A List of selected 

Butterflies & Moths
in South America

in Brazil,
Argentina,
Chile, 
Ecuador,
Venezuela

(as during FONT tours 
 in the months of: 
March, July, August, 
September, October, November)


A list compiled by Armas Hill



Codes relating to illustrations in various books: 

Numbers noted as (C:xx) refer to pages in "A World of Butterflies", with text by Brian Cassie, and photographs (superb) by Kjell Sandved.

Numbers noted as (DA:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of South America", by Bernard D'Abrera. 

Numbers noted as (DV1:xx) refer to plates in "The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History (Volume 1): Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae", by Philip J. DeVries.   

Numbers noted as (DV2:xx) refer to plates in "The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History (Volume 2): Riodinidae", by Philip J. DeVries.

Numbers noted as (F:xx) refer to pages in "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Butterflies", by Dr. John Feltwell.  

Numbers noted as (K:xx) refer to pages in the "Kaufman Focus Guide to Butterflies of North America", by Jim Brock & Kenn Kaufman.

Numbers noted as (MB:xx) refer to pages in "Mariposas Bonaerenses" ("Butterflies of Buenos Aires"), in Argentina, by Gustavo Canals. 

Numbers noted as (MM:xx) refer to pages in "Mariposas de Misiones" ("Butterflies of Misiones"), in Argentina, by Gustavo Canals. (This book includes butterflies at Iguazu Falls in Argentina & Brazil, one of the prime locations for observing them in South America.)    

Numbers noted as (PE:xx) refer to plates in "Eastern Butterflies, the Peterson Field Guides", the 1998 edition, by Paul Opler & Vichai Malikul. 

Numbers noted as (S:xx) refer to pages in the "Smithsonian Handbook, Butterflies & Moths", by David Carter.

Additional Codes:

AR: in Argentina
ba: in the province of Buenos Aires 
ne: in the northeast, particularly in the province of Misiones, with Iguasu Falls   

BR: in Brazil
am: in the Amazon basin 
se: in the southeast, including the Atlantic Forest and Iguazu Falls
 
CH: in Chile

EC: in Ecuador

VE: in Venezuela

Not included in the following list are butterflies ranging into South America south only into Colombia. A number of those are in our list for Central America.

 

Throughout the world, there are over 180,000 described species of butterflies and moths (in the order Lepidoptera). 
In this list of selected South American butterflies, over 700 species (with some additional subspecies) are included.   

During upcoming months, more data will be put into this file, particularly regarding range & habitat, so as to make this piece rather informative. Photographs will also be added.     

SOME COMMENTARY REGARDING BUTTERFLIES IN AMAZONIAN SOUTH AMERICA
written by Henry Walter Bates in 1863 in "The Naturalist on the River Amazons": 

"The neighborhood of Para (in Brazil) is rich in butterflies. It will convey some idea of the diversity when I mention that about 700 species of that tribe can be found within an hour's walk of the town (note: maybe an exaggeration.), whilst the total number found in the British Isles does not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supports only 321.

Some of the most showy species, such as the swallow-tailed kinds, Papilio, Polycaon, Thoas, Torquatus, and others, are seen flying about the streets and gardens; sometimes they come through the open windows, attracted by flowers in the apartments.
Those species of Papilio which are most characteristic of the country, so conspicuous in their velvety-black, green, and rose-coloured hues, which Linnaeus, in pursuance of his elegant system of nomenclature - naming the different kinds after heroes of Greek mythology - called Trojans, never leave the shades of the forest.

The splendid blue Morphos, some of which measure seven inches in expanse, are generally confined to the shady alleys of the forest. They sometimes come forth into the broad sunlight.  When we first went to look at our new residence in Nazareth, a Morpho Menelans, one of the most beautiful kinds, was seen flapping its huge wings like a bird on the verandah.
That species, however, although much admired, looks dull in colour by the side of its congener, the Morpho Rhetenor, whose wings on the upper face, are of quite a dazzling lustre. Rhetenor usually prefers the broad sunny roads in the forest, and is an almost unattainable prize, on account of its lofty flight; for it very rarely descends nearer the ground than about 20 feet. When it comes sailing along, it occasionally flaps its wings, and then the blue surface flashes in the sunlight, so that it is visible a quarter of a mile off.
There is another species of this genus, of a satiny-white hue, the Morpho Uraneis; this is equally difficult to obtain; the male only has the satiny lustre, the female being of a pale-lavender colour.

It is in the height of the dry season that the greatest number and variety of butterflies are found in the woods; especially when a shower falls at intervals of a few days. an infinite numer of curious and rare species may then be taken, most diversified in habits, mode of flight, colours, and markings: some yellow, others bright red, green, purple, and blue, and many bordered or spangled with metallic lines and spots of a silvery or golden lustre. 
Some have wings as transparent as glass; one of these clear-wings is especially beautiful, namely, the Hetaera Esmeralda; it has one spot only of opaque coloring on its wings, which is of a violet and rose hue; this is the only part visible when the insect is flying low over dead leaves, in the gloomy shades where alone it is found, and it then looks like a wandering petal of a flower."     
  

Links:

Itineraries for upcoming FONT Tours in:

Brazil          Argentina & Chile


Birds during previous tours in:

Brazil: Part 1 (rhea thru streamcreeper)  Part 2 (antshrikes thru siskin)   

Argentina:  Part 1 (penguins thru woodpeckers) 
                      Part 2 (manakins thru grosbeaks)

Chile

Mammals & Other Wildlife in South America

A Photo Gallery of Some 
Neotropical Butterflies & Moths

Photo #1

Photo #2

Photo #3
Photograph by Howard Eskin.

Photo #4
This & the following photograph by Doug Johnson. 

Photo #5

List of selected South American Butterflies:

1. Battus polydamas polydamas ______ ARne  (DA:19) (DV1:1) (F:38) (K:37) (MM:140) (PE:5) (S:55)
   Polydamas Swallowtail (also called The Gold Rim, or Black Page) (Note Polydamas was a Trojan prince.)
   (throughout the Americas & the Antilles) (subspecies polydamus: mainland Americas)
   (In the tropics, continuously brooded. Butterflies live about a week.)
   
   
2. Battus polystictus polystictus ______ ARne  (MM:141)
   Polysticto
   
   
3. Battus belus varus ______ (DA:20) (DV1:1)
   Battus belus belus ______ (DA:21)
   (Mexico to Bolivia) (subspecies varus: Central America; subspecies belus: eastern Peru to Guianas) 
   
   
4. Battus lycidas ______ (DV1:1)
   (Mexico to Bolivia)
   
   
5. Battus crassus ______ (DV1:1)
   (Costa Rica to Brazil & Argentina) 
   
   
6. Battus madyes ______ (DA:19)
   (Ecuador to Bolivia & northern Argentina)
   
   
   Genus PARIDES: CATTLEHEARTS
   
   
7. Parides eurimedes  ______ (F:68) (PE:text)
   Cattleheart
   (southern Mexico to northern South America)
   (In open forested areas. Breeds on Aristolochia species.)
   
   
8. Parides sesostris  ______ (DV1:2) (F:70)
   Parides sesostris sesostris ______ (DA:27)
   Southern Cattle Heart
   (Mexico to Bolivia, possibly north-central Argentina, in Misiones) (subspecies sesostris: Amazonas) 
   
   
9. Parides childrenae childrenae  ______  (DA:28) (DV1:2)
   Swallowtail Cattleheart 
   (Mexico to Ecuador) (in southern races, the white spot on the upper forewing is reduced or absent)   
   
   
10. Parides lycimenes  ______ (DV1:2)
    (Mexico to Ecuador) 
    
    
11. Parides erithalion ______ (DV1:2)
    (Costa Rica to Venezuela) 
    
    
12. Parides iphidamas iphidamas ______ (DV1:2)
    (Mexico to Ecuador & Peru) 
    
    
13. Parides agavus ______ ARne  (DA:23) (MM:142)
    Agavo
    (central Brazil to northeast Argentina & Paraguay)
    
    
14. Parides bunichus perrhebus ______ ARne  (MM:143)
    Northern Widow    
    
    
15. Parides anchises nephalion ______ ARne  (MM:144)
    Prudent (name relates to nephalios, Greek for prudent) 
    
    
16. Parides neophilus eurybates ______ ARne  (MM:145)
    Red Scale
    
    
17. Parides arcas  ______ (DV1:2)
    (Mexico to Venezuela) 
    
    
18. Parides hahneli ______ (DA:23)
    (eastern Amazonas to the foot of the Andes)
    
    
19. Parides quadratus ______ (DA:24)
    (Amazonas, in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador)
    
    
20. Parides aeneas damas ______ (DA:25)
    Parides aeneas bolivar ______
    (eastern Peru & sw Colombia to the Guianas) (subspecies damas: Colombia & Peru; subspecies bolivar: the upper Amazon & upper Orinoco) (There are 6 described subspecies.) 
    
    
21. Parides orellana ______  (DA:26)
    (Amazonas, Brazil & Peru)
    
    
22. Parides erlaces erlaces ______ (DA:29)
    Parides erlaces lacydes ______
    Parides erlaces xanthias ______
    (Ecuador & Peru to northern Argentina) (subspecies erlaces: southern Peru to northern Argentina; subspecies lacydes: estern Ecuador; subspecies xanthias: northeast Peru)  
    
    
23. Parides echemon echemon ______  (DA:30)
    (Brazil, in the lower Amazon, to the Guianas)
    
    
24. Parides arcas antheas ______  (DA:31)
    (Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela & the Guianas) (subspecies antheas: Colombia)
    
    
    Genus EURYADES: 2 species, both confined to middle latitudes of South America. Apparently "primitive" butterflies, closely related to the Australian CRESSIDA.
    
    
25. Euryades duponcheli ______ (DA:32) 
    (southern Brazil to northern Argentina, Paraguay, & Uruguay)
    
    
    Genus EURYTIDES (or now PROTESILAUS):  the KITE SWALLOWTAILS: About 50 species confined to the New World. Some mimic PARIDES and HELICONIUS butterflies. Others have long tails, hence the name "Kite Swallowtails". Fast-fliers. Engage in mud-puddling. 
    
    
26. Eurytides ilus ______ (DV1:2)
    (Panama to Venezuela)
    
    
27. Eurytides euryleon  ______ (DV1:2)
    (Mexico to Ecuador) 
    
    
28. Eurytides phaon ______ (DV1:2)
    Eurytides phaon phaon ______ (DA:39)
    (Mexico to Ecuador & Brazil)
    (A miniature copy of the larger species Papilio birchall of Costa Rica to Colombia.) 
    
    
29. Eurytides pausanias ______ (DV1:3) (F:41)
    Eurytides pausanias pausanias ______ (DA:39)
    (Costa Rica to southern Brazil & Bolivia, in western Ecuador & the Guianas) 
    (Mimicry of heliconid butterflies (Heliconius clytia & Heliconius wallacei) has been perfected by this swallowtail, which shares the same habitats - rainforest glades and other open areas. Not common.). 
    
    
30. Eurytides agesilaus eimeri ______ (DV1:3)
    (Mexico to South America) 
    
    
31. Eurytides (or Protesilaus) protesilaus ______  (DV1:3)
    Eurytides (or Protesilaus) protesilaus nigricornis ______ ARne  (MM:149)
    Kite Swallowtail  (also called Swordsman)
    (Mexico to Paraguay & northern Argentina) (subspecies nigricornis: northeast Argentina)  
    
    
32. Eurytides marchandi panamensis ______  (DA:43) (DV1:3) (F:41)
    (Mexico to Ecuador) 
    (Inhabits rainforest up to about 3,500 feet above sea level. The sexes are similar. Southern populations are a paler yellow.)  
    
    
33. Eurytides lacandones ______ (DV1:3)
    (Mexico to Bolivia) 
    
    
34. Eurytides bellerophon ______ (DA:38)
    (southern Brazil to northwest Argentina)
    
    
35. Eurytides ariarathes gayi ______ (DA:40)
    (Colombia to the Guianas, Brazil, Peru)
    
    
36. Eurytides lysithous platydesma ______  (DA:41)
    Eurytides lysithous harrisianus ______  (DA:41)
    (Brazil & eastern Paraguay) (E. l. platydesma appears to be threatened.)
    
    
37. Eurytides molops ______  (DA:42)
    (Colombia to the Guianas, Brazil, & Bolivia)
     
    
    Genus: PAPILIO (or now HERACLIDES): the FLUTED SWALLOWTAILS: one of the most widespread of genera, with over 200 species. Most are tropical. Most have tails. Many are migratory. 
    
    
38. Papilio (now Heraclides) thoas nealces ______ (C:295) (DV1:4) (K:38 text) (PE:6)
    Papilio (now Heraclides) thoas cinyras ______  (DA:34)
    Papilio (now Heraclides) thoas brasiliensis ______  ARne  (MM:151)
    Thoas Swallowtail (very similar to the Giant Swallowtail (K:39) (PE6))
    (southern US thru Central & South America, also: Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad) (subspecies nealces: Nicaragua to Brazil & Ecuador; subspecies brasiliensis: northeast Argentina)
    
    
39. Papilio astyalus ______ (C:299) (DV1:4) (F:54) (K:43) (PE:6)
    Broad-banded Swallowtail (also called Astyalus, or Lycophron Swallowtail)
    (southern US to Argentina)  
    (Found in areas forested with tropical hardwoods. Like many Papilio, the caterpillars breed on citrus.)
    
    
40. Papilio (now Heraclides) androgeus ______  (DV1:4) (F:52) (K:41) (PE:6)
    Papilio (now Heraclides) androgeus androgeus ______  (DA:33)
    Androgeus Swallowtail (or Queen Page)
    (Mexico to Argentina, also West Indies) 
    (The female tends to be reclusive, not often seen. The male is much of the time in the forest canopy, occasionally coming down to mud-puddle.)
    
    
41. Papilio polyxenes  ______ (C:203) (DV1:4) (K:29) (PE:5) (F:65)
    Black Swallowtail
    (Canada thru Central & South America)  
    (Can defoliate vegatables such as carrot, celery and parsnip, hence a name of "Parsnip Swallowtail".)
    
    
42. Papilio (or Heraclides) torquatus ______ (DV1:4)
    Papilio (or Heraclides) torquatus torquatus ______ (DA:35)
    Papilio (or Heraclides) torquatus theras ______ (DA:35) 
    Papilio (or Heraclides) torquatus polybius ______  ARne  (MM:155)
    Polibio
    (Mexico to Bolivia, Paraguay, & northeast Argentina) (subspecies polybius: northeast Argentina) 
    (The female is polymorphic, with the white spot on the forewing & the shape and color of the pink patch on the hindwing variable.)
    
    
43. Papilio cleotas ______ (DV1:5)
    Papilio cleotas cleotas ______ (DA:37)
    (Costa Rica to Brazil, Paraguay, & ne Argentina) 
    
    
44. Papilio rhodostictus ______ (DV1:6)
    (Costa Rica to Ecuador) 
    
    
45. Papilio anchisiades ______ (DV1:6) (F:52) (K:43) (PE:5) (S:48)
    Ruby- (or Red-) spotted Swallowtail (also called Anchisiades Swallowtail)
    (Texas to Argentina)  (Often found at citrus trees.)
    
    
46. Papilio ascolius ______ (DA:36)
    (Costa Rica to the Guianas, Colombia, & western Ecuador)  (There are 3 other species similar in shape and coloring from Venezuela to Amazonas.) 
    
    
    Family PIERIDAE: most are predominantly white, yellow, or orange in color, and are often referred to as WHITES, YELLOWS, SULPHURS, or MARBLES
    (Worldwide, approximately 1,000 species of whites & sulphurs have been described.)  
    
    
    Genus PSEUDOPIERIS: 2 species which can favor mountainous habitats, especially in Peru and Ecuador on the western slopes of the Andes.   
    
    
47. Pseudopieris nehemia ______  (DV1:6)
    Pseudopieris nehemia acquatorialis ______  (DA:53)
    Pseudopieris nehemia nehemia ______  ARne  (MM:163)
    Nehemia
    (Mexico to southern Brazil) (subspecies acquatorialis: Ecuador & possibly Peru; subspecies nehemia: northeast Argentina)
    
    
48. Pseudopieris viridula ______
    (Has a yellowish green underside. The male has a distinct brown patch on the forewing underside.) 
    
    
    Subfamily DISMORPHIINAE: MIMIC WHITES
    (a long-winged, tropical group)
    
    Genus DISMORPHIA: With about 40 species that are remarkable mimics of various distasteful butterflies. The patterning is variable. Sexual dimorphism is marked in the species in this genus. 
    
    
49. Dismorphia lua idae ______ (DV1:6)
    (Costa Rica to Bolivia) 
    
    
50. Dismorphia amphione ______  (DA:51) (DV1:6) (S:74)
    Tiger Pierid
    (Mexico thru South America to Bolivia, Peru, the Guianas, & Trinidad; also in the West Indies in Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico) 
    
    
51. Dismorphia crisia ______ (DV1:6)
    (southern Mexico to Brazil) 
    
    
52. Dismorphia zaela ______ (DV1:7)
    (Costa Rica to Ecuador) 
    
    
53. Dismorphia theucharila ______ (C:363) (DV1:7)
    Pierid Mimic (this species looks like an ithomiine clearwing - D1:35)
    (Mexico to Brazil) 
    
    
54. Dismorphia thermesia thermesia ______ ARne  (MM:161)
    Pearled Pretty
    
    
55. Dismorphia astyocha ______ ARne  (MM:162)
    Pretty 
    AR name: Bonita
    (the coloring and stylized outline is uncommon in this family)
    
    
56. Dismorphia zathoe ______ (DV1:7)
    (Costa Rica to Ecuador) 
    
    
57. Dismorphia orise orise  ______  (DA:47)
    (Costa Rica to the Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, & Peru) (subspecies orise: Amazonas, Guianas, Bolivia) 
    
    
58. Dismorphia rhetes ______  (DA:48)
    (Colombia, and possibly Ecuador & Bolivia)
    (Strongly resembles certain ITHOMIIDS in both sexes.)
    
    
59. Dismorphia pinthaeus ela ______ (DA:48)
    Dismorphia pinthaeus ______ (DA:48) (an undescribed race from Colombia)
    (Colombia to the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, & Amazonas) (subspecies ela: Ecuador)
    (Often confused with the Ithomiid AERIA species.)
    
    
60. Dismorphia nemesis ______  (DA:50)
    (Mexico to Venezuela, Ecuador, & Peru)
    (Sexual dimorphism is very pronounced.)
    
    
61. Dismorphia melia ______  (DA:52)
    (southern Brazil)
    (This is a mimic of the two ACRAEID species Actinote thalia & Actinote parapheles, to which it bears a very strong resemblance.)   
    
    
    Genus LIEINIX
    
    
62. Lieinix nemesis ______ (DV1:7)
    (Mexico to Venezuela & Peru)
    
    
    Genus PATIA
    
    
63. Patia orise ______ (DV1:7)
    (Costa Rica to Bolivia)  
    
    
    Genus ENANTIA: 4 species closely related to DISMORPHIA, but not as strongly sexually dimorphic. Sun-and-flower loving species, often encountered in numbers on flowers, usually at the end of the rainy season.       
    
    
64. Enantia licinia ______ (DV1:7)
    (Mexico to Brazil) 
    
    
65. Enantia melite ______ (DV1:7)
    Enantia melite cornelia ______  (DA:53)
    (Mexico to Uruguay) 
    (A most variable butterfly)
    
    
66. Enantia clarissa ______ ARne  (MM:160)
    Clarisa
    
    
67. Enantia limnorina ______  (DA:52)
    (southern Brazil)
    
    
    Genus HESPEROCHARIS
    
    
68. Hesperocharis hirlanda fulvinota ______  (DA:55)
    (Colombia to the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brasil) (subspecies fulvinota: southern Brazil)
    
    
    Genus ARCHONIAS: 3 species. A most interesting genus of PIERIDS. Considered to be involved in mimetic associations with PAPILIONID and HELICONID butterflies and with one species of ARCTIID day-flying moth.
    Comparatively slow-flying, with a fondness for settling on leaves in the sunshine or visiting flowering shrubs, where they spend substantial time & effort on one or two blooms.
    
    
69. Archonias tereas ______ (DV1:7) (F:82)
    (Mexico to Brazil) 
    (This species looks like a mimic of a female Parides swallowtail. It lives in open parts of rainforests.) 
    
    
70. Archonias tereas archidona ______  (DA:63)
    (Mexico to southern Brazil)  (subspecies archidona: Ecuador - this race thought to resemble a day-flying ARCTIID moth)
    
    
71. Archonias bellona hyrnetho ______ (DA:63)
    (Colombia to the Guianas, also to Bolivia & northern Argentina) (subspecies hyrnetho: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia - shows a resemblance to HELICONID species) 
    
    
    Genus CHARONIAS: 2 species which can easily be mistaken for ITHOMIIDS or HELICONIIDS
    
    
72. Charonias eurytele eurytele ______  (DA:66)
    (Guatemala & Belize to Ecuador) 
    (Probably occur only on the western side of the central cordillera in Colombia & Ecuador. The South American populations have white spots on the forewings.)  
    
    
    Genus EROESSA:  1 species, confined to high altitudes in Chile only. Considered rare & local.
    
    
73. Eroessa chilensis ______  (DA:54)
    
    
    Genus MATHANIA: 7 species occurring only in temperate zones or mountainous regions in western South America The leaf-lie appearance of the hindwing underside of the species in this genus affords some camouflage protection.  
    
    
74. Mathania agasicles ______  (DA:55)  
    (Peru, Bolivia; high altitudes)
    
    
    Genus CATASTICTA
    
    
75. Catasticta prioneris ______ (DV1:11)
    (Costa Rica to Peru) 
    
    
76. Catasticta sisamnus sisamnus ______ (DV1:11)
    (Honduras to Bolivia) (subspecies: Honduras to Venezuela)
    
    
77. Catasticta uricoecheae uricoecheae ______  (DA:61)
    (Colombia)
    
    
78. Catasticta niobe ______  (DA:62)
    (Bolivia)
    
    
79. Catasticta poujadei ______  (DA:62)
    (Ecuador; possibly Peru)
    
    
    Genus LEODONTA: The number of species in this genus is a matter of conjecture. Some say no more than 2 or 2, others say as many as 10. However, they are an easily recognizable group in the Neotropics, due to their underside pattern together with their fondness for flying along pathways or by narrow stream banks. 
    
    
80. Leodonta dysoni ______ (DV1:11)
    (Costa Rica to Peru)
    
    
81. Leodonta zenobina ______  (DA:66)
    (Costa Rica to Peru & Bolivia)
    
    
    Genus PEREUTE: 8 species of the most subtly beautiful PIERIDS from any region of the world, with the outstanding colors being the soft rose-pinks, blue-grays, and cadmium yellow streaks and patches. They can be remindful of the Indo-Australian DELIAS group (the JEZEBELS) in their appearance and behavior.  
    
    
82. Pereute charops ______  (DA:64) (DV1:11)
    (Mexico to Peru) (Not known to be east of the Andes)
    (One of the more attractive features of both sexes is the almost completely white antennae.) (Southern races differ in that the males tend to be almost completely black.) 
    
    
83. Pereute leucodrosime beryllina ______  (DA:64)
    (Venezuela to Peru) (Not known to be east of the Andes)
    
    
84. Pereute callinira ______ (DA:text)
    (Colombia to Bolivia)
    (Similar to the preceding species, but distinguished by the small but clear black spot on the forewing in both sexes.) 
    
    
85. Pereute telthusa  ______  (DA:65)
    (Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, & Brazil (lower Amazon)) 
    (The sexes are similar but the female is slightly larger, with rounded wings.)
    
    
86. Pereute swainsoni  ______  ARne (MM:164)
    Lying
      
    
    Genus GLUTOPHRISSA: 2 species now said, for structural reasons, to be distinct from the Oriental APPIAS (the GULLS) . 
    
    
87. Glutophrissa (formerly Appias) drusilla ______ (DV1:12) (K:53) (PE:7)
    Glutophrissa (formerly Appias) drusilla drusilla ______  ARne  (DA:67) (MM:167)
    Tropical White (other names are: Florida White or Big Milky)
    (southern US, Central & South America, also West Indies) (subspecies drusilla: northeast Argentina)
    
    
    Genus LEPTOPHOBIA: 15-16 species whose general characteristic is the silvery-white color of the hindwing underside. Found from moderate to high elevations (to 9,000 ft. or 3,000 meters).
    
    
88. Leptophobia aripa ______ (DV1:12)
    Leptophobia aripa balidia ______  ARne  (MM:165)
    Little White
    AR name: Blanquita
    (Mexico to Brazil & northern Argentina) (subspecies balidia: northeast Argentina)
    
    
89. Leptophobia caesia ______ (DV1:12)
    (Mexico to Ecuador) 
    
    
90. Leptophobia eleone luca ______  (DA:69)
    (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia)
    (An early writer wrote: "They fly over fields and in thickets and are fond of being driven by the wind.")
    
    
91. Leptophobia subargentea pastaza ______  (DA:69)
    (Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia)
    
    
92. Leptophobia penthica ______  (DA:text)
    (Colombia & Ecuador)
    
    
    Genus ITABALLIA
    
    
93. Itaballia demophile ______ (DV1:12)
    (Mexico to Paraguay) 
    
    
94. Itaballia pandosia ______ (DV1:12)
    (Honduras to Venezuela) 
    
    
    Genus PIERIBALLIA
    
    
95. Pieriballia mandela ______ (DV1:12)
    (Costa Rica to Peru) 
    
    
    Genus TATOCHILA: About 15 species endemic to the southern part of South America, from approximately southern Brazil to Tierra del Fuego; and at moderate to high altitudes from Venezuela to Peru.
    
    
96. Tatochila sterodice macrodice ______  (DA:70) 
    (Colombia to Tierra del Fuego)  
    
    
    Genus HYPSOCHILA: 6 species are in this genus similar to TATOCHILA, differentiated by their smaller size and generally more grayish ground color in both sexes. From Peru to Tierra del Fuego.
    
    
    Genus PHULIA: A group of from 3 to 12 species. Their most outstanding characteristic is that they occur at South American high elevations, up to 16,000 ft. (5,000 meters) above sea level. So, observing these little butterflies in the wild would be beyond the capacity of most.
    
    
97. Phula nymphula nympha ______ (DA:70)
    (central Chile, Argentina, Bolivia - at very high altitudes)
    
    
    Genus PIERCOLIAS: a single species, with the distinction of being the highest-flying butterfly in South America (and certainly one of the highest, if not the highest, in the world), where very strong winds prevail and the butterfly can only fly briefly and subside.
    
    
98. Piercolias huanaco ______ (DA:71)
    (Bolivia)
    (When the naturalist Garlepp encountered this butterfly, he wrote: "It flies on the highest summits of the Cordilleras, amidst the wildest boulders and masses of rock. I cannot understand its choosing such wastes and deserts or how it can exist there at all, where it must be daily covered with snow and ice, where there is absolutely no vegetation, and where only the Condor makes his abode.")
         
     
    Genus PERRHYBRIS: 4 species with very strong coloring and markings, and in a couple instances, imitation-heliconid livery.
    
    
99. Perrhybris pyrrha ______ (DV1:12)
    (Costa Rica to Brazil)
    
    
100. Perrhybris lypera ______  (DA:73) (DV1:12)
     (Costa Rica to Colombia & Ecuador)
     (The male is polymorphic. The extreme forms have been erroneously described as separate species. In between, there are intergrades.) 
     
     
     Genus DAPTONEURA: about 10 species of brightly-colored and strong-flying PIERIDS, given to extraordinary seasonal and local variation, thus making it difficult to determine precisely what are good species or races or even aberrations.
     
     
101. Daptoneura lycimnia lycimnia ______  (DA:74)
     Daptoneura lycimnia pantoporia ______ (DA:75)
     (Colombia, Venezuela, & the Guianas to Paraguay; also Trinidad) (subspecies lycimnia: Venezuela; subspecies pantoporia: southern Brazil & Paraguay)
      
     
     Genus ASCIA: 8 species of large plain white butterflies with some brown or gray markings especially in the females.
     
     
102. Ascia josephina josepha ______ (DV1:12)
     (Central & South America, also the Antilles) 
     
     
103. Ascia monuste ______ (DV1:12) (K:53) (PE:8)
     Ascia monuste orseis ______  ARne  (MM:168)
     Great Southern White 
     (southern US, Central & South America, also the Antilles) (subspecies orseis: northeast Argentina)
     (The migrating females are almost totally gray in color, while non-migratory females are largely yellowish-white with dark brown margins.
     
     
104. Ascia buniae phaloe ______  (DA:68)
     Ascia buniae sublineata ______ 
     (Brazil to the Guianas, also Peru & Paraguay) (subspecies phaloe: the most-encountered; subspecies sublineata: in Peru, with a yellow ground color; southern Brazilian forms have strong markings.)  
      
     
     Subfamily COLIADINAE: SULPHURS
     (300 species worldwide)
     
     
     Genus COLIAS: SULPHURS:  This genus in South America tends to occupy temperate and/or high altitude habitats. Essentially, this genus, of 10 species, is Holarctic (North American/Eurasian).  
     
     
105. Colias (or Zerene) cesonia ______ (C:249) (DV1:8) (F:109) (K:69) (PE:10)
     (Southern) Dogface 
     (Mexico to Argentina) 
     (Common, particularly so where there is cattle ranching. The leguminous plants on which it breeds are used for cattle.) 
     
     
106. Colias lesbia lesbia ______ ARne  (MM:170)
     Colias lesbia andina  ______  (DA:56)
     Lucen's Butterfly
     AR name: Isoca de la Alfalfa 
     (Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego)
     
     
     Genus ANTEOS: ANGLED SULPHURS
     (usually found flying high over the canopy or along rivers) 
     
     
107. Anteos clorinde ______ ARne  (DV1:8) (F:78) (K:77) (MM:171) (PE:10) (S:71)
     White-angled Sulphur (or the Clorinde) (also called Ghost Brimstone) 
     AR name: Anteo
     (Mexico to Paraguay & northeast Argentina)
     
     
108. Anteos maerula ______ (DV1:8) (F:78) (K:77) (PE:10)
     Yellow-angled Sulphur (also called Yellow Brimstone)
     (southern US to Peru)
     
     
     Genus PHOEBIS: GIANT SULPHURS:  (the most conspicuous tropical sulphurs,  common, and found in open areas & forest edges, adult males cluster on moist sand along rivers & streams) 
     
     
109. Phoebis rurina ______ (DV1:8) (F:105)
     Phoebis rurina rurina ______  (DA:56,57)
     (Mexico to Peru)
     (A strong migrant, it is in both lowlands &highlands.) 
     
     
110. Phoebis trite ______ (DV1:8)
     (Mexico to Argentina, also the Antilles)
     
     
111. Phoebis philea philea ______ ARne  (DA:58) (DV1:8) (F:105) (K:75) (MM:173) (PE:10) (S:70)
     Orange-barred Sulphur (other names are: Yellow Apricot and Morning)
     AR name: Mananita 
     (southern United States to southern Brazil & ne Argentina) (In addition to visiting flowers, males visit wet sand and mud, probably to obtain sodium. This general habit of many Pierids has been known since Henry Walter Bates was on the Amazon.) 
     
     
112. Phoebis sennae ______  (C:247) (DV1:9) (F:105) (K:75) (PE:10)
     Phoebis sennae sennae ______  (DA:57)
     Phoebis sennae marcellina ______ ARne  (MM:172)
     Cloudless Sulphur
     AR name: Febo
     (southern US to Argentina, also in Antilles) (subspecies marcellina: northeast Argentina)
     (Can be abundant in both lowlands & highlands. It prospers in open land.)
     
     
113. Phoebis neocypris neocypris ______ ARne  (MM:175)
     Ciprina (one of the names of the goddess Venus)  
     
     
114. Phoebis argante argante ______ ARne  (DV1:9) (F:104) (MM:174)
     Argante Giant Sulphur (or Argante)
     AR name: Yema
     (Mexico to Argentina) (another subspecies in the Antilles)
     
     
115. Phoebis agarithe ______ (DV1:9) (F:104) (K:75) (PE:10)
     Large Orange Sulphur
     (southern US to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus KRICOGONIA
     
     
116. Kricogonia lyside ______ (DV1:8) (K:77) (PE:8)
     Lyside Sulphur (or Lyside)
     (or Lyside)
     (southern US to Venezuela, also the Antilles)
     
     
     Genus APHRISSA
     
     
117. Aphrissa statira statira ______  ARne  (DV1:9) (F:80) (MM:177) (PE:10)
     Statira (Sulphur)  (other names are: Yellow Migrant, or Migrant Sulphur)
     AR name: Manifestante  (referring to their habit of meeting in assemblies, as do demonstrators)
     (Mexico to Brazil) (several subspecies in the Antilles)
     
     
118. Aphrissa boisduvalii ______ (DV1:9)
     (Guatemala to Brazil & Bolivia)
     
     
     Genus EUREMA: SMALL YELLOWS 
     
     
119. Eurema proterpia ______  (DA:61) (DV1:10) (F:97) (K:69) (PE:11)
     Tailed Orange (or Little Jaune)
     (southern US, thru Central & South America, also the Antilles) 
     (There are seasonally different forms of both sexes.) 
     
     
120. Eurema mexicana ______ (DV1:10) (F:97) (K:73) (PE:11)
     Mexican Yellow
     (southern US, thru Central & South America) 
     
     
121. Eurema salome ______ (DV1:10) (K:69) (PE:text)
     Salome Yellow
     (southern US to Colombia & Venezuela)
     
     
122. Eurema xanthochlora ______ (DV1:10)
     (Costa Rica to Bolivia)
     
     
123. Eurema gratiosa ______ (DV1:10)
     (Costa Rica to Venezuela)        
     
     
124. Eurema albula sinoe ______ ARne (DV1:10) (MM:179)
     Alb
     AR name: Alba
     (Mexico to Brazil & ne Argentina, also West Indies) (subspecies sinoe: northeast Argentina) 
     
     
125. Eurema deva deva ______ ARne  (MM:180)
     Small Lemon
     AR name: Limoncito
     (subspecies deva: northeast  Argentina)
     
     
126. Eurema nise ______ (DV1:10) (K:71) (PE:11)
     Mimosa Yellow (also called Jamaican Sulphur)
     (southern US to Argentina, also West Indies)
     
     
127. Eurema daira daira ______  (DA:60) (DV1:10) (F:96) (K:71) (PE:11)
     Barred Yellow (or Barred Sulphur)
     (southern US to Uruguay, also West Indies) (subspecies daira: mainland) 
     (This species is subject to seasonal dimorphism in both sexes.)
     
     
128. Eurema elathea flavescens ______ ARne  (DV1:10) (MM:178)
     Small Decorated Lemon
     AR name: Limoncito Adornado
     (Nicaragua to Brazil & northeast Argentina, also West Indies) (subspecies flavescens: northeast Argentina)
     
     
129. Eurema leuce leuce ______  (DA:59)
     (Panama to Argentina; also the West Indies)
     
     
130. Eurema phiale phiale ______  (DA:60)
     (east to southeast Brazil; Colombia, Bolivia)
     (This species subject to seasonal dimorphism.)
     
     
     Family LYCAENIDAE (GOSSAMER WINGS), including: COPPERS, HAIRSTREAKS, BLUES
      
     (throughout the world but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The sexes often differ in coloration, and the undersides usually differ from the upper surfaces.
     Among several distinct groups are the HAIRSTREAKS, with tails and bright eyespot markings on the hindwings, creating a "false head" at the rear, to divert attackers.) 
     (Thus far, worldwide, about 5,000 species in this family have been discovered and named. Caterpillars of many of these species are closely associated with ants.)
     
     
     Genus ALLOMAITIA
     
     
131. Allomaitia strophius (formerly A. pion) ______ (PE:text)
     Strophius Hairstreak
     (Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
     Genus ATLIDES: Found mainly in South America
     
     
     Genus REKOA: A small genus of blue butterflies in Central & South America. 
     
     
132. Rekoa marius ______ (PE:text)
     Marius Hairstreak
     (Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
133. Rekoa palegon ______ ARne   (MM:191) (PE:text)
     Gold-bordered Hairstreak (other names have been:  Palegon Hairstreak or Curved Band Blue)
     AR name: Azul Banda Curva 
     (Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
134. Rekoa malina ______ ARne  (MM:192)
     Straight Band Blue
     AR name: Azul Banda Recta
     
     
135. Rekoa stagira ______ ARne  (MM:193)
     Aristotle (re the name: Stagira is the city where Aristotle was born.)
     AR name: Aristolteles
     
     
     Genus CHLOROSTRYMON
     
     
136. Chlorostrymon telea ______ (PE:text)
     Telea Hairstreak
     (Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
137. Chlorostrymon simaethis  ______  (K:117) (MM:202) (PE:13)
     Chlorostrymon simaethis sarita ______ ARne
     Silver-banded Hairstreak (or Simaethis Hairstreak)
     (southern US to Argentina, also West Indies) (subspecies sarita: northeast Argentina)
     
     
     Genus OCARIA
     
     
138. Ocaria ocrisia ______ ARne  (MM:199)  (PE:text)
     Black Hairstreak (or Ocrisia) (re the name: Ocrisia was a noble Roman, Servio Tulio's mother, the 6th Roman emperor.) 
     (Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
     Genus CYANOPHRYS: TROPICAL GREEN HAIRSTREAKS
     
     
139. Cyanophrys acaste ______  ARne  (MM:194)
     Acasto
     AR name: Acasto
     
     
140. Cyanophrys herodotus ______ ARne  (K:117) (MM:195) (PE:13)
     Tropical Greenstreak (or Tropical Green Hairstreak) (another name: Herodoto, the name referring to Herodoto, a Greek historian in the 5th Century BC)
     (Mexico to Brazil  & northeast Argentina)
     
     
141. Cyanophrys remus ______ ARne  (MM:196)
     Remo (or Double-lined Emerald)
     
     
     Genus ARCAS
     
     
142. Arcas imperialis ______ (C:343)
     Imperial Hairstreak
     (southernmost Mexico to northern South America) 
     
     
     Genus THECLA: Traditionally, a large genus of hairstreaks in Central & South America. Relatively small, some with tails and bright coloration. Usually live in lightly wooded and sunny habitats.
     
      
143. Thecla conchylium ______ ARne  (MM:200)
     Little Snail
     
     
144. Thecla sophocles ______ ARne  (MM:205)
     Sofocles (re the name: Sofocles was 1 of the 3 most important Greek playwrights, 496-406 BC) 
     
     
     
     Genus XAMIA: Mostly South American tailed butterflies with muted orange colors. Breed on succulents.  
     
     
     Genus EVENUS
     
     
145. Evenus (formerly incorrectly in Thecla) coronata ______ (S:88)
     Hewitson's Blue Hairstreak
     
     
     Genus PARRHASIUS
     
     
146. Parrhasius orgia orgia ______ ARne  (MM:197)
     Orgia
     (subspecies orgia: northeast Argentina)
     
     
147. Parrhasius m-album ______ (K:93) (PE:15) (S:92)
     White M Hairstreak
     (closely related butterflies in mountains of Central & South America) 
     
     
     Genus OENOMAUS: Hairstreaks of North & South America, relatively large and with iridescent colors. Live in lightly wooded areas.
     
      
148. Oenomaus ortygnus ______ (PE:text)
     Aquamarine Hairstreak
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
149. Oenomaus rustan ______ (F:260)
     (Honduras to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus TMOLUS: Dimorphic tailed hairstreaks with dark uppers and light undersides. 
     
     
150. Tmolus echion ______ ARne  (F:278) (K: 119) (MM:206) (PE:13)
     Red-spotted Hairstreak (other names: Echion Hairstreak, Four-spotted Hairstreak, or Large Lantana)
     (Mexico to Brazil & northeast Argentina)
     (Introduced into some places, such as Mexico & Hawaii, to control lantana, its caterpillar food plant.)
     
     
     Genus MINISTRYMON: Hairstreaks of North & South America that have adaptations for living in deserts. Breed on mesquites, spiny trees, and shrubs of the Proposis genus, which grow in deserts, especially by watercourses. The colors of the butterflies are blue, gray, and black.  
     
     
151. Ministrymon azia ______  (K:119) (PE:13)
     Gray Ministreak (or Azia Hairstreak)
     (south Texas to southern Brazil, also West Indies)
     
     
152. Ministrymon una ______ ARne  (MM:204)
     Pale Rubber
     AR name: Frotadora Palida
     
     
     Genus SIDERUS
     
     
153. Siderus tephraeus ______ (PE:text)
     Tephraeus Hairstreak
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus CALYCOPIS: Small, tailed LYCAENIDS, mostly in South America.
     (2 species occur in North America: C. cecrops & C.isobeon) 
     
     
154. Calycopis isobeon ______ (PE:13)
     Dusky Blue Groundstreak (or Dusky-blue Hairstreak)
     (Texas to Venezuela)
     
     
     Genus ELECTROSTRYMON
     
     
155. Electrostrymon sangala (or cyphara) ______ (K:103) (PE:13)
     Ruddy Hairstreak
     (south Texas to Venezuela)
     
     
156. Electrostrymon canus ______ (K:103) (PE:text) 
     Muted Hairstreak
     (south Texas to Peru)
     
     
157. Electrostrymon endymion ______ ARne  (MM:201)
     Endymion Hairstreak (re the name: Endymion in Greek mythology was a shepherd who lulled in perpetual sleep.)  
     
     
     Genus STRYMON: SCRUB HAIRSTREAKS: In both North & South America. Butterflies exhibit seasonal variation. 
     
     
158. Strymon melinus ______ (C:181) (F:274) (K: 93) (PE:15) (S:90)  
     Gray Hairstreak
     (southern Canada to South America)
     (Widely distributed in North & Central America, living in many different types of open habitat. Has been recorded breeding on over 50 species of plants.)
     
     
159. Strymon rufofusca ______ (K:123) (PE:15)
     Red-crescent Scrub-Hairstreak (or Reddish Hairstreak)
     (south Texas to Argentina, also Grenada)
     
     
160. Strymon yojoa ______ (K:123) (PE:15)
     Yojoa (Scrub-)Hairstreak
     (Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
161. Strymon albata ______ (F:273) (K:123) (PE:15)
     White (Scrub-)Hairstreak
     (Mexico to Venezuela)
     (A migrant, with some flights from Central America reaching the southern US.) 
     
     
162. Strymon istapa (or columella) ______ (K:121) (PE:14)
     Mallow (Scrub-)Hairstreak
     (southern US to South America)
     
     
163. Strymon bazochii ______ ARne  (K:123) (MM:207) (PE:15)
     Lantana Scrub-Hairstreak (or Bazochii Hairstreak) (another name: Smaller Lantana Butterfly)
     (south Texas to Paraguay & ne Argentina, also Greater Antilles)
     
     
164. Strymon mulucha ______ ARne  (MM:208)
     White Line Rubber
     
     
165. Strymon astiocha ______ ARne  (MM:209)
     Astiocha
     
     
166. Strymon eurytulus ______ ARne  (MM:210)
     Rubber
     
     
167. Strymon megarus ______ ARne  (MM:211)
     Pineapple Drill (the name refers to the host plant) 
     
     
     
     Subfamily POLYOMMATINAE: BLUES
     (Very small butterflies, mostly blue above. Females of many are browner.)
     
      
168. Leptotes cassius ______ ARne  (K:127) (MM:215) (PE:16) (S:99) 
     Cassius Blue  
     (southern US to South America, also West Indies)
     (males are a light lilac-blue, females mainly white)
     
     
     Genus ZIZULA: A genus of Blues 
     
     
169. Zizula cyna ______ ARne (F:279) (K:127) (MM:213) (PE:15)
     Cyna Blue
     (south Texas to Argentina)
     (Occurs in deserts and scrubby areas. One of the smallest butterflies. Sway from side to side when perched.)
     
     
     Genus HEMIARGUS: Commonly called "eyed blues", these butterflies occur in both North & South America. The common name is from 2 or 3 eye-spots on the undersides of the hindwings. They breed on a wide variety of members of the pea family, Leguminosae.
     
        
170. Hemiargus ceraunus ______ (K:129) (PE:15)
     Ceraunus Blue
     (southern US to South America, also West Indies)
     
     
171. Hemiargus hanno ______ ARne  (MM:214)
     Spotted Miri
     
     
     Genus CELASTRINA: AZURES
     
     Subfamily RIODINIDAE: METALMARKS (named for the gold, silver, or copper-colored metallic scales on the wings of many of the species) 
     (About 1,300 species are known, found mainly in the American tropics. A few  in North America extend south into Mexico.)
     (Habitually, these butterflies land on the undersides of foliage, with their wings spread wide open.) 
     
     
     Genus HADES: mostly South American metalmarks with rounded wings
     
        
172. Hades noctula ______ (DV2:1) (F:237)
     (Mexico to Venezuela)
     
     
     Genus METHONE
     
     
173. Methone cecilia ______ (DV2:1)
     (Costa Rica to Amazon basin) 
     
     
     Genus EUSELASIA: A large group of over 100 species of metalmarks in Central and South America. They often sexually dimorphic, and often have a pattern of lines and waves on their undersides.
     
     
174. Euselasia bettina ______ (DV2:1)
     (Nicaragua to Ecuador)
     
     
175. Euselasia corduena ______ (DV2:1)
     (Costa Rica to Peru) 
     
     
176. Euselasia labdacus ______ (DV2:2)
     (Costa Rica to Bolivia) 
     
     
177. Euselasia eucrates leucorrhoa ______ (DV2:2)
     (Costa Rica to Bolivia) (subspecies: Costa Rica to Venezuela)
     
     
178. Euselasia gyda ______ (DV2:2)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil) 
     
     
179. Euselasia midas ______ (DV2:3)
     (Costa Rica to Peru & Brazil) 
     
     
180. Euselasia euoras ______ (DV2: text)
     (Costa Rica & Colombia, Ecuador, Peru)
     
     
181. Euselasia aurantiaca ______ (DV2:3)
     (Mexico to Venezuela) 
     
     
182. Euselasia angulata ______ (DV2:3)
     (Mexico & Costa Rica, Colombia to Brazil)
     
     
183. Euselasia onorata ______ (DV2:3)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
184. Euselasia hygenius occulta ______ ARne  (MM:216)
     Pretender  (name refers to similarity with some SATYRINAE)
     (subspecies occulta: northeast Argentina)
     
     
185. Euselasia utica ______ ARne  (MM:217)
     Orange Nemi  (Nemi is a Guarani word meaning hidden. The butterfly rests on the underside of leaves, with wings folded.) 
     
     
186. Euselasia eugeon ______ ARne  (MM:218)
     Yellow Legs
     AR name: Patas Amarillas
     
     
     
     Genus PEROPTHALMA
     
     
187. Peropthalma tullius ______ (DV2:3)
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus LEUCOCHIMONA
     
     
188. Leucochimona vestalis ______ (DV2:4)
     (Guatemala to Ecuador) 
     
     
189. Leucochimona lagora ______ (DV2:4)
     (Nicaragua to Ecuador & the Guianas)
     
     
     Genus MESOSEMIA: More than 60 species in mostly South America, characterized by quite prominent eye-spots on the forewing, giving a face-like appearance. Unusual for butterflies, they tend to hop through vegetation rather than fly.
     
     
190. Mesosemia hesperina ______ (DV2:4)
     (Costa Rica to Venezuela)
     
     
191. Mesosemia telegone ______ (DV2:5)
     (Mexico to Peru)   
     
     
192. Mesosemia odice ______ ARne  (MM:219)
     Little Eyes
     AR name: Ojitos
     
     
     Genus NAPAEA
     
     
193. Napaea eucharila ______ (DV2:5)
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
194. Napaea theages ______ (DV2:5)
     (Nicaragua to Ecuador) 
     
     
195. Napaea umbra ______ (DV2:5)
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus EURYBIA: dark-colored Neotropical metalmarks with a conspicuous eye-spot on the forewing.
     
     
196. Eurybia caerulescens ______ (DV2:6)
     (Costa Rica to Venezuela) 
     
     
197. Eurybia lycisia ______ (DV2:6) (F:234)
     (Mexico to Ecuador)
     (The distinctive feature of this species is the iridescent blue hindwing edged in black.)
     
     
198. Eurybia unxia ______ (DV2:6)
     (Costa Rica to Bolivia & Brazil)  
     
     
199. Eurybia elvina ______ (DV2:6)
     (Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
200. Eurybia tephrias ______ ARne  (MM:221)
     Dripped  (the name refers to the butterfly's white spots)
     AR name: Goteada 
     
     
     Genus VOLTINIA
     
     
201. Voltinia theata ______ (DV2:6)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus HERMATHENA
     
     
202. Hermathena candidata ______ (DV2:6)
     (Costa Rica to Bolivia)
     
     
     Genus CYRENIA
     
     
203. Cyrenia martia ______ (DV2:6)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus LYPOTERYX: Some 23 species of metalmarks in Central & South America.
     
     
204. Lyropteryx lyra ______ (DV2:7) (F:252)
     (Mexico to Ecuador & Brazil) 
     (One of the larger metalmarks) 
     
     
     Genus CHORINEA
     
     
205. Chorinea octauius ______ (DV2:7)
     (Guatemala to Brazil)  
     
     
206. Chorinea heliconides ______ ARne  (MM:224)
     Black Lace
     AR name: Puntilla Negra
     
     
     Genus ITHOMEIS
     
     
207. Ithomeis eulema ______ (DV2:7)
     (Costa Rica to Venezuela) 
     
     
     Genus MONETHE
     
     
208. Monethe rudolphus ______ (DV2:7)
     (Nicaragua to Guyana) 
     
     
     Genus CREMNA
     
     
209. Cremna thasus ______ (DV2:7)
     (Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus NOTHEME
     
     
210. Notheme erota diadema ______ (DV2:7)
     Notheme erota angelius ______ ARne  (MM:225)
     Small Round
     (Mexico to Argentina) (subspecies diadema: Mexico to Peru) (subspecies angelius: northeast Argentina)
     
     
     Genus ANCYLURIS: Mostly South American, up to 20 species.
     Many are black with contrasting red or white bands on the upperwings.  
     
     
211. Ancyluris tedea ______ ARne  (MM:222)
     Red Ribbon 
     (in the book "Butterflies of Misiones", 2003: the first mention of the species in Argentina) 
     
     
     Genus RHETUS: 4 mostly South American species with long hindwings. 
     
     
212. Rhetus dysonii ______ (DV2:8)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil) 
     
     
213. Rhetus arcius ______ (DV2:8) (F:268)
     (Mexico to Bolivia & Brazil) 
     
     
214. Rhetus periander ______  (DV2:8)
     Rhetus periander eleusinus ______ ARne  (MM:223) 
     Eleusinian  (re the name: Eleusinian inhabited Eleusis, an Attica port nw of Athens) 
     (Mexico to Argentina) (subspecies eleusinus: northeast Argentina)  
     
     
     Genus LEPRICORNIS
     
     
215. Lepricornis strigosa ______ (DV2:8)
     (Costa Rica to Peru) 
     
     
     Genus SYRMATIA: Mostly South American metalmarks, having an unmistakable shape with incredibly long, drawn-out hindwings.
     
       
216. Syrmatia nyx ______ (DV2:9)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil, also Trinidad)
     
     
217. Syrmatia aethiops ______ (DV2:9)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus CHAMAELIMNAS 
     
     
218. Chamaelimnas villagomes ______ (DV2:9)
     (Costa Rica possibly to Ecuador) 
     
     
     Genus EXOPLISIA 
     
     
219. Exoplisia cadmeis ______ (DV2:9)
     (Honduras to Peru)
     
     
220. Exoplisia hypochalbe ______ (DV2:9)
     (Nicaragua possibly, and Peru & Bolivia)
     
     
     Genus ISAPIS
     
     
221. Isapis agyrtus ______ (DV2:9)
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus MELANIS :  called "Mulattos" in Argentina
     
     
222. Melanis pixe ______ (C:327) (DV2:9) (K:151) (PE:17)
     Red-bordered Pixie (or Pixie)
     (Texas (lower Rio Grande valley) to Brazil) 
     
     
223. Melanis electron ______ (DV2:9)
     (Guatemala to Venezuela, also Trinidad)  
     
     
224. Melanis xenia ______ ARne  (MM:234)
     Toothed Mulatto  ("toothed" refers to the irregular bands on the dorsal surface)  
     
     
225. Melanis smithiae ______ ARne  (MM:235)
     Orange-tipped Mulatto
     
     
226. Melanis aegates cretiplaga ______ ARne  (MM:236)
     White-spotted Mulatto
     
     
     Genus XENANDRA
     
     
227. Xenandra helius ______ (DV2:9)
     (Costa Rica to the Amazon basin)
     
     
     Genus METACHARIS
     
     
228. Metacharis victrix ______ (DV2:10)
     (Nicaragua to Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus ESTHEMOPSIS: About 15 species of metalmark butterflies, mostly in South America.
     
     
229. Esthemopsis colaxes ______ (DV2:10)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus CARIA
     
     
230. Caria rhacotis ______ (DV2:10)
     (Guatemala to Peru)
     
     
231. Caria lampeto ______ (DV2:10)
     (Mexico to Bolivia)
     
     
232. Caria domitianus ______ (DV2:10)
     (Mexico to Venezuela, also Trinidad) 
     
     
233. Caria castalia marsyas ______ ARne  (MM:232)
     Brilliantine (referring to its brilliant green coloration)
     (subspecies marsyas: northeast Argentina) 
     
     
234. Caria plutargus ______ ARne  (MM:233)
     Brilliantine and Orange  (with orange spots)
     
     
     Genus BAEOTIS
     
     
235. Baeotis nesaea ______ (DV2:10)
     (Costa Rica to Peru)
     
     
236. Baeotis zonata zonata ______ (DV2:10)
     (Mexico to Venezuela, also Trinidad) (subspecies: Mexico to Venezuela)
     
     
237. Baeotis sulphurea ______ (DV2:10)
     (Mexico to Ecuador) 
     
     
     Genus PARCELLA
     
     
238. Parcella amarynthina amarynthina ______ (DV2:10)
     (Costa Rica possibly to Argentina) (subspecies amarynthina: Costa Rica possibly & Panama to eastern Brazil)
     
     
     Genus CHARIS
     
     
239. Charis auius ______ (DV2:11)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
240. Charis gynaea ______ (DV2:11)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
241. Charis hermodora ______ (DV2:11)
     (Costa Rica to Venezuela, also Trinidad)
     
     
     Genus ADELOTYPA: About 30 small butterflies mostly in South America
     
     
242. Adelotypa glauca ______ (DV2:11)
     (Costa Rica to Venezuela)
     
     
243. Adelotypa densemaculata ______ (DV2:11)
     (Nicaragua to Peru)
     
     
     Genus PARNES
     
     
244. Parnes nycteis ______ (DV2:11)
     (Costa Rica to the Amazon basin)
     
     
     Genus ROBERELLA
     
     
245. Roberella lencates ______ (DV2:11)
     (Costa Rica to the Amazon basin, also Trinidad)
     
     
     Genus CALOSPILA
     
     
246. Calospila trotschi ______ (DV2:11)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus CALEPHELIS: SCINTILLANT METALMARKS:  only in the Americas, mostly in the tropics, many species bewilderingly similar 
     
     
247. Calephelis laverna parva ______ (DV2:12)
     (Costa Rica to northern Brazil, also Trinidad) (subspecies: Costa Rica)
     
     
248. Calephelis inca ______ (DV2:12)
     (Costa Rica to northern Brazil)
     
     
249. Calephelis nilius ______ ARne  (MM:227)
     Sky-blue Lines 
     AR name: Lineas Celestes
     
     
     Genus ARGYROGRAMMANA
     
     
250. Argyrogrammana holosticta ______ (DV2: text)
     (Mexico to Peru)
     
     
251. Argyrogrammana venilia ______ (DV2:13)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus MESENE: mostly South American, about 20 species.
     
      
252. Mesene silaris ______ (DV2:13)
     (Nicaragua to the Guianas & Peru)
     
     
253. Mesene phareus rubella ______ (DV2:13) (F:255) (S:102)
     Cramer's Mesene
     (Mexico to Peru & Brazil) (subspecies rubella: Guatemala to Colombia)
     (strikingly beautiful, the male a deep red with black borders, the female a lighter color and larger)
     
     
254. Mesene monostigma ______ ARne  (MM:250)
     Spotted Tiny
     AR name: Diminuta Manchada
     
     
255. Mesene pyrippe sanguilenta ______ ARne  (MM:251)
     Orange and Brown Tiny 
     (subspecies sanguilenta: northeast Argentina)
     
     
256. Mesene epaphus ______ ARne  (MM:252)
     Orange Tiny
     AR name: Diminuta Naranja
     
     
257. Mesene simplex celetes ______ ARne  (MM:253)
     Yellow Tiny
     AR name: Diminuta Amarilla
     (subspecies celestes: northeast Argentina)
     
     
     Genus MESENOPSIS
     
     
258. Mesenopsis melanochlora ______ (DV2:13)
     (Nicaragua to Bolivia)
     
     
     Genus SYMMACHIA  
     
     
259. Symmachia rubina ______ (DV2:13)
     (Mexico to Ecuador)  
     
     
260. Symmachia accusatrix ______ (DV2:14)
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
261. Symmachia probetor  ______ (DV2:14)
     (Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
262. Symmachia menetas menetas ______ ARne  (MM:249)
     Southern Simaquia 
     (subspecies menetas: northeast  AR) (in the book, "Butterflies of Missiones", 2003: the first sighting of the species in Argentina)
     
     
     Genus STICHELIA
     
     
263. Stichelia sagaris ______ (DV2:14)
     (Mexico to Brazil, also Trinidad) 
     
     
     Genus ANTEROS
     
     
264. Anteros allectus ______ (DV2:14)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
265. Anteros chrysoprastus ______ (DV2:14)
     (Guatemala to Brazil) 
     
     
266. Anteros cumulatus ______ (DV2: text)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
267. Anteros renaldus ______ (DV2:14)
     (Nicaragua to Brazil) 
     
     
268. Anteros carausius ______ (C:333) (DV2:14)
     Carousing Metalmark
     (Mexico to Venezuela)  
     
     
269. Anteros formosus ______ (DV2:14)
     (Honduras to Peru) 
     
     
270. Anteros kupris ______ (DV2:15)
     (Costa Rica to Bolivia) 
     
     
     Genus SAROTA
     
     
271. Sarota chrysus ______ (DV2:15)
     (Mexico to Bolivia)
     
     
272. Sarota myrtea ______ (DV2:15)
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
273. Sarota spicata ______ (DV2:15)
     (Costa Rica to western Brazil)
     
     
274. Sarota psaros ______ (DV2:15)
     (Guatemala to Brazil) 
     
     
275. Sarota gyas ______ (DV2:15)
     (Honduras to Brazil)
     
     
276. Sarota acantus ______ (DV2:15)
     (Costa Rica to the western Amazon basin)
     
     
     Genus CHALODETA
     
     
277. Chalodeta lypera ______ (DV2:15)
     (Guatemala to Brazil)
     
     
278. Chalodeta chaonitis ______ (DV2:15)
     (Mexico to Brazil, also Trinidad)
     
     
279. Chalodeta theodora theodora ______ ARne  (MM:231)
     Shiny Lines
     AR name: Lineas Brilliantes
     (subspecies theodora: northeast Argentina)
     
     
     Genus LASAIA
     
     
280. Lasaia pseudomeris ______ (DV2:16)
     (Costa Rica to Peru)
     
     
281. Lasaia oileus ______ (DV2:16)
     (Honduras to Peru & Brazil)
     
     
282. Lasaia agesilas esmeralda ______ ARne  (MM:229)
     Hovy  (the name is a Guarani word referring to the males coloring)
     (subspecies esmeralda: northeast Argentina)
     
     
283. Lasaia arsis ______ ARne  (MM:230)
     Splashy Hovy
     AR name: Hovy Salpicada
     
     
     Genus CALYDNA
     
     
284. Calydna sturnula ______ (DV2:16)
     (Mexico to Brazil)  
     
     
     Genus EMESIS
     
     
285. Emesis tenedia tenedia ______ (DV2:17) (K:151) (PE:text)
     Falcate Metalmark (or Falcate Emesia)
     (south Texas to Brazil) (subspecies tenedia: Mexico to Ecuador)
     
     
286. Emesis ocypore zelotes ______ (DV2:16)  (MM:239)
     Dark Acrobat
     (Mexico to northern Argentina) (subspecies zelotes: northeast Argentina) 
     
     
287. Emesis lupina ______ (DV2:16)
     (Mexico to Venezuela)
     
     
288. Emesis lucinda ______ (DV2:17)
     (Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
289. Emesis mandana ______ (DV2:17)
     (Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
290. Emesis fatimella ______ (DV2:17)
     (Costa Rica to Bolivia) 
     
     
291. Emesis cypria ______ (DV2:17)
     (Mexico to Bolivia) 
     
     
292. Emesis diogenia ______ ARne  (MM:237)
     Diogenia  (re the name: Diogenia, in mythology, was Celeo's daughter.)  
     
     
293. Emesis russula ______ ARne  (MM:238)
     Reddish Acrobat
     
     
294. Emesis neemias ______ ARne  (MM:240)
     Brilliantine Acrobat
     
     
     Genus THISBE
     
     
295. Thisbe irenea ______ (DV2:18)
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
296. Thisbe lycorias ______ (DV2:18)
     (Mexico to the western Amazon basin)  
     
     
     Genus JUDITHA
     
     
297. Juditha molpe ______ (DV2:18)
     (Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus CATOCYCLOTIS
     
     
298. Catocyclotis aemulius adelina ______ (DV2:18)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil) (subspecies: Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus SYNARGIS: Tailless mostly South American LYCAENIDS, often with an interesting black and white coloration.
     
      
299. Synargis ochra ______ (DV2:18)
     (Guatemala to Peru) 
     
     
300. Synargis phylleus ______ (DV2:19)
     (Costa Rica to Peru) 
     
     
301. Synargis palaeste ______ (DV2:19)
     (Costa Rica to Colombia) 
     
     
302. Synargis gela ______ (DV2:21)
     (Costa Rica possibly, Ecuador to Brazil)
     
     
303. Synargis calyce brennus ______ ARne  (MM:241)
     Nemi  (this name is a Guarani word meaning "hidden")
     (subspecies brennus: northeast Argentina)
     
     
304. Synargis victrix ______ ARne  (MM:242)
     Demarcated Nemi
     
     
     Genus RODINIA
     
     
305. Rodinia calpharnia ______ (DV2:20)
     (Costa Rica possibly, Panama to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus AUDRE
     
     
306. Audre albina ______ (DV2:20)
     (Costa Rica possibly, Panama to Venezuela)
     
     
307. Audre gauchoana ______ ARne  (MM:244)
     Brown Patchwork
     AR name: Colage Parda
     
     

308. Audre notialis ______ ARne  (MM:245)
     Irregular Patchwork
     AR name: Colage Irregular
     
     

309. Audre chilensis ______ ARne  (MM:246)
     Southern Patchwork
     AR name: Colage Meridional
     
     
     Genus MENANDER
     
     
310. Menander menander ______ (DV2:20)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil)  
     
     
311. Menander pretus ______ (DV2:20)
     (Guatemala to Brazil) 
     
     
312. Menander laobotas ______ (DV2:20)
     (Nicaragua to Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus PERIPLACIS:  Mostly South American LYCAENIDS with strongly angled wings, and with brown and blue coloration.
     
     
313. Periplacis glaucoma splendida ______ (DV2:20) (F:262)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus CALOSPILA
     
     
314. Calospila lucianus lucianus ______ (DV2:21)
     (Costa Rica to Brazil, also Trinidad) (subspecies: Costa Rica to Venezuela)
     
     
315. Calospila parthaon ______ (DV2:21)
     (Mexico to Ecuador, also Trinidad) 
     
     
     Genus CALOCIASMA
     
     
316. Calociasma lilina ______ (DV2:21)
     (Mexico to Panama, also Trinidad)
     
     
     Genus SETABIS
     
     
317. Setabis lagus ______ (DV2:22)
     (Honduras to Brazil) 
     
     
318. Setabis alcmaeon ______ (DV2:22)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus NYMPHIDIUM
     
     
319. Nymphidium mantus ______ (C:357) (DV2:22)
     Blue Nymphidium
     (Costa Rica to Brazil, also Trinidad)
     
     
320. Nymphidium olinda ______ (DV2:22)
     (Costa Rica possibly, Panama to Venezuela)
     
     
321. Nymphidium azanoides occidentalis ______ (DV2:22)
     (Costa Rica & Panama, Ecuador & Brazil) (subspecies: Costa Rica to Ecuador) 
     
     
322. Nymphidium ascolia ______ (DV2:22)
     (Guatemala to Bolivia & Brazil)
     
     
     Genus THEOPE
     
     
323. Theope publius ______ (DV2:23)
     (Costa Rica to Venezuela)
     
     
324. Theope thebais ______ (DV2:24)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador & Brazil)
     
     
325. Theope matuta ______ (DV2:24)
     (Costa Rica to Venezuela)
     
     
326. Theope phaeo ______ (DV2:24)
     (Nicaragua to the Amazon basin)  
     
     
327. Theope pedias ______ (DV2:24)
     (Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
328. Theope thestias ______ (DV2:24)
     (Nicaragua to Bolivia) 
     
     
329. Theope lycaenina ______ (DV2:25)
     (Costa Rica to eastern Brazil)
     
     
330. Theope eudocia ______ (DV2:24) (S:102)
     Orange Theope Butterfly
     (Nicaragua to Peru) 
     (Has a darting flight and settles on the undersides of leaves. The green caterpillar feeds on foliage of cacao.)  
     
     
     Genus METACHARIS
     
     
331. Metacharis umbrata  ______ (DV2:25)
     (Costa Rica to Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus BRACHYGLENIS
     
     
332. Brachyglenis esthema ______