Part 1 of a List
with some Photos
of

South America
Butterflies 
and Moths

Swallowtails



noting those during 
Focus On Nature Tours

in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela


First Part of a List of South America Butterflies in 6 Parts, 
compiled by Armas Hill

Here, in this Part: Papilionidae, the Swallowtails  

Among Butterfly Groupings in this list below, links to these:

PIPEVINE SWALLOWTAILS: Genus Battus     CATTLEHEARTS: Genus Parides

two primitive swallowtails in genus Euryades     FLUTED SWALLOWTAILS: Genus Papilio 

KITE SWALLOWTAILS: Genera Eurytides, Protesilaus, Neographium, Mimoides 

Links to other South America Butterfly groupings in this list:

Part #2 - Whites, Yellows, Sulphurs  (Pieridae)

Part #3 - Hairstreaks, Blues (Lycaenidae) & Metalmarks (Riodinidae) 

Part #4 - Brushfoots (Nymphalidae)

Part #5 - Clearwings (Ithomiini) & Satyrs (Satyrini) 

Part #6 - Skippers (Hesperiidae)

Photo above: the BLACK SWALLOWTAIL, a species common in North America, but also occurring in northern South America, where subspecies have been described as recently as in 2002 in Peru, and in 2009 in Venezuela. 
The Black Swallowtail is the last species in this part of this list.
(photo by Howard Eskin)


Codes relating to illustrations in various books: 

Numbers noted as (AZ:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of Arizona - A Photographic Guide", by Bob Stewart, Priscilla Brodkin, & Hank Brodkin (with fine photographs).

Numbers noted as (BB:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of Buenos Aires (Argentina)", by Gustavo Canals

Numbers noted as (C:xx) refer to pages in "A World of Butterflies", with text by Brian Cassie, and photographs (superb) by Kjell Sandved

Numbers noted as (D1:xx) refer to plates in "The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History (Volume 1): Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae", by Philip J. DeVries   

Numbers noted as (DV:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies Of South America", by Bernard D'Abrera    

Numbers noted as (EBE:xx) refer to pages in "Ecuador's Butterfly Ecology", by Xavier Silva

Numbers noted as (F:xx) refer to pages in "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Butterflies", by Dr. John Feltwell  

Numbers noted as (K:xx) refer to pages in the "Kaufman Focus Guide to Butterflies of North America", by Jim Brock & Kenn Kaufman

Numbers noted as (MCA:xx) refer to pages in "A Swift Guide to the Butterflies of Mexico & Central America" by Jeffrey Glassberg 

Numbers noted as (MM:xx) refer to pages in "Mariposas (Butterflies) of Missiones (Argentina)", by Gustavo Canals  

Numbers noted as (PE:xx) refer to plates in the "Peterson Field Guides to Eastern Butterflies", by Paul Opler & Vichai Malikul, 1998 edition. Those noted as (PEp:xx) refer to a page with a photograph.

Numbers noted as (PW:xx) refer to plates in the "Peterson Field Guide to Western Butterflies", by Paul Opler & illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright, 1999 edition. Those noted as (PWp:xx) refer to a page with a photograph. 

Numbers noted as (RG:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of the Lower Rio Grande Valley" by Roland Wauer.

Numbers noted as (S:xx) refer to pages in the "Smithsonian Handbook, Butterflies & Moths", by David Carter.

Country Codes:

AR: in Argentina
 ba:   province of Buenos Aires
 ne:   northeast Argentina, including Iguazu Falls  (ARne also on the Brazilian side at Iguazu Falls)
BR: in Brazil
 am:  Amazonian region 
 mg:  Mato Grosso, including the Pantanal and as far north as Alta Floresta / Rio Cristalino  
 se:   southeast Brazil 
CH: in Chile
EC: in Ecuador
VE: in Venezuela

BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED DURING FONT TOURS NOTED BY AN (*) AFTER THE 2-LETTER COUNTRY CODE.

(ph): species with a photo in the FONT website 


Other Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in South America in:
Brazil    Ecuador    Uruguay    Venezuela     Argentina    Chile

Lists & Photo Galleries of BIRDS including those during FONT Tours in South America

Lists & Photo Galleries of MAMMALS relating to FONT Tours in South America

Lists of Photo Galleries of AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES including those during FONT Tours in South America 

Alphabetical Directory of Butterflies by Genus of those with Photos in the FONT Website

Directory of Photos in this Website 

A List of South American Butterflies, Part #1:

         Family PAPILIONIDAE: SWALLOWTAILS (and allies)
 
         Worldwide, there are totally about 700 known species of SWALLOWTAILS


         Genus BATTUS: PIPEVINE SWALLOWTAILS:  Globally 15 species

1. Battus polydamas  (ph)  ______  AR  BR  CH  EC  (DA:19) (DV1:1) (EBE:28) (F:38) (K:37) (MCA:8) (MM:140) (PE:5) (S:55) (species described by Linnaeus in 1758) 
   Battus polydamas polydamas  ______  ARne  BRmg,se  EC  subspecies in most of the the mainland Americas
   Battus polydamas streckerianus  ______  subspecies in Peru
   Battus polydamas peruanus  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1954
   Battus polydamas atahualpa  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1987
   Battus polydamas weyrauchi  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1998
   Battus polydamas renani  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1998  
   Battus polydamas psittacus  ______  CH  subspecies in Chile 
   POLYDAMAS SWALLOWTAIL (also called The Gold Rim, or Black Page) (Note Polydamas was a Trojan prince.)
   CH name: Papilio Negro 
   (Range: throughout the Americas and the Antilles) 
   
   In the tropics, Battus polydamas is continuously brooded. Butterflies live about a week.
   
   
   
   The Polydamas (or Gold Rim) Swallowtail
   
   
2. Battus polystictus  ______  AR  BR
   Battus polystictus galenus  ______  BRse  subspecies in part of Brazil, was first described in Surinam
   Battus polystictus polystictus ______ ARne  BR  (MM:141)  subspecies in part of Brazil and northeast Argentina
   AR common name: Polysticto
   
   
3. Battus laodamas   ______  EC
   Battus laodamas laodamas  ______  subspecies in Colombia  
   
   
4. Battus belus  ______  BRmg  EC  (DA:21)
   Battus belus varus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
   Battus belus belus  ______  BR  subspecies from eastern Peru to the Guianas 
   Battus belus cochabama  ______  subspecies in Bolivia
   Battus belus belemus  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil, described by Bates in 1864
   Battus belus aureochloris  ______  BRam   subspecies in Para, Brazil, described in 1994
   BELUS SWALLOWTAIL
   (Range: Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil) 
   
   
5. Battus lycidas  ______  EC  (DV1:1) (MCA:9)
   CRAMER'S SWALLOWTAIL  (another name is YELLOW-TRAILED SWALLOWTAIL)
   (Range: Mexico to northern Bolivia and Para in Brazil)
   
   
6. Battus ingenuus  ______  EC  (MCA:9)
   DYAR'S SWALLOWTAIL  (another name is CONFUSED SWALLOWTAIL)
   (Range: Mexico to Venezuela and Trinidad, and Ecuador)
   
   
7. Battus crassus ______  BRmg  EC  (EBE:28)
   Battus crassus lepidus  ______  EC  (DV1:1)  subspecies from Costa Rica to eastern Venezuela and western Ecuador
   Battus crassus crassus  ______  BRse  subspecies in part of Brazil, was first described in Surinam
   Battus crassus hirundo  ______  subspecies in Bolivia
   Battus crassus paraensis  ______  BRam  subspecies in Para, Brazil, described in 1994 
   CRASSUS SWALLOWTAIL   (another name is WHITE-RAYED SWALLOWTAIL)
   (Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia and Brazil) 
   
   
8. Battus madyes  ______  AR  EC  (DA:19)
   Battus madyes adloni  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
   Battus madyes philetas  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
   Battus madyes lojaensis  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador, described in 1999
   Battus madyes magnimacula  ______  subspecies in Peru
   Battus madyes plinius  ______  subspecies in Peru
   Battus madyes chlorodamas  ______  subspecies in Peru
   Battus madyes montebanus  ______  subspecies in Peru
   Battus madyes buechei  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1998
   Battus madyes crispatus  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 2001
   Battus madyes callangaensis  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 2002 
   Battus madyes madyes  ______  subspecies in Bolivia
   Battus madyes tucumanus  ______  AR   subspecies in Argentina   
   (Range: Ecuador to Bolivia and northern Argentina)
   
   
   Genus PARIDES:  CATTLEHEARTS
   
   
9. Parides eurimedes  ______  EC  (F:68) (MCA:11) (PE:text)
   Parides eurimedes mycale  ______  subspecies in Panama and northern Colombia
   Parides eurimedes agathokles  ______  subspecies in Colombia
   Parides eurimedes arriphus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
   Parides eurimedes antheas  ______  subspecies in Colombia 
   Parides eurimedes emilius  ______  subspecies in Colombia, described in 1999 
   Parides eurimedes timias  ______  EC  (EBE:29)  subspecies in Ecuador
   Parides eurimedes eurimedes  ______
   TRUE CATTLEHEART  (or PINK-CHEEKED CATTLEHEART)
   (Range: southern Mexico to northern South America)
   
   Parides eurimedes occurs In open forested areas. It breeds on Aristolochia species.
   
   
10. Parides sesostris  ______  BR  EC  (DV1:2) (F:70) (MCA:10)
    Parides sesostris tarquinius  ______  subspecies from Panama to Venezuela 
    Parides sesostris sesostris  ______  BRam  (DA:27)  subspecies in Amazonas
    EMERALD-PATCHED CATTLEHEART  (has been called Southern Cattleheart)
    (Range: Mexico to Bolivia, possibly north-central Argentina, in Misiones)  
    
    
11. Parides childrenae  ______  EC  (DA:28) (DV1:2) (MCA:10)
    Parides childrense latifasciata  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Parides childrense unimacula  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
    GREEN-CELLED CATTLEHEART 
    (Range: Mexico to Ecuador) 
    
    In southern races of Parides childrenae, the white spot on the upper forewing is reduced or absent.   
    
    
12. Parides cutorina  ______  EC
    
    
13. Parides lycimenes  ______ (DV1:2)
    (Range: Mexico to Ecuador) 
    
    
14. Parides erithalion  ______  EC  (DV1:2) (MCA:12)
    VARIABLE CATTLEHEART
    (Range: Mexico to Venezuela) 
    
    
15. Parides iphidamas  (ph)  ______  EC  (DV1:2) (MCA:10,11)
    IPHIDAMAS CATTLEHEART  (another name is TRANSANDEAN CATTLEHEART)
    (Range: Mexico to Ecuador and Peru) 
    
    
16. Parides panares  ______  EC
    
    
17. Parides panthonus  ______
    Parides panthonus panthonus  ______  subspecies in Surinam
    Parides panthonus phylarchus  ______  subspecies in French Guiana  
    
    
18. Parides phosphorus  ______  EC
    
    
19. Parides vercingetorix  ______  EC
    (Range: in French Guiana)
    
    
20. Parides klagesi  ______
    (Range: in Venezuela)
    
    
21. Parides mithras  ______  BR
    Parides mithras mithras  ______  subspecies in Guyana
    Parides mithras marajoara  ______  BRam   subspecies in Para, Brazil, described in 1994
    
    
22. Parides phalaecus  ______  EC
    Parides phalaecus phalaecus  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
    Parides phalaecus nieva  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1999 
    
    
23. Parides agavus  ______ ARne  BRse  (DA:23) (MM:142)
    AGAVUS CATTLEHEART
    AR common name: Agavo
    (Range: central Brazil to northeast Argentina and Paraguay)
    
    
24. Parides bunichus  (ph)  ______  BR(*)
    Parides bunichus bunichus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
    Parides bunichus chamissonia  ______  BR   subspecies in part of Brazil
    Parides bunichus diodorus  ______  BR(*)   subspecies in part of Brazil
    Parides bunichus perrhebus  ______  ARne  (MM:143)  subspecies in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeast Argentina
    Parides bunichus damocrates  ______  AR   subspecies in part of Argentina 
    AR common name, at Iguazu: Vuidita del Norte (translates to "Northern Widow") 
    
    
    
    Parides buniichus diodorus photographed during a FONT tour in May 2011
    in Minas Gerais, Brazil 
    (photo by Pat Yoder)
    
    
25. Parides anchises  ______  AR  BR  EC(*)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    Parides anchises nephalion ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:144)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
    ANCHISES CATTLEHEART
    AR common name: Prudente (translates to "Prudent")  (scientific name relates to nephalios, Greek for prudent) 
    
    
26. Parides neophilus  ______  AR  EC
    Parides neophilus eurybates ______ ARne  (MM:145)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
    AR common name: Escama Roja (translates to "Red Scale")
    
    
27. Parides chabrias  ______  BR  EC
    Parides chabrias chabrias  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil
    Parides chabrias ygdrasilla  ______
    
    
28. Parides aglaope  ______  BR
    Parides aglaope aglaope  ______  BRam   subspecies in Para, Brazil
    Parides aglaope ecaudatus  ______  BRmg   subspecies in Mato Grosso, Brazil
    Parides aglaope lysimachus  ______  subspecies in Peru 
    Parides aglaope callicles  ______  subspecies in Bolivia, described by Bates in 1861
    Parides aglaope castilhoi  ______  BR   subspecies in southern Brazil, described in 1967
    
    
29. Parides hahneli ______  BRam  (DA:23)
    (Range: eastern Amazonas to the foot of the Andes)
    
    
30. Parides quadratus  ______  BR  EC  (DA:24)
    Parides quadratus quadratus  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil
    Parides quadratus spoliatus  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil and Peru  
    (Range: in Amazonian Brazil, Peru, Ecuador)
    
    
31. Parides pizarro  ______  BR  EC
    Parides pizarro pizarro  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil and Peru
    Parides pizarro kuhlmanni  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil
    Parides pizarro steinbachi  ______  subspecies in Bolivia 
    
    
32. Parides aeneas  ______  BRmg  EC(*)  (DA:25)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    Parides aeneas aeneas  ______
    Parides aeneas didas  ______  subspecies in Surinam, described in 1994
    Parides aeneas lucasi  ______  subspecies in French Guiana, described in 1994
    Parides aeneas damas  ______  subspecies in Colombia and Peru
    Parides aeneas bolivar ______  EC  (EBE:29)  subspecies in the upper Amazon and upper Orinoco
    Parides aeneas linoides  ______  BR   subspecies in Para, Brazil, described in 1994
    Parides aeneas gabrielensis  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil
    Parides aeneas opalinus  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil
    Parides aeneas huallaga  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1988
    Parides aeneas lamasi  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1988
    Parides aeneas tucha  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1988 
    Parides aeneas locris  ______  subspecies in Bolivia
    Parides aeneas marcius  ______  
    (Range: eastern Peru and Bolivia and southwest Colombia to the Guianas)    
    
    
33. Parides lysander  ______  BR  EC
    Parides lysander orinocoensis  ______  subspecies in Colombia, described in 2002
    Parides lysander lysander  ______  subspecies described in Surinam in 1775
    Parides lysander parsodes  ______  BRam   subspecies in Para, Brazil
    Parides lysander antalcidas  ______  BRam   subspecies in Para, Brazil, described in 1994
    Parides lysander mattogrossensis  ______  BRmg   subspecies in Mato Grosso Brazil 
    Parides lysander brissonius  ______
    
    
34. Parides orellana ______  BR  EC  (DA:26)
    (Range: in Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru)
    
    
35. Parides neophilus  ______  BR
    Parides neophilus parianus  ______  subspecies in Venezuela, and Trinidad
    Parides neophilus neophilus  ______  subspecies in Surinam
    Parides neophilus olivencius  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil, described by Bates in 1861
    Parides neophilus anaximenes  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil
    Parides neophilus ecbolius  ______  subspecies in Para, Brazil 
    Parides neophilus eurybates  ______  BR   subspecies in Brazil
    Parides neophilus consus  ______  subspecies in Bolivia
    
    
36. Parides zacynthus  ______  BR
    Parides zacynthus zacynthus  ______  BRse  subspecies in part of Brazil
    Parides zacynthus polymetus  ______  BR   subspecies in part of Brazil and Peru 
    
    
37. Parides erlaces  ______  EC  (DA:29)
    Parides erlaces erlaces  ______  subspecies from southern Peru to northern Argentina 
    Parides erlaces lacydes ______  EC   subspecies in eastern Ecuador 
    Parides erlaces xanthias ______  subspecies in northeast Peru
    (Range: Ecuador to northern Argentina)   
    
    
38. Parides echemon  ______  BR
    Parides echemon echemon ______  (DA:30)
    Parides echemon empistocles  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1975
    Parides echemon ergeteles  ______  BRam   subspecies in Para, Brazil
    Parides echemon echemon  _______ 
    Parides echemon pisander  ______
    (Range: Brazil, in the lower Amazon, to the Guianas)
    
    
39. Parides arcas  ______  (DA:31) (DV1:2)
    Parides arcas antheas  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    (Range: Mexico to Venezuela and the Guianas) 
    
    
40. Parides ascanius  ______  BRse
    (Range: in Brazil)
    
    
41. Parides proneus  ______  BRse
    (Range: in Brazil)
    
    
42. Parides tros  ______  BR
    Parides tros tros  ______  BRse  subspecies in Brazil 
    Parides tros danunciae  ______  BR  subspecies in Brazil, described in 2000 
    
    
43. Parides burchellanus  (ph)  ______  BR
    Parides burchellanus burchellanus  ______  BR   subspecies in Minas Gerais, Brazil, described in 1872
    Parides burchellanus jaguarae  ______  BR   subspecies in Sao Paulo, Brazil, described in 1902 
    (Range: very locally in south-central Brazil) 
    
    Parides burchellanus is a rare species. It is endemic to Brazil, where it has been known to occur in the central part of the country. After it was sighted in 1965 along the Maranhao River near Brasilia, It "disappeared" and was presumed to be extinct.
    But in 2002, it was re-found, further south in Brazil, near Belo Horizonte in the state of Minas Gerais, where it was living "secretly" in the town of Casa Branca.
    
    
    
    Parides burchellanus
    
    
    
    Genus EURYADES: 2 species, both confined to middle latitudes of South America. Apparently "primitive" butterflies, closely related to the Australian CRESSIDA.
    
    
44. Euryades duponcheli  ______  BR  (DA:32) 
    (Range: southern Brazil to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay)
    
    
45. Euryades corethrus  ______  BR
    (Range: Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina)
    
    
    Genera EURYTIDES, PROTESILAUS, PHOTOGRAPHIUM, MIMOIDES:  the KITE SWALLOWTAILS 
    About 50 species confined to the New World. 
    
    Some mimic PARIDES and HELICONIUS butterflies. Others have long tails, hence the name "KITE SWALLOWTAILS". Fast-fliers. Engage in mud-puddling. 
    
    
46. Eurytides columbus  ______  EC
    (Range: in Colombia)
    
    
47. Eurytides serville  ______  EC
    Eurytides serville acritus  ______  subspecies in Venezuela
    Eurytides serville serville  ______  EC  (EBE:31)  subspecies in Ecuador
    
    
48. Eurytides orabilis  ______  EC
    Eurytides orabilis isocharis  ______  subspecies in Colombia   
    
    
49. Eurytides dolicaon  ______  BR  EC
    Eurytides dolicaon dolicaon  ______  BRse  subspecies in Brazil, was first described in Guyana
    Eurytides dolicaon deileon  ______  subspecies in Colombia 
    Eurytides dolicaon hebreus  ______  subspecies in Colombia, described in 1994
    Eurytides dolicaon tromes  ______  subspecies in Venezuela
    Eurytides dolicaon cauraensis  ______  subspecies in Venezuela, described in 2002 
    Eurytides dolicaon deiceon  ______  BR  EC  (EBE:31)  subspecies in Brazil and Amazonian Ecuador
    DOLICAON KITE SWALLOWTAIL
    
    
50. Eurytides bellerophon  ______  BRse  (DA:38)
    (Range: southern Brazil to northwest Argentina)
    
    
51. Eurytides iphitas  ______  BRse
    (Range: in Brazil)
    
    
52. Eurytides callias  ______  BR  EC
    (Range: in Brazil and Amazonian Ecuador)
    
    
53. Eurytides bellerophon  ______  BR
    (Range: in Brazil)
    
    
54. Protesilaus protesilaus  ______  AR  BR  EC  (EBE:32)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    Protesilaus protesilaus protesilaus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
    Protesilaus protesilaus dariensis  ______  (DV1:3)  subspecies from Costa Rica to northern Venezuela
    Protesilaus protesilaus archesilaus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Protesilaus protesilaus nigricornis ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:149)  subspecies in Brazil and northeast Argentina
    GREAT KITE-SWALLOWTAIL 
    AR common name: Espadachin  (translates to "Swordsman")
    BR common name: Veleiro, Argonauta, Pandorga
    (Range: Mexico to Paraguay and northern Argentina)
    
    
55. Protesilaus telesilaus  ______  BR  EC
    Protesilaus telesilaus dolius  ______  EC  subspecies from central Panama to Trinidad and northwest Ecuador
    Protesilaus telesilaus telesilaus  ______  BRse  subspecies in Amazonian Brazil, elsewhere in Brazil, and Colombia
    Protesilaus telesilaus salobrensis  ______  BR  subspecies in part of Brazil
    Protesilaus telesilaus vitellus  ______  BR  subspecies in part of Brazil   
    TELESILAUS SWALLOWTAIL
    
    
56. Protesilaus glaucolaus  ______  BRmg  EC
    Protesilaus glaucolaus glaucolaus  ______  subspecies from Panama to central Colombia
    Protesilaus glaucolaus melaenus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Protesilaus glaucolaus leucas  ______  subspecies in Peru
    GLAUCOLAUS SWALLOWTAIL  (or Bates' Swordtail)
    
    
57. Protesilaus macrosilaus  ______
    Protesilaus macrosilaus leucones  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    FIVE-STRIPED KITE-SWALLOWTAIL
    (Range: Mexico to Colombia)
    
    
58. Protesilaus earis  ______  EC  (EBE:32)
    ROTHCHILD'S SWORDTAIL
    (Range: in Ecuador and Peru)
    
    
59. Protesilaus molops  ______  EC  (DA:42)
    Protesilaus molops molops  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
    Protesilaus molops hetaerius  ______  BRam  subspecies from Colombia and Guyana to Bolivia
    Protesilaus molops megalurius  ______  BR  subspecies in Minas Gerais, Brazil  
    (Range: Colombia to the Guianas, to Bolivia and Brazil) 
    
    
60. Protesilaus leucosilaus  ______  BRam
    (Range: in Amazonian Brazil)
    
    
61. Protesilaus agulari  ______  BR   in Brazil
    
    
62. Protesilaus orthosilaus  ______  in Paraguay
    
    
63. Protesilaus stenodesmus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:148)  
    ZEBRA KITE-SWALLOWTAIL
    AR common name: Espadachin Comun  (translates to "Common Swordsman")
    BR common names: Veleiro, Argonauta, Pandorga
    (Range: Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay where species first described)
    
    
64. Protesilaus helios  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:150)
    AR common name: Helios  (Helios, in Greek mythology, was the god of the sun.) 
    (Range: in southern Brazil and Argentina)
    
    
65. Photographium (was Eurytides) agesilaus  ______  BR  EC  (DV1:3)
    Photographium agesilaus eimeri  ______  subspecies in Panama and western Colombia
    Photographium agesilaus agesilaus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Photographium agesilaus viridis  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Photographium agesilaus autosilaus  ______  BRam  EC  (EBE:30)  subspecies in Amazonian Brazil and Ecuador
    Photographium agesilaus montanum  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1974  
    SHORT-LINED KITE-SWALLOWTAIL 
    (Range: Mexico to South America) 
    
    
66. Photographium (was Eurytides) philolaus  ______  (MCA:14)
    Photographium philolaus xanticles  ______  subspecies in Panama, northern Colombia, northern Venezuela
    DARK KITE-SWALLOWTAIL
    
    
67. Photographium (was Eurytides) dioxippus  ______  EC  (MCA:14) (DV1:3 was Eurytides lacandones)
    Photographium dioxippus dioxippus  ______  subspecies from central Panama to Colombia
    Photographium dioxippus marae  ______  subspecies in Venezuela, described in 1990
    Photographium dioxippus diores  ______  subspecies in Peru 
    THICK-BORDERED KITE-SWALLOWTAIL
    
    
68. Photographium (was Eurytides) leucaspis  ______  EC
    Photographium leucaspis lamidis  ______  subspecies in Colombia, described in 1994
    Photographium leucaspis leucaspis  ______  subspecies in Peru 
    
    
69. Photographium (or Neographium) thyastes (was Eurytides thyastes)  ______  BRse  EC  (EBE:30) (MCA:14)
    Photographium thyastes panamensis  ______  (DA:43) (DV1:3) (F:41)  subspecies from Nicaragua to northwest Ecuador
    Photographium thyastes thyastinus  ______  EC  (subspecies in Ecuador)
    Photographium thyastes thyastes  ______  BR  EC  (subspecies in Brazil)  
    ORANGE KITE-SWALLOWTAIL 
    
    What was Eurytides marchandi panamensis has been merged into now Photographium thyastes.
    
    Photographium thyastes inhabits rainforest up to about 3,500 feet above sea level. The sexes are similar. The southern populations are a paler, more yellow coloration.   
    
    
70. Photographium (or Neographium) anaxilaus (was Eurytides anaxilaus)  ______
    SMALL KITE-SWALLOWTAIL
    (Range: Panama, northern Colombia, northern Venezuela)
    
    
71. Photographium (or Neographium) asius  (was Eurytides asius)  ______  BRse
    
    
72. Mimoides (was Eurytides) ilus ______ (DV1:2) (MCA:13)
    Mimoides ilus ilus  ______  subspecies from Panama to Venezuela 
    ILUS SWALLOWTAIL  (or DUAL-SPOTTED SWALLOWTAIL)
    (Range: Mexico & Panama to Venezuela)
    
    
73. Mimoides (was Eurytides) euryleon  ______  EC  (DV1:2)
    Mimoides euryleon euryleon  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Mimoides euryleon pithonius  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Mimoides euryleon rodriquezi  ______  subspecies in Colombia, described in 2002
    Mimoides euryleon haenschi  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
    Mimoides euryleon anatmus  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador 
    FALSE CATTLEHEART SWALLOWTAIL
    (Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador) 
    
    
74. Mimodes (was Eurytides) phaon  ______  EC  (DA:39) (DV1:2) (MCA:13)
    Mimodes phaon therodamas  ______  subspecies in Colombia 
    VARIABLE SWALLOWTAIL  (or RED-SIDED SWALLOWTAIL)
    (Range: Mexico to Ecuador and Brazil)
    
    Mimodes phaon is a miniature copy of the larger species Papilio birchall of Costa Rica to Colombia. 
    
    
75. Mimoides (was Eurytides) pausanias ______  EC  (DA:39) (DV1:3) (F:41)
    Mimoides pausanias cleombrotas  ______  EC  subspecies from eastern Panama to northern Ecuador
    Mimoides pausanias hermolaus  ______  subspecies in Venezuela
    Mimoides pausanias tabaquita  ______  subspecies in Trinidad
    Mimoides pausanias pausanias  ______  subspecies described in Surinam   
    BLUISH MIMIC-SWALLOWTAIL
    (Range: Costa Rica to southern Brazil and Bolivia, in western Ecuador and the Guianas) 
    
    Mimicry of heliconid butterflies (Heliconius clytia and Heliconius wallacei) has been perfected by this swallowtail, Mimoides pausanias, which shares the same habitats - rainforest glades and other open areas. It is not a common species.
    
    
76. Mimoides (was Eurytides) lysithous  ______  ARne  BRse
    Mimoides lysithous lysithous  ______  BRse  subspecies in part of Brazil
    Mimoides lysithous platydesma ______  (DA:41)  (no longer a valid subspecies)   
    Mimoides lysithous harrisianus ______  (DA:41)
    Mimoides lysithous eupatorion  ______  BR   subspecies in part of Brazil
    Mimoides lysithous sebastianus  ______  BR   subspecies in part of Brazil 
    Mimoides lysithous rurik  ______  ARne  (MM:146)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
    AR common name: Rurik  (Rurik was the Scandinavian founder of the Russian Empire, who became the Prince of Novgorod in 862.) 
    (Range: Brazil and eastern Paraguay) 
    
    What was Eurytides lysithous platydesma was said to be threatened.
    
    
77. Mimoides (was Eurytides) protodamas  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:147)
    AR common name: Falso Polysticto  ("False Polysticto") (referring to the butterfly's similarity with Battus polystictus, commonly called Polysticto)
    (Range: Brazil and northeast Argentina)
    
    
78. Mimoides (was Eurytides) microdamas  ______
    (Range: in Argentina)   
    
    
79. Mimoides (was Eurytides) ariarathes  ______  BR  EC
    Mimoides ariarathes ariatathes  ______
    Mimoides ariarathes illuminatus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Mimoides ariarathes evagorides  ______  subspecies in Venezuela, described in 1994 
    Mimoides ariarathes demerara  ______  subspecies in Guyana, described in 1994 
    Mimoides ariarathes gayi  ______  BRmg  EC  (DA:40) (EBE:33)  (subspecies in Ecuador and Peru
    Mimoides ariarathes arianus  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil and Peru
    Mimoides ariarathes metagenes  ______  BR   subspecies in part of Brazil
    Mimoides ariarathes leuctra  ______  BR   subspecies in part of Brazil  
    ARIARATHES SWALLOWTAIL
    (Range: from Colombia and the Guianas south to Peru and Brazil) 
    
    
80. Mimoides (was Eurytides) xeniades  ______  EC
    Mimoides xeniades isus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Mimoides xeniades halex  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Mimoides xeniades xeniades  ______  EC  (EBE:34)  subspecies in Ecuador
    Mimoides xeniades tabaconas  ______  subspecies in Peru
    Mimoides xeniades imaus  ______  subspecies in Peru
    Mimoides xeniades signatus  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1994
    
    
81. Mimoides (was Eurytides) xynias  ______  EC
    Mimoides xynias trapeza  ______  EC  (EBE:33)  subspecies in Ecuador
    Mimoides xynias xynias  ______  subspecies in Bolivia
    
    
    Genus: PAPILIO:  the FLUTED SWALLOWTAILS: 
    One of the most widespread of genera, with over 200 species. 
    Most are tropical. Most have tails. Many are migratory. 
    
    "Papilio" is the Latin word for "butterfly". 
    
    Subgenus HERACLIDES: the GIANT SWALLOWTAILS 
    Subgenus PTEROURUS: the TIGER SWALLOWTAILS
    
    
82. Papilio thoas  (ph)  ______  AR  BR  EC(*)  (C:295) (EBE:35) (DV1:4) (K:38 text) (MCA:16) (PE:6)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1771)
    Papilio thoas thoas  ______  subspecies in northeastern South America, including the Guianas and the lower Amazon
    Papilio thoas cinyras ______  (DA:34)  subspecies in Bolivia
    Papilio thoas nealces  ______  subspecies from Panama to Venezuela and western Ecuador and northwest Peru
    Papilio thoas thoantiades  ______  AR   subspecies in part of Argentina 
    Papilio thoas brasiliensis ______   ARne  BRse  (MM:151)  subspecies in southern Brazil and northeast Argentina
    THOAS SWALLOWTAIL  (another name is the KING SWALLOWTAIL)
    AR common name: Toas Grande  (Toas in mythology was a Trojan hero.) 
    (Range: southern US thru Central & South America, also: Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad) 
    
    Papilio thoas is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the thoas species-group.  
    
    
    
    A Thoas Swallowtail photographed during a FONT tour in Brazil
    
    
83. Papilio homothoas  ______  
    FALSE GIANT SWALLOWTAIL
    (Range: from Costa Rica to northern Venezuela, and Trinidad)
    
    Papilio homothoas is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the thoas species-group.
    
    
84. Papilio astyalus  (ph)  ______  AR  BRmg  EC  (C:299) (DV1:4) (F:54) (K:43) (MCA:17) (PE:6)
    Papilio astyalus hippomedon  ______  subspecies from Panama east to the Guianas, and south to the Amazon basin
    Papilio astyalus anchicayaensis  ______  subspecies in Colombia, described in 2002
    Papilio astyalus phanias  ______  BR   subspecies in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Goias in Brazil
    Papilio astyalus astyalus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:152)  subspecies in southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
    BROAD-BANDED SWALLOWTAIL  (other names are Astyalus Swallowtail or Lycophron Swallowtail)
    AR common name: Astyalos  (Astyalos in mythology was the name of a Trojan.)
    BR common names: male: Pequeno Caixao de Deunto; female: Viuva 
    (Range: southern US to Argentina)  
    
    Papilio astyalus is found in areas forested with tropical hardwoods. As with many Papilio, the caterpillars breed on citrus.
    
    Papilio astyalus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the thoas species-group.
    
    
    
    Broad-banded Swallowtails mud-puddling at Iguazu Falls, in Argentina 
    
    
85. Papilio paeon  ______  EC  (EBE:35)
    Papilio paeon thrason  ______  subspecies from Costa Rica to Venezuela
    Papilio paeon paeon  ______  EC   subspecies in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
    Papilio paeon escumeli  ______  subspecies in Peru
    STRAIGHT-BANDED SWALLOWTAIL 
    
    Papilio paeon is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the thoas species-group 
    
    
86. Papilio androgeus  (ph)  ______  AR  BR  EC  (DV1:4) (EBE:36) (F:52) (K:41) (MCA:17) (PE:6)
    Papilio androgeus epidaurus  ______  EC  subspecies from eastern Mexico to western Ecuador
    Papilio androgeus androgeus ______  BRam,mg  EC  (DA:33)  subspecies from Colombia to Bolivia, including Amazonian Ecuador, and in Brazil in Amazonas, Para, Mato Grosso 
    Papilio androgeus laodocus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:153) subspecies in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
    ANDROGEUS SWALLOWTAIL  (other names are QUEEN SWALLOWTAIL, or Queen Page)
    AR common name: Androgeo
    (Range: Mexico to Argentina, also West Indies) 
    
    The female of Papilio androgeus tends to be reclusive, not often seen. The male is much of the time in the forest canopy, occasionally coming down to mud-puddle.
    
    Papilio androgeus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the thoas species-group. 
    
    
    
    Above: the male Androgeus Swallowtail
    Below: the female Androgeus Swallowtail
    (lower photo by Jorge Bizarro)
    
    
    
    
    
87. Papilio hectorides  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:154)
    AR common name: Hector  (Hector, in mythology, was a Trojan hero.)
    BR common name of the dark female: Viuvinha
    (Range: Argentina, Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay) 
    
    Papilio hectaclides is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the torquatus species-group.
    
    
88. Papilio torquatus ______  AR  BRmg  EC  (DV1:4) (MCA:20)
    Papilio torquatus torquatus ______ (DA:35)  subspecies from the Guianas and Venezuela to Amazonas in Brazil
    Papilio torquatus jeani  ______  subspecies in Colombia and western Venezuela, described in 1994  
    Papilio torquatus leptalea ______  EC   subspecies in Colombia and western Ecuador  
    Papilio torquatus polybius ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:155)   subspecies in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
    TORQUATUS SWALLOWTAIL  (or BAND-GAPPED SWALLOWTAIL) 
    AR common name: Polibio  (Polibio, who lived from 206-122 B.C. was a Greek historian and politician.)
    (Range: Mexico to Bolivia, Paraguay, and northeast Argentina) 
    
    The female of Papilio torquatus is polymorphic, with the white spot on the forewing & the shape and color of the pink patch on the hindwing variable.
    
    Papilio torquatus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the torquatus species-group.
    
    
89. Papilio cresphontes  ______  EC
    
    Papilio cresphontes is in the Heraclides subgenus.
    
    
90. Papilio epenetus  ______  EC  (either endemic or nearly so to Ecuador) 
    
    Papilio epenetus is in the Heraclides subgenus.
    
    
91. Papilio garleppi  ______  BR  EC
    Papilio garleppi interruptus  ______  BRam   subspecies in Amazonian Brazil
    Papilio garleppi lecerfi  ______  subspecies in French Guiana, described in 1994
    Papilio garleppi garleppi  ______  subspecies in Bolivia
    GARLEPP'S SWALLOWTAIL
    
    Papilio garleppi is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the torquatus species-group.
    
    
92. Papilio himerus  ______  BR
    Papilio himerus baia  ______  BR  subspecies in part of Brazil
    Papilio himerus himerus  ______  BRse  subspecies in part of Brazil
    
    Papilio himerus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the torquatus species-group.
    
    
93. Papilio lamarchei  ______
    (Range: in Bolivia)
    
    Papilio lamarchei is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the torquatus species-group. 
    
    
94. Papilio isidorus  ______  EC  (DV1:6)
    Papilio isidorus pacificus  ______  EC   subspecies from eastern Panama to Ecuador 
    Papilio isidorus brises  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Papilio isidorus nymphius  ______  subspecies in Colombia
    Papilio isidorus autana  ______  subspecies in Venezuela, described in 1995
    Papilio isidorus flavescens  ______  EC   subspecies in Colombia, Ecuador
    Papilio isidorus tingo  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1995
    Papilio isidorus isidorus  ______  subspecies in Peru and Bolivia
    RUBY-PATCHED SWALLOWTAIL
    (Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia) 
    
    Papilio rhodostictus has been merged into Papilio isidorus, as a subspecies in Costa Rica & western Panama. 
    
    Papilio isidorus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the anchisiades species-group.
    
    
95. Papilio anchisiades  (ph)  ______  AR  BR  EC  (DV1:6) (EBE:34) (F:52) (K:43) (MCA:18) (PE:5) (S:48)
    Papilio anchisiades anchisiades  ______  EC  subspecies from the Guianas and Venezuela to Peru, including Amazonian Ecuador
    Papilio anchisiades philastrius  ______  subspecies in Trinidad
    Papilio anchisiades lamasi  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador in the area of the Coast, described in 1994
    Papilio anchisiades capys  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:156)  subspecies from Bolivia to Paraguay, Argentina, and southern Brazil
    RUBY-SPOTTED SWALLOWTAIL  (or Anchisiades Swallowtail)
    AR common name: Mancha Rubi  (translates to "Ruby-spotted") 
    (Range: Texas to Argentina)  
    
    Papilio anchisiades is often found at citrus trees.
    
    Papilio anchisiades is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the anchisiades species-group.
    
    
    
    Ruby-spotted Swallowtail
    (photo by Sherry C. Nelson)
    
    
96. Papilio hyppason  ______  EC  (species described in Surinam, 1775)
    
    Papilio hyppason is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the anchisiades species-group. 
    
    
97. Papilio chiansiades  ______  BR  EC
    Papilio chiansiades maroni  ______  subspecies in French Guiana
    Papilio chiansiades dospassosi  ______  subspecies in Colombia, described in 1969
    Papilio chiansiades chiansiades  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
    Papilio chiansiades mossi  ______  BRam   subspecies in Para, Brazil
    
    Papilio chiansiades is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the anchisiades species-group. 
    
    
98. Papilio birchallii  ______
    Papilio birchallii birchallii  ______  subspecies in eastern Panama and western Colombia
    
    Papilio birchallii is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the scamander species-group.
    
    
99. Papilio xanthopieura  ______   in Peru
    (Range: in Peru)
    
    Papilio xanthopieura is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the scamander species-group.  
    
    
100. Papilio scamander  ______  AR  BR
     Papilio scamander joergenseni  ______  AR   subspecies in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina
     Papilio scamander grayi  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul
     Papilio scamander scamander  ______  ARne  BR  (MM:157)  subspecies in Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Escamandro  (referring to its scientific name, Escamandro is a river in Asia Minor and the name of a Greek god)
     
     Papilio scamander is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the scamander species-group. 
     
     
101. Papilio helianichus  ______   in Uruguay 
     (Range: in Uruguay)
     
     Papilio helianichus is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the scamander species-group. 
     
     
102. Papilio menatius  ______  AR  BR  EC  (DV1:5)
     Papilio menatius menatius  ______  subspecies in Surinam and French Guiana
     Papilio menatius lemoulti  ______  subspecies in Venezuela, also said to be a species
     Papilio menatius coroebus  ______  subspecies in Colombia and Venezuela 
     Papilio menatius syndemis  ______  subspecies in Colombia 
     Papilio menatius eurotas  ______  EC   subspecies in Ecuador and Peru
     Papilio menatius coelebs  ______  subspecies in Peru
     Papilio menatius lenaeus  ______  subspecies in Peru and Bolivia 
     Papilio manatius ctesiades  ______  BRam  subspecies in Peru and Brazil in Amazonas 
     Papilio menatius cleotas ______  ARne  BRse (DA:37) (MM:158)  subspecies in southern Brazil & Argentina, also said to be a species
     AR common name: Lunares Rojos  (translates to "Red Beauty Spots")
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil, Paraguay, and northeast Argentina) 
     
     Papilio menatius is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the homerus species-group. 
     
     
103. Papilio warscewiczii  ______  EC
     Papilio warscewiczii jelskii  ______  subspecies in Peru
     Papilio warscewiczii mercedes  ______  subspecies in Peru
     Papilio warscewiczii warscewiczii  ______  subspecies in Bolivia 
     
     Papilio warscewiczii is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the homerus species-group.
     
     
104. Papilio cacicus  ______  EC  (EBE:37)
     Papilio cacicus cacicus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
     Papilio cacicus nesrinae  ______  subspecies in Colombia, described in 1983
     Papilio cacicus upanensis  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
     Papilio cacicus inca  ______  subspecies in Peru
     Papilio cacicus mendozaensis  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1994
     
     Papilio cacicus is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the homerus species-group.
     
     
105. Papilio euterpinus  ______  EC
     (Range: in Ecuador)
     
     Papilio euterpinus is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the homerus species-group.
     
     
106. Papilio bachus  ______  EC
     Papilio bachus bachus  ______  EC  subspecies in Colombia and Ecuador
     Papilio bachus chrysomelus  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia
     
     Papilio bachus is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the zagreus species-group, and has been considered a part of Papilio zagreus. 
     
     
107. Papilio neyi  ______  EC
     Papilio neyi bedoci  ______  subspecies in French Guiana
     Papilio neyi neyi  ______  EC   subspecies in Ecuador
     Papilio neyi josianae  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 2001
     
     Papilio neyi is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the zagreus species-group.     
     
     
108. Papilio zagreus  _______  BR  EC
     Papilio zagreus ascolius ______  EC  (DA:36)   subspecies in Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador 
     Papilio zagreus zagreus  ______  BRam   subspecies in Colombia, Venezuela, Amazonas in Brazil, and into Bolivia 
     Papilio zagreus baueri  ______   BRam  subspecies in Amazonas, Brazil, described in 2001
     Papilio zagreus daguanus  ______  subspecies in western Colombia, in the choco region
     Papilio zagreus rosenbergi  ______  EC   subspecies in Ecuador
     Papilio zagreus batesi  ______  subspecies in northern Peru, described in 1996
     Papilio zagreus nigroapicalis  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 1998
     Papilio zagreus chrysoxanthus  ______  subspecies in Peru and Bolivia
     ORANGE-MIMIC SWALLOWTAIL
     (Range: Costa Rica to Venezuela and Bolivia)  
     
     3 butterflies similar in shape and coloring to Papilio zagreus ascolius, that have been considered species, from Venezuela to Ecuador, are now included here in the above list of subspecies. 
     
     Papilio zagreus is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the zagreus species-group.   
     
     
109. Papilio polyxenes  (ph)  ______  EC  
     Papilio polyxenes americus  ______  subspecies in Colombia
     Papilio polyxenes costarum  ______  subspecies in Venezuela, described in 2009
     Papilio polyxenes sadalus  ______  EC  subspecies in Ecuador
     Papilio polyxenes gerardi  ______  subspecies in Peru, described in 2002
     BLACK SWALLOWTAIL
     (Range: southern Canada, much of the US, the West Indies, and in South America south to Peru)    
     
     Papilio polyxenes is in the true Papilio genus, described by Linnaeus in 1758.
     
     
     
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