
572. Spix's Night Monkey  ______  EC
     Aotus vociferans
     
     
     AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN(S) - Family Iniidae  (1 or 2 species)
     
     
573. Amazon River Dolphin  (t3)  ______  BR(*) am  EC  VE(*) ll  (also called the Pink Dolphin. or Boto)
     Inia geoffrensis
     BR names: Boutu or Boto, also Boto Cor de Rosa  
     VE name: Tonina 
     
     Subspecies of the Amazon River Dolphin include:
     Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis in the basins of the Amazon and the Araguaia/Tocantins Rivers
      (excluding the Madeira River drainage upstream of the Teotonio Rapids in Rondonia)
     Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana in the basin of the Orinoco River
     Inia geoffrensis boliviensis in the Bolivian portion of the Amazon basin upstream of the Teotonio Rapids in Rondonia, Brazil 
     Some, including the Society of Marine Mammalogy in 2012, consider the last of these to be a distinct species.
     
     Another species of dolphin also occurs in the Amazon River Basin, the Tucuxi (or Gray Dolphin), noted below.
     
     
     FRANCISCANA - Family Pontoporiidae  (1 species)
     
     
574. La Plata Dolphin (or Franciscana)  ______  AR  BR se
     Pontoporia blainvillei
     AR name: Delfin del Plata
     
     
     MARINE DOLPHINS - Family Delphinidae  (globally 34 species)
     
     
575. Rough-toothed Dolphin  ______  EC
     Steno bredanensis
     
     
576. Dusky Dolphin  (ph)  ______  AR(*) so
     Lagenorhynchus obscurus
     AR name: Delfin Oscuro
     
     
     
     Dusky Dolphins
     
     
577. Peale's Dolphin  (ph)  ______  AR  CH(*) tf
     Lagenorhynchus australis
     CH name: Delfin Griseoblanco
     
     
     
     Peale's Dolphin
     (photo by Cameron Rutt)
     
     
578. Hourglass Dolphin  ______  AR
     Lagenorhynchus cruciger
     
     
579. Commerson's Dolphin  (ph)  ______  AR  CH(*) tf
     Cephalorhynchus commersonii
     AR name: Tonina Overa
     CH name: Delfin Blanco
     
     The Commerson's Dolphin, a striking black-and-white marine mammal, much like a porpoise, is in the eastern Strait of Magellan. 
     During one FONT tour, we watched them in smooth water, apparently fishing with penguins. 
     
       
     
     Commerson's Dolphin
     
     
580. Chilean Dolphin  (nt)  ______  AR
     Cephalorhynchus eutropia
     
     
581. Short-beaked Common Dolphin  (ph)   ______  AR  CH(*) fn  EC
     Delphinus delphis
     CH name: Delfin Comun 
     
     Short-beaked Common Dolphins have been seen offshore from Arica, Chile, during FONT pelagic trips.
     
     
582. Long-beaked Common Dolphin  ______  AR
     Delphinus capensis
     
     
583. Common Bottlenose Dolphin  (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) fs  
     Tursiops truncatus 
     AR name: Tonina
     
     Common Bottlenose Dolphins were seen during a FONT Far-Southern Brazil Tour from shore by a long rock jetty that extended about 2 miles out to sea, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 
     
     
584. Pantropical Spotted Dolphin  ______  AR
     Stenella atteuata
     
     
585. Striped Dolphin  ______  AR
     Stenella coeruleoalba
     
     
586. Spinner Dolphin  ______  AR  EC
     Stenella longirostris
     
     
587. Fraser's Dolphin  (ph)  ______  AR  EC
     Lagernodelphis hosei
     
     
588. Southern Right Whale Dolphin  ______  AR
     Lissodelphis peronii
     
     
589. Risso's Dolphin  (ph)  ______  AR  (also called Gray Grampus)
     Grampus griseus  
     
     
590. Orca (or Killer Whale) (ph)  ______  AR(*) so  EC
     Orcinus orca
     AR name: Orca 
     
     Orcas have been seen in the surf, where there were seals and sea lions on the beach, during FONT tours along the Argentine coast at the Valdez Peninsula.  
     
     
591. False Killer Whale  ______  AR  EC
     Pseudorca crassideus
     
     
592. Pygmy Killer Whale  ______  EC
     Feresa attenuata
     
     
593. Short-finned Pilot Whale  ______  EC
     Globicephala macrorhynchus
     
     
594. Long-finned Pilot Whale  (ph)  ______  AR
     Globicephala melas
     AR name: Delfin Piloto
     
     
595. Melon-headed Whale  ______  EC
     Peponocephala electra
     
     The Melon-headed Whale is closely related to the Pygmy Killer Whale (above) and the two Pilot Whales (also above).
     Collectively, these dolphin species are known by the common name of "blackfish".  
     
     Other names for Peponocephala electra are the Many-toothed Blackfish or the Electra Dolphin. 
     
     
596. Tucuxi (or Gray Dolphin) ______  BR(*) am  EC 
     Sotalia fluviatilis
     BR name: Tucuxi 
     
     The Tucuxi occurs in South American rivers draining into the Atlantic and the Caribbean.
     It is found throughout the entire Amazon River basin, where it has been seen during FONT tours.
     Sotalia fluviatilis also occurs in coastal waters north to Panama, occasionally Costa Riva. 
     
     
     PORPOISES - Family Phocoenidae
     
     
597. Spectacled Porpoise  ______  AR
     Phocoena dioptrica
     
     
598. Burmeister's Porpoise  ______  AR
     Phocoena spinipinnis
     
     
     RIGHT WHALES - Family Balaenidae  (globally 5 species)
     
     
599. Southern Right Whale ______  AR(*) so
     Balaena australis
     AR name: Ballena Franca Austral
     
     The Southern Right Whale has been seen in numbers in the ocean during FONT tours along the Argentine coast at the Valdes Peninsula.
     
     
     Family Neobalaenidae
     
     
600. Pygmy Right Whale  ______  AR
     Caperea marginata
     
     
     RORQUALS - Family Balaenopteridae  (globally 8 species) 
     
     
601. Humpback Whale  (ph)  ______  AR  EC(*) we
     Megaptera novaeangliae
     
     During FONT tours, Humpback Whales have been seen leaping completely out of the water 
     (as in the photo below), in the ocean off the coast of western Ecuador, 
     especially during boat trips offshore to Isla de la Plata  
     
     
     
     A leaping Humpback Whale
     
     Two photos below of the Humpback Whale, during the FONT Ecuador Tour in July 2013.
     In the lower photo, the humps on the back behind the dorsal fin can be seen, 
     the feature that gives the whale its common name.
     (photos by Marie Gardner)
     
     
     
     
     
     
     To see more about:  HUMPBACK WHALES DURING THE JULY 2013 FONT ECUADOR TOUR
         
     
     
602. Northern (or Common) Minke Whale  (ph)  ______  AR  EC
     Balaenoptera acutorostrata
     
     
603. Antarctic Minke Whale  ______  AR
     Balaenoptera bonaerensis
     
     
604. Sei Whale  (t2)  ______  AR
     Balaenoptera borealis
     
     
605. Bryde's Whale  ______  AR
     Balaenoptera edeni
     
     
606. Fin Whale  (t2) (ph)  ______  AR  EC
     Balaenoptera physalus
     
     
607. Blue Whale  (t2) (ph)  ______  AR  EC
     Balaenoptera musculus 
     
     
     Family Physeter
     
     
608. Great Sperm Whale  (t3) (ph)  ______  AR
     Physeter macrocephalus
     
     
     Family Kogiidae
     
     
609. Pygmy Sperm Whale  (ph)  ______  AR  EC
     Kogia breviceps
     
     
610. Dwarf Sperm Whale  ______  AR  EC
     Kogia sima
     
     
     Family Ziphius
     
     
611. Cuvier's Beaked Whale  (ph)  ______  AR  EC
     Ziphius cavirostris
     
     
612. Arnoux's Beaked Whale  ______  AR
     Berardius arnuxii
     
     
613. Shepherd's Beaked Whale  ______  AR
     Tasmacetus shepherdi
     
     
614. Andrew's Beaked Whale  ______  AR
     Mesoplodon bowdoini
     
     
615. Blainville's Beaked Whale  ______  EC
     Mesoplodon densirostris
     
     
616. Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale  ______  EC
     Mesoplodon ginkgodens  
     
     
617. Gray's Beaked Whale  ______  AR
     Mesoplodon grayi
     
     
618. Hector's Beaked Whale  ______  AR
     Mesoplodon hectori
     
     
619. Strap-toothed Whale  ______  AR
     Mesoplodon layardii
     
     
620. Pygmy Beaked Whale  ______  EC
     Mesoplodon peruvianus
     
     
621. Southern Bottlenose Whale  ______  AR
     Hyperoodon planifrons 
     
     
     PECCARIES - Family Tayassuidae  (3 or 4 species)
     
     
622. Collared Peccary  (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) mt  EC
     Pecari tajacu  (the genus has been Tayassu and Dicotyles)
     (the genus has been Tayassu and Dicotyles)
     AR name: Pecari de Collar
     BR names: Carero, Caititu, Porco-do-Mato-do-Colar
     
     Pecari tajacu is also known, in the northern part of its range, as the Javelina. 
     
     Pecari tajacu was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
623. White-lipped Peccary  (nt) (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) af  EC
     Tayassu pecari
     AR name: Pecari Labiado
     BR name: Queixada
     
     The White-lipped Peccary is larger than the Collared Peccary. The White-lipped Peccary is black with a white chin (and with no collar).
     
     
     
     White-lipped Peccary
     
     
624. Giant Peccary  ______  BR (endemic)  
     Pecari maximus  
     
     Pecari maximus is a newly-described species, in 2007, but recently its designation as a species has been questioned.   
     
     
625. Chacoan Peccary  (t2) ______ AR
     Catagonus wagneri
     
     
     CAMELS - Family Camelidae  (globally 7 species)
     
     
626. Vicuna  (t3) (ph)  ______  AR(*) fn  CH(*) fn
     Vicugna vicugna
     AR & CH names: Vicuna
     
     
     
     Vicuna
     
     
627. Guanaco  (ph)  ______  AR(*) fs tf  CH(*) fn fs tf
     Lama guanicoe
     AR name: Guanaco
     
     
     
     Guanaco
     
     
628. Llama  (ph)  ______  AR(*) fn  CH(*) fn  (a domesticated animal)
     Lama glama
     AR & CH names: Llama
     
     Lama glama was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 
     
     
     
     A Llama photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
629. Alpaca ______  CH(*) fn  (a domesticated animal)
     Lama pacos
     AR & CH names: Alpaca
     
     Lama pacos was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
     Some Notes about the South American Lamoids  (the Llama, Alpaca, Guanaco, Vicuna):
     
     Combined there are an estimated 7.7 million of these animals, with 53% in Peru, 37% in Bolivia, 8% in Argentina, and 2% in Chile.
     The domestic Llamas and Alpacas (91% of the total) are far more numerous than the wild Guanacos and Vicunas (9%). Llamas (3.7 million) are slightly more abundant than Alpacas (3.3 million) and Guanacos (575,000) are much more common than Vicunas (85,000).
     Most Alpacas (91%) and Vicunas (72%) are in Peru, and the majority of Llamas (70%) are in Bolivia, and nearly all of the Guanacos (96%) are in Argentina. 
     The Guanaco has been decreasing during recent years due to hunting and competition with livestock. The Vicuna was reduced to a dangerously low population in the 1960's, but the species is now recovering under protection.
     
     
     DEER - Family Cervidae  (globally 47 species)  
     
     
630. White-tailed Deer  (ph)  ______  EC  VE(*) ll  
     Odocoileus virginianus
     VE name: Venado (Llanero)
     
     
631. Pampas Deer  (nt)  (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) mt
     Odocoileus bezoarticus
     AR name: Venado de las Pampas
     
     Odocoileus bezoarticus was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 
     
     
     
     Pampas Deer
     
     
632. Marsh Deer  (t3) (ph)  ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*) mt
     Blastocerus dichotomus
     AR name: Ciervo de los Pantanos
     BR name: Cervo do Pantanal
     
     
     
     Above: A Marsh Deer (& a Giant Cowbird) photographed during 
     a FONT Brazil tour in Mato Grosso do Sul.
     Below: Another Marsh Deer photographed during our tour there in March 2008.
     (photo below by Marie Gardner)  
     
     
     
     
     
633. Gray (or Brown) Brocket (Deer)  (ph)  ______  AR(*) ne  BR(*) af fs mt  EC
     Mazama gouazoubira
     AR name: Corzuela Parda 
     BR name: Veado Vira
     
     
     
     A Gray Brocket Deer photographed during the FONT Brazil tour
     in Mato Grosso do Sul in March 2008
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
634. Red Brocket (Deer)  ______  AR  BR(*) af mt  EC
     Mazama americana
     BR name: Veado Mateiro
     
     
635. Little Red Brocket (Deer)  ______  EC
     Mazama rufina
     
     
636. Dwarf Brocket ______ PE
     Mazama chunyi
     
     
637. Pygmy Brocket (Deer)  ______  AR  BR(*) ig
     Mazama nana
     AR name: Corzuela Enana 
     BR name: Bororo  
     
     
638. Peruvian (or Northern) Guemal (or Huemul)  (t3) (ph)  ______  AR  CH(*) fn  EC(where now extinct) 
     Hippocamelus antisensis 
     AR & CH name: Taruca
     
     Hippocamelus antisensis is now considered distinct from the Chilean, or Southern Guemal (or Huemul), Hippocamelus bisuleus
     
     
     
     A Peruvian (or Northern) Guemal, photographed during a FONT tour in northern Chile
       
     
639. Chilean (or Southern) Guemal  (t2)  ______  AR  CH
     Hippocamelus bisulcus
     AR name: Huemul 
     
     
640. Northern Pudu ______ EC  PE
     Pudu mephistophiles
     
     
641. Southern Pudu  (t3) (ph)  ______  AR  CH(*) so
     Pudu pudu
     AR & CH name: Pudu
     
     
     
     A Southern Pudu, a very small deer, said to be world's smallest,
     has been seen during FONT tours in Chile 
     
     
     TAPIRS - Family Tapiridae  (globally 4 species)
     
     
642. Brazilian Tapir  (t3) (ph)  ______  AR  BR(*) af mt  EC
     Tapirus terrestris
     AR name: Tapir 
     BR name: Anta
     
     Tapirus terrestris was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
     
     Above: a young Brazilian Tapir
     Below: an adult and a young
     These photos were taken at a animal scientific research facility 
     in Paraguay during a FONT tour (mostly in Brazil) in August 2008.
     This tapir is an endangered species in Paraguay.     
     
     
     
     
     
643. Mountain (or Wooly) Tapir  (t2) ______  EC  (occurs in high montane forest & paramo in Colombia & Ecuador)
     Tapirus pinchaque
     
     
644. Baird's Tapir  (t2) (ph)  ______  EC
     Tapirus bairdii
     
     Tapirus bairdii is mainly a Central American mammal. In South America, it is rare in Colombia, and even more if it still exists in Ecuador. It was said to range as far south as the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador. 
     
     
     MANATEES - Family Trichechidae  (globally 3 species)
     
     (globally 3 species)
     
     
645. Amazonian Manatee  (t3)  ______ BR  EC
     Trichechus inunguis
     
     
     
     
     SOME REFERENCES FOR THIS LIST INCLUDE:
     
     "Mammals of the World, a Checklist" by Andrew Duff & Ann Lawson, 2004
     
     "Neotropical Rainforest Mammals, A Field Guide, Second Edition", text by Louise Emmons & illustrations by Francois Feer
     
     "Walker's Marsupials of the World" by Ronald Nowak, 2005
     
     

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     A Link to a Listing of South American Butterflies:
     
     Butterflies of South America