South America Butterflies and Moths during Focus On Nature Tours

PO Box 9021, Wilmington, DE 19809, USA
E-mail: font@focusonnature.com
Phone: Toll-free in USA 1-800-721-9986
or 302/529-1876

Part 4 of a List of selected

South America
Butterflies
and Moths

Noting those during
Focus On Nature Tours

in Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Ecuador
Venezuela

A List of South America Butterflies in 5 Parts, compiled by Armas Hill

In this Part #4: Brushfoots (Nymphalidae)

Among the Butterfly groupings in this list, links to:

Leaf Butterflies: Subfamily Charaxinae

Crackers: Genus Hamadryas

Daggerwings: Genus Marpesia

"Eighty-Eight" Butterflies: Genus Diaethria

Patches: Genus Chlosyne

Longwings: Subfamily Heliconiinae

Clearwings: Subfamily Ithomiinae

Morphos: Subfamily Morphidae

Owl Butterflies: Subfamily Brassolidae

Satyrs: Subfamily Satyrinae

Links to Butterfly groupings in other files:

Part #1 - Swallowtails (Papilionidae)

Part #2 - Whites, Yellows, Sulphurs, Marbles (Pieridae)

Part #3 - Hairstreaks, Blues (Lycaenidae) & Metalmarks (Riodinidae)

Part #5 - Skippers (Hesperiidae)

Codes relating to illustrations in various books:

Numbers noted as (AZ:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of Arizona - A Photographic Guide", by Bob Stewart, Priscilla Brodkin, & Hank Brodkin (with fine photographs).

Numbers noted as (BB:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of Buenos Aires (Argentina)", by Gustavo Canals

Numbers noted as (C:xx) refer to pages in "A World of Butterflies", with text by Brian Cassie, and photographs (superb) by Kjell Sandved

Numbers noted as (D1:xx) refer to plates in "The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History (Volume 1): Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae", by Philip J. DeVries

Numbers noted as (DV:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies Of South America", by Bernard D'Abrera

Numbers noted as (F:xx) refer to pages in "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Butterflies", by Dr. John Feltwell

Numbers noted as (K:xx) refer to pages in the "Kaufman Focus Guide to Butterflies of North America", by Jim Brock & Kenn Kaufman

Numbers noted as (MM:xx) refer to pages in "Mariposas (Butterflies) of Missiones (Argentina)", by Gustavo Canals

Numbers noted as (PE:xx) refer to plates in the "Peterson Field Guides to Eastern Butterflies", by Paul Opler & Vichai Malikul, 1998 edition. Those noted as (PEp:xx) refer to a page with a photograph.

Numbers noted as (PW:xx) refer to plates in the "Peterson Field Guide to Western Butterflies", by Paul Opler & illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright, 1999 edition. Those noted as (PWp:xx) refer to a page with a photograph.

Numbers noted as (RG:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of the Lower Rio Grande Valley" by Roland Wauer.

Numbers noted as (S:xx) refer to pages in the "Smithsonian Handbook, Butterflies & Moths", by David Carter.

Numbers noted as (WGC:xxx) refer to pages in "A Wildlife Guide to Chile", by Sharon Chester.

Additional Codes:

AR: in Argentina
BR: in Brazil
CH: in Chile
EC: in Ecuador
VE: in Venezuela

Butterflies observed during FONT tours noted by an (*) after the 2-letter country code.

(ph): species with a photo in the FONT website

Other Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in South America in Brazil

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in South America in Argentina & Chile

Lists & Photo Galleries of Birds, including those during FONT Tours in South America

Lists & Photo Galleries of Mammals & Other Wildlife, relating to FONT Tours in South America

Lists of Photo Galleries of Amphibians & Reptiles, including those during FONT Tours in South America

Directory of Photos in this Website, in this list & others

List of Butterflies, Part #4

         Family NYMPHALIDAE: BRUSHFOOTS
          Cosmopolitan, with subfamilies range from 8 to 25, depending upon taxonomic treatment.

          This is the most diverse family of butterflies, with approximately 6,000 known species worldwide.
          Brushfoot butterflies appear 4 rather than 6-legged as their 2 front legs are much reduced.

          Genus AGRIAS

Agrias aedon ______ (DV1:13)
Great Agrias
(Range: Mexico to Amazon Basin)

Agrias amydon ______ (DV1:13) (F:115)
White-spotted Agrias
(Range: Mexico to Amazon Basin)

Agrias amydon is a powerful flier. It is a very variable species, with a number of subspecies.. It lives in the rainforest and visits fruit for sugar.

Genus PREPONA

Prepona omphale ______ (DV1:13)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)
Prepona dexamenus ______ (DV1:13)
Least Prepona
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

In flight, Prepona meander makes a crackling sound.

Prepona pylene pylene ______ ARne (MM:259) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Mottled Prepona
AR common name: Pylene

Genus SIDERONE

Siderone marthesis ______ (DV1:13)
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Genus ARCHAEOPREPONA

Archaeoprepona demophon ______ (C:347) (DV1:14)
Archaeoprepona demophon thalpius ______ ARne (MM:256) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
One-spotted Prepona
AR common name: Demofonte (who was a fortune-teller consulted by Alexander the Great)
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

In 1814, the butterfly taxonomist Hubner made a blunder by giving a newly-described species the name Archaeoprepona demophoon (below), almost identical to the name given by Linnaeus 56 years earlier in 1758 to another species, Archaeoprepona demophon (above). To complicate matters further, both species often occur together, and their uppersides are virtually identical!
Archaeoprepona demophoon demophoon (ph) ______ ARne (MM:257) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Two-spotted Prepona (another name is Silver King Shoemaker)
AR common name: Demophoon (who, in mythology was Teseo's son)
(Range: southern Mexico to Argentina)

Archaeoprepona demophoon lives in the canopy of the rainforest. It is probably one of the fastest-flying butterflies in its range (the American tropics). It is said to have a smell like vanilla (maybe from its food source).

A photographer's account: "I have observed and photographed it, but always from a great distance, and always as a solitary butterfly, sitting with its wings open in the sun, like a drop of metallic blue paint on the green foliage high in the trees."

Two-spotted Prepona (or Demophoon) (also called Silver King Shoemaker)
(photo courtesy of Junji Nakamura who sent us this picture of a butterfly that had been her mother's since the 1950s)
Archaeoprepona meander ______ (DV1:14) (S:119)
Three-toned Prepona (another name is Banded King Shoemaker)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

In flight, Archaeoprepona meander makes a crackling sound.

Archaeoprepona chalciope ______ ARne (MM:258)
AR common name: Calciope (relating to the scientific name, that is mythological)

Genus ZARETIS

Zaretis itys ______ (DV1:14)
Zaretis itys itylus ______ AR:ne (MM:262) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Skeletonized Leafwing
AR common name: Itis (refers to the scientific name; Itys in mythology was the daughter of Tereo and Procne.)
(Range: southern Mexico to Brazil)

Genus HYPNA

Hypna clytemnestra clytemnestra ______ (DV1:15) (subspecies from Nicaragua to Brazil)
Hypna clytemnestra huebneri ______ ARne (MM:260) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Jazzy Leafwing
AR common name: Clitemnestra (relating to the name: Clitemnestra was Agamenon's wife.)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Genus CONSUL

Consul fabius cecrops ______ (DV1:15) (subspecies from Mexico to Bolivia)
Consul fabius drurii ______ ARne (MM:261) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Tiger Leafwing
AR common name: Mbopi (this name is Guarani word meaning "bat", referring to its peculiar shape when flying near the tops of trees)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Subfamily CHARAXINAE: LEAF BUTTERFLIES

Genus ANAEA: LEAF WINGS

Anaea glycerium ______ (PE:25)
Angled Leafwing
(Range: Mexico to northern South America)

Subgenus MEMPHIS: About 100 species, which occur in Central America. They resemble the genus ANAEA, to which they are closely related, and now by most considered as part of that genus.
With crytic undersides that are leaf-like. They reside in the forest, and are powerful fliers.

Anaea (or Memphis) titan ______ (DV1:15)
(Range: Costa Rica to Peru)

Anaea (or Memphis) ryphea ryphea ______ (DV1:15) (subspecies from Mexico to Peru)
(Range: Mexico to Amazon Basin)

Anaea (or Memphis) eurypyle ______ (DV1:15)
(Range: Mexico to Bolivia)
Anaea (or Memphis) xenocles ______ (DV1:17)
Corner-spotted Leafwing
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Anaea (or Memphis) arginussa ______ (DV1:17)
(Range: Mexico to Amazon Basin)

Anaea (or Memphis) moruus ______ (DV1:18)
Anaea moruus coerulescens ______ ARne (MM:265) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Laurel Leafwing
AR common name: Hoja Azul (translates to "Blue Leaf")
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

Anaea (or Memphis) lyceus ______ (DV1:18)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Anaea (or Memphis) oenomais ______ (DV1:18)
Boisduval's Leafwing
(Range: Mexico thru Central & South America)

Anaea (or Memphis) pithyusa ______ (DV1:19) (K:221) (PE:25)
Pale-spotted Leafwing
(Range: Mexico to Bolivia)

Genus DOXOCOPA

Doxocopa pavon ______ (DV1:19) (K:225) (PE:24)
Pavon Emperor
(Range: Mexico to Bolivia)

Doxocopa felderi ______ (DV1:19)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Doxocopa cyane ______ (DV1:20)
Cyan Emperor
(Range: Mexico to Peru)

Doxocopa laure ______ (C:285) (DV1:20) (K:225) (PE:24)
Silver Emperor (or Laure)
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)
Doxocopa linda mileta ______ ARne (MM:266) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Linda (translates to "Cute")
Doxocopa agathina vacuna ______ ARne (MM:267) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Turqui (translates to "Turquoise")
Doxocopa kallina ______ ARba,ne (BB:239) (MM:268)
AR common name: Indigo
Doxocopa laurentia laurentia (ph) ______ ARba,ne (BB:237) (MM:269) (subspecies in Argentina)
Turquoise Emperor
AR common name: Zafiro (translates to "Sapphire")

A Turquoise Emperor, Doxocopa laurentia, photographed during a FONT tour
at Iguazu Falls in August 2008
Doxocopa zunilda zunilda ______ ARne (MM:270) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Zunilda

Subfamily LIBYTHEINAE: SNOUTS

Genus LIBYTHEANA: SNOUTS

Libytheana carinenta   ______ (C:281) (DV1:20) (F:175) (K:223) (PE:18) (S:146) (WGC:101)
Libytheana carinenta carinenta ______ ARba,ne CH (BB:235) (MM:255) (subspecies in Argentina)
American Snout (or Snout Butterfly)
AR common names: Picuda (this and other common names refer to the size of the labial palpi)
Mariposa Elefante, Trompa de Elefante, Trompuda
BR common name: Bicuda
CH common name: Mariposa Comun del Tropico
(Range: southern US to Argentina. In Chile, locally in coastal Linares)

Genus TIGRIDIA

Tigridia acesta ______ (DV1:21)
Tiger Beauty
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Genus COLOBURA

Colobura dirce (ph) ______ (C:291) (DV1:21) (S:114)
Colobura dirce dirce _____ ARne (MM:271) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Small Beauty (also called The Mosaic or Zebra Butterfly)
AR common name: Cebrita (this name & the English "Zebra Butterfly" refer to the pattern on the ventral side)
(Range: Mexico thru Central & South America, also the West Indies)

Colobura dirce, the Small Beauty

Genus HISTORIS

Historis odius (ph) ______ (DV1:21) (PE:text)
Historis odius dious ______ ARne (MM:272) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Orion Cecropian (also called Stinky Leaf Wing)
AR common name: Popeno, this name a Guarani word meaning "gigantic"
(Range: throughout Central & South America; in North America, a rare stray to Florida)

Orion

Historis acheronta ______ (C:353) (DV1:21)
Tailed Cecropian
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin, also Greater Antilles)

Genus SMYRNA

Smyrna blomfildia ______ (DV1:21) (K:225) (PE:26)
Smyrna blomfildia blomfildia ______ ARne (MM:273) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Blomfild's Beauty
AR common name: Dibujada
(Range: Mexico to Argentina)

Genus BAEOTUS

Baeotus baeotus ______ (DV1:21) (F:122)
Graphic Beauty
(Range: Costa Rica to the Amazon Basin)

Baeotus baeotus is an attractive and rare butterfly in virgin rainforest.

Genus PYCINA

Pycina zamba ______ (DV1:21)
Cloud Forest Beauty
(Range: Mexico to Peru)

Genus BIBLIS

Biblis hyperia (ph) ______ (C:319) (DV1:21) (F:124) (K:215) (PE:25)
Biblis hyperia nectanabis ______ ARba,ne (BB:251) (MM:291) (subspecies in Argentina)
Red Rim
AR common name: Alas Sangrantes (translates to "Crimson-banded Black")
(Range: Mexico to the Argentina, also the West Indies)

Red Rim

Genus HAMADRYAS: CRACKERS:: species in this genus are called "CRACKERS" because of the noise the males make in flight.

In general CRACKERS are also called CALICOS.

Hamadryas februa (ph) ______ (DV1:21) (F:158) (K:217) (PE:26)
Hamadryas februa februa ______ ARba,ne (BB:253) (MM:284) (subspecies in Argentina)
Gray Cracker (or some places called The Cracker) (also called Common Calico)
AR common name: Pororo Ocelos Rojos (translates to "Red eye-spotted Pororo") ("Pororo" is a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles".)
(Range: southern US to Argentina)

Hamadryas februa occurs along forest edges. Not at flowers, but at rotting fruit, dung, and mud.

A Gray Cracker photographed during a FONT tour
(photo by Marie Gardner)

Hamadryas feronia ______ (C:259) (DV1:21) (K:217) (PE:26)
Variable Cracker (also called Blue Cracker)
(Range: southern US to Brazil)

Hamadryas arethusa ______ (S:132)
Queen Cracker

Hamadryas guatemalena ______ (DV1:21) (PE:26)
Guatemalan (or Central American) Cracker
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Hamadryas ipthime ipthimre ______ (DV1:21) (PE:26) (subspecies from Costa Rica to Brazil)
Brownish (or Ringless Blue) Cracker
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Hamadryas fornax ______ (DV1:21) (F:158)
Hamadryas fornax fornax ______ ARne (MM:287) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Yellow Cracker (or Yellow-skirted Cracker)
AR common name: Pororo Mancha Ocre (translates to "Ochre-spotted Pororo") ("Pororo" is a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles".)
(Range: Mexico to Argentina)

Hamadryas fornax is smaller than other crackers, and with a number of subspecies. It is found In moist rainforest, occurring along trails and rivers.

Hamadryas amphinome (ph) ______ (DV1:22) (F:157) (PE:26)
Hamadryas amphinome amphinome ______ ARba,ne (BB:255) (MM:286) (subspecies in Argentina)
Red Cracker
AR common names: Pororo Mancha Roja (translates to "Red-spotted Pororo") ("Pororo" is a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles".) or Clic Rojiza ("Reddish Click", referring to the peculiar noise made by the butterfly)
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina, can occur in rainforests)

Red Cracker (the red is on the other side of the wings)

Hamadryas arinome ariensis ______ (DV1:22) (subspecies from Costa Rica to Bolivia)
(Range: Mexico to Amazon Basin)

Hamadryas laodamia ______ (C:261) (DV1:22) (F:159)
Queen Cracker ("Starry-night Cracker")
(Range: Mexico to Amazon Basin)

Hamadryas laodamia has delightful coloration completely different than its allies. It flies in the canopy and in sunny clearings in the rainforest.
Hamadryas epinome ______ ARne (MM:285)
AR common name: Pororo (this name is a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles")
Hamadryas arete ______ ARne (MM:288)
AR common name: Pororo Azul (translates to "Blue Pororo") ("Pororo" is a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles")

Genus ECTIMA
Ectima thecia thecia ______ ARne (MM:289)
AR common name: Pororo Mini (referring to the similarity with the butterflies of the genus HAMADRYAS called "Pororo"; "Mini" relates to its smaller size.)

Genus PANACEA

Panacea procilla ______ (DV1:22)
(Range: Panama to the Amazon Basin)

Genus EUNICA
60 species in Central & South America that live in primary forest

Eunica tatila (ph) ______ (DV1:22) (K:215) (PE:25)
Eunica tatila bellaria ______ ARne (MM:317)
Florida Purple Wing (or Large Purple Wing, or simply Purple Wing)
(Range: southern US to northern Argentina, also West Indies)

Eunica tatila, the Florida Purplewing

Eunica monima ______ (DV1:22) (K:215) (PE:25)
Dingy Purple Wing
(Range: US & Mexico thru Central & South America, also the Antilles & Bahamas)

Eunica malvina ______ (DV1:22)
Rayed Purplewing
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Eunica norica ______ (DV1:22)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Eunica caresa ______ (DV1:22)
(Range: Guatemala to Peru)

Eunica mygdonia ______ (DV1:22)
Blind Purplewing
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Eunica excelsa ______ (DV1:23)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)

Eunica alcmena ______ (DV1:23)
Dark Purplewing
(Range: Mexico to Peru)

Eunica pomona ______ (DV1:23)
(Range: Costa Rica to Venezuela)
Eunica maja maja ______ ARne (MM:316) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Maja
Eunica eburnea ______ ARne (MM:318)
AR common name: Marfil (translates to "Ivory") (The scientific name, eburnea, means "ivory", or like it.)

Genus MARPESIA: DAGGERWINGS
Mostly Central and South American butterflies, but also occurs in Africa. Called "DAGGERWING" after the long tail on each hindwing.

Marpesia zerynthia ______ (DV1:23) (K:219) (PE:25)
Waiter Daggerwing
(Range: southern US thru Central & South America)

Marpesia coresia ______
Marpesia merops ______ (DV1:23)
Dappled Daggerwing
(Range: Guatemala thru Central & South America)

Marpesia berania ______ (C:275) (DV1:23)
Orange Daggerwing
(Range: Mexico thru Central & South America)

Marpesia marcella ______ (DV1:23)
(Range: Guatemala to Peru)

Marpesia iole ______ (DV1:23)
(Range: Nicaragua to Bolivia)

Marpesia petreus (ph) ______ (DV1:23) (F:177) (K:219) (PE:25) (S:123)
Marpesia petreus petreus ______ ARne (MM:320) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Ruddy Daggerwing (also called Southern Daggertail, and in the West Indies, the Tailed Flambeau)
(Range: southern US thru Central & South America)

Marpesia petreus visits flowers and mud-puddles.

Ruddy Daggerwing

Marpesia chiron ______ (C:273) (DV1:23) (K:219) (PE:25)
Marpesia chiron marius ______ ARne (MM:319) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Many-banded Daggerwing
AR common name: Mario (refers to the scientific name; the only race found in Argentina)
BR common name: Cambaxirra
(Range: southern US, Central & South America, also West Indies)

Genus DYNAMINE

Dynamine agacles ______ (DV1:24)
Dynamine agacies agacies ______ ARne (MM:303) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Gota Ribeteada (translates to "Edged Drop")
(Range: Costa Rica to Argentina)

Dynamine theseus ______ (DV1:24)
White Sailor
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela)

Dynamine salpensa ______ (DV1:24)
(Range: Costa Rica to the Amazon Basin)

Dynamine mylitta ______ (DV1:24)
(Range: Mexico thru Central & South America)

Dynamine dyonis ______ (DV1:24) (K:225) (PE:25)
Blue-eyed Sailor (or Blue-eyed Green Wing)
(Range: Texas thru Central America)

Dynamine artemisia glauce ______ (C:289)
Dynamine artemisia artemisia ______ ARne (MM:308) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Small-eyed Sailor
AR common name: Gota de Monoculo (translates to "Drop with Monocle", has a large "eyespot" with a band, like a monocle)
(Range: Mexico to Argentina)

Dynamine glauce ______ (DV1:24)
(Range: Mexico thru Central & South America)

Dynamine chryseis ______ (DV1:24)
(Range: Nicaragua to the Amazon Basin)

Dynamine myrrhina ______ ARba,ne (BB:247) (MM:301)
AR common name: Gota de Luz (translates to "Drop Light")

Dynamine coenus coenus ______ ARne (MM:302) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Gota Blanca (translates to "White Drop")

Dynamine athemon athemaena ______ ARne (MM:304) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Gota con Linea (translates to "Drop with Line")

Dynamine tithia tithia ______ ARne (MM:305) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Gota Ciega (translates to "Blind Drop")

Dynamine postverta postverta ______ ARne (MM:306) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Four-spotted Sailor
AR common name: Gota Ocelada (translates to "Eye-spotted Drop")

Dynamine aerata ______ ARne (MM:307)
AR common name: Gota de Anteokos (translates to "Drop with Glasses")

Genus CYBDELIS
Cybdelis phaesyla ______ ARne (MM:309)
AR common name: Abanderada (translates to "Standard-bearer", alludes to the pattern on the upper forewings, like Argentina's flag)

Genus TEMENIS

Temenis laothoe ______ (DV1:24)
Temenis laothoe santina ______ ARne (MM:313) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Orange Banner
AR common name: Mocha (translates to "Blunt")
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

Temenis pulchra ______ (DV1:24)
(Range: Costa Rica to the Amazon Basin)

Genus NICA

Nica flavilla ______ (DV1:24)
Nica flavilla flavilla ______ ARne (MM:314) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Little Banner
AR common name: Aritos (translates to "Small Rings")
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

Genus MYSCELIA

Myscelia cyaniris ______ (DV1:22)
Whitened Bluewing
(Range: Mexico to Peru)

Myscelia leucocyna ______ (DV1:22)
(Range: Nicaragua to Venezuela)
Myscelia orsis ______ AR:ne (MM:315)
AR common name: Yin-Yang (This name is because the male & female are very different, but yet they are of course complimentary, as is the universal principle of the yin and the yang in Taoism.)

Subfamily LIMENITIDINAE: ADMIRALS

Adults often characterized by flap-and-glide flight.

Genus EPIPHILE

Epiphile orea ______ (DV1:24)
Epiphile orea orea ______ ARne (MM:311) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Marcada Azul (translates to "Blue Marked")
(Range: Costa Rica to northern Argentina)

Epiphile hubneri ______ ARne (MM:312)
AR common name: Marcada Anaranjada (translates to "Orange Marked")

Genus CATONEPHELE

Catonephele numilia esite ______ (DV1:25) (S:139) (subspecies from Mexico to Venezuela; also Trinidad)
Catonephele numila neogermanica (ph) ______ ARne (MM:292) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Stoplight Catone (has been called Grecian Shoemaker)
AR common name: Terciopelo Manchado (translates to "Spotted Velvet")
(Range: Mexico to southern Brazil & Argentina)

Catonephele numilia, the Spotlight Catone or Grecian Shoemaker
photographed during a FONT tour in southeast Brazil in August 2009

Catonephele chromis ______ (DV1:25)
Cloud Forest Catone
(Range: Honduras to possibly Bolivia)

Catonephele orites ______ (DV1:25)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)

Catonephele acontius caeruleus ______ ARne (MM:293) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Terciopelo Fajado (translates to "Banded Velvet")

Genus HAEMATERA

Haematera pyrame ______ (DV1:25)
Haematera pyrame pyrame ______ ARne (MM:290) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Llamarada (translates to "Blaze")
(Range: Nicaragua to northern Argentina)

Genus DIAETHRIA

Diaethria clymena ______ (C:317)
Diaethria clymena janeira (ph) ______ ARne (MM:294) (subspecies in northeast Argentina & southern Brazil)
AR common name: Ochenta y Ocho (translates to "Eighty-Eight Butterfly")
(Range: subtropical & tropical Latin America)

An "Eighty-eight Butterfly", Diaethria clymena,
photographed during a FONT tour in southeast Brazil in August 2009

Diaethria eluina eluina ______ ARne (MM:295) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Ochenta y Ocho Azul" (translates to "Blue Eighty-Eight")

Diaethria candrena candrena ______ ARba,ne (BB:245) (MM:296) (subspecies in Argentina)
AR common name: Ochenta (translates to "Eighty")

Diaethria marchalii ______ (DV1:25)
(Range: Nicaragua to Brazil)

Genus CALLICORE

Callicore pitheas ______ (DV1:25)
Two-eyed Eighty-Eight
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela & Ecuador)

Callicore atacama ______ (DV1:25)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Callicore brome ______ (DV1:25)
Four-spotted Eighty-Eight
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)

Callicore pygas thamyras ______ ARne (MM:297) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Para Guasu (regarding the name: "Para" & "Guasu" are Guarani words meaning, respectively, "full of colors" and "big")

Callicore hydaspes ______ ARne (MM:298)
AR common name: Para Mini (regarding the name: "Para" & "Mini" are Guarani words meaning, respectively, "full of colors" and "small")

Callicore sorana sorana ______ ARne (MM:299) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Para Zigzag ("Zigzag Para")

Genus PAULOGRAMMA
Paulogramma pyracmon pyracmon ______ ARne (MM:300)
AR common name: Para Mediana ("Medium Para")

Genus ADELPHA

Adelpha melanthe ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)

Adelpha boreas ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Adelpha salmoneus ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela)

Adelpha leucopthalma ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Nicaragua to Colombia, possibly Peru)

Adelpha zina ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Guatemala to Peru)

Adelpha justina ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Guatemala to Peru)

Adelpha cytherea ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Adelpha cocala ______ (C:277) (DV1:26)
Orange-washed Sister
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Adelpha heraclea ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Nicaragua to Venezuela)

Adelpha boeotia ______ (DV1:26)
(Range: Guatemala to the Amazon Basin)

Adelphia delinita ______ (DV1:50)
(Range: Honduras to Ecuador)

Adelpha iphiclus ______ (DV1:27)
Pointer Sister
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Adelpha erotica ______ (DV1:27)
(Range: Costa Rica to Venezuela)

Adelpha lerna ______ (DV1:27)
(Range: Nicaragua to the Amazon Basin)

Adelpha phylaca ______ (DV1:27)
(Range: Guatemala to Bolivia)

Adelpha naxia ______ (DV1:27)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Adelpha ixia ______ (DV1:27)
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela)

Adelpha celerio ______ (DV1:27)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Adelpha zea ______ ARba,ne (BB:243) (DV1:27) (MM:282)
AR common name: Zea
(Range: Mexico to the Argentina)

Adelpha lycorias lycorias ______ ARne (MM:274) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Rayed Sister
AR common name: Mancha Bermellon (translates to "Vermilion Spot")

Adelpha syma ______ ARba,ne (BB:241) (MM:275)
AR common name: Syma (referring to the scientific name)

Adelpha mythra ______ ARne (MM:276)
AR common name: Mithra, the name relating to Mithra who was a Persian god.

Adelpha malea goyama ______ ARne (MM:277) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Goyama

Adelpha abia ______ ARne (MM:278)
AR common name: Abia

Adelpha serpa serpa ______ ARne (MM:279) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Serpa

Adelpha falcipennis ______ ARne (MM:280)
AR common name: Adelfa Ocre (translates to "Ochre Adelpha", referring to coloring on the ventral side)

Adelpha thessalia indefecta ______ ARne (MM:281) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Tesala del Nordeste (translates to "Northeastern Tesela")

Adelpha melona pseudarete ______ ARne (MM:283) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Melona

Genus PYRRHOGYRA

Pyrrhogyra neaerea ______ (DV1:28)
Pyrrhogyra neaerea arge ______ ARne (MM:310) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Leading Red-ring
AR common name: Pore Pyla
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Pyrrhogyra crameri ______ (DV1:28)
Cramer's Red-ring
(Range: Nicaragua to the Amazon Basin)

Pyrrhogyra otolais ______ (DV1:28)
White-edged Red-ring
(Range: Mexico to Bolivia)

Pyrrhogyra edocla ______ (DV1:28)
Complete Red-ring
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Genus HYPANARTIA

Hypanartia lethe ______ (C:279) (DV1:28) (MM:324)
Orange Mapwing
AR common name: Leta (referring to the scientific name; Lethe, in mythology, was Oleno's wife who turned into a stone)
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Hypanartia kefersteini ______ (DV1:28)
(Range: Mexico to Peru)
Hypanartia bella ______ ARba,ne (BB:261) (MM:325)
AR common name: Bella (translates to "Beautiful")

Genus SIPROETA (or METAMORPHA)

Siproeta (or Metamorpha) stelenes (ph) ______ (DV1:28) (F:202) (K:209) (PE:26)
Siproeta stelenes meridionalis ______ ARne (MM:329) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Malachite
an AR common name: Itaovy Guasu (translates to "Large Emerald") (from Guarani words, alluding to its color, size, and beauty)
(Range: southern US to northern Argentina, and thru West Indies)

The Malachite is on the wing all year in the tropics. It feeds on fermenting fruit.

Above & below: Malachites
The photo below on a Poinsettia plant in Southeast Brazil during the FONT tour in May 2011.
(photo below by Pat Yoder)

Siproeta epaphus (ph) ______ (DV1:28) (K:209) (S:136)
Siproeta epaphus trayja ______ ARne (MM:320) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Rusty-tipped Page (or Brown Siproeta)
AR common name: Epafos Moreno ("Dark Epafos") (referring to Epafos who in mythology, was Jupiter's son)
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

A Rusty-tipped Page photographed during a FONT Tour
(photo by Rosemary Lloyd)

Genus ANARTIA

Anartia amathea ______ (C:311)
Anartia amathea roeselia ______ ARba,ne (BB:265) (MM:327) (subspecies in Argentina)
Red Peacock
AR common name: Princesa Roja (translates to "Red Princess")
(Range: Panama to Argentina, also: Trinidad & Tobago, Grenada, Barbados, Antigua)

Anartia jatrophae (ph) ______ (C:309) (DV1:28) (K:209) (PE:24) (S:107)
Anartia jatrophae jatrophae ______ ARne (MM:326)
White Peacock
AR common name: Princesa Perlada (Princesa, or Princess, is the common Spanish name for the ANARTIA genus butterflies; "Perlada" refers to the wing coloring)
(Range: southern US thru Central & South America, also West Indies)

White Peacock

Genus JUNONIA: BUCKEYES

Junonia evarete ______ (D1:28) (F:168) (K:207) (PE:23)
Mangrove Buckeye (in the West Indies, called Caribbean Buckeye) (Other names: Smoky Buckeye, Florida Buckeye, West Indian Buckeye)
(Range: southern US thru American tropics)
Junonia genoveva ______ (K:207) (PE:23)
Junonia genoveva hilaris ______ ARba,ne (BB:263) (MM:328) (subspecies in Argentina)
Tropical Buckeye (or Genoveva) (another name: Peacock)
AR common name: Pavo Real ("Peacock") (another name: Genoveva)
(Range: southern US to Argentina)

Genus VANESSA: LADY BUTTERFLIES
Vanessa (or Cynthia) cardui (ph) ______ (DV1:28) (K:205) (PE:23) (S:141)
Painted Lady
(Range: worldwide, except for Australia and New Zealand)

Painted Lady
(photo by Howard Eskin)
Vanessa carye ______ ARba,ne CH (BB:257) (MM:321) (WGC:101)
Four-eyed Lady
AR common name: Dama Cuatro Ojos (translates to "Four-eyed Lady")
CH common name: Mariposa Colorada
(Range: widespread in South America in a variety of habitats, including towns and cities. In Chile, Arica to Magallanes)

Vanessa carye is a smaller sister species of the Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui.
The larvae feeds on nettles and mallows.

A Four-eyed Lady photographed during a FONT tour in southern Chile,
on Chiloe Island
(photo by Frank Stermitz)
Vanessa terpsichore ______ CH
CH common name: Mariposa Colorada de Philippi
(Range: in Chile, occurs commonly from Coquimbo to Magallanes)

Vanessa terpsichore is very similar to Vanessa carye, but it is paler.
Vanessa braziliensis ______ ARba,ne (BB:259) (MM:322)
AR common name: Dama Dos Ojos (translates to "Two-eyed Lady")
Vanessa myrinna ______ ARne (MM:323)
AR common name: Dama Fajarda (translates to "Banded Lady")

Genus HYPOLIMNAS

Hypolimnas misippus ______ (DV1:28) (F:164)
The Mimic (other names: Diadem Butterfly, Six-continent Butterfly, Danaid Butterfly)
(Range: distribution nearly worldwide)

The female of Hypolimnas misippus resembles Danaus chrysippus of the Old World, with coloration similar to Danaus glippus, the Queen.

Genus CHLOSYNE: PATCHES

Chlosyne lacinia (ph) ______ (C:265) (DV1:29) (K:189) (PE:21)
Chlosyne lacinia saundersi ______ ARne (MM:337) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Bordered Patch
AR common name: Naranjita
(Range: US to northern Argentina)

Chlosyne lacinia has a very variable pattern. It prefers sunny places and feeds on nectar.

A dark Bordered Patch
Those in the Iguazu area have more orange in the upperwings, hence the common name there of "Naranjita".
(photo by Doris Potter)

Chlosyne poecile ______ (DV1:29)
(Range: Costa Rica to Venezuela)

Chlosyne narva ______ (DV1:29)
(Range: Nicaragua to Venezuela)

Genus PHYCIODES: CRESCENTS

Phyciodes ptolyca _____ (K:183) (PE:21)
Black Crescent
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela)

Genus TEGOSA

Tegosa anieta anieta ______ (DV1:29)
Black-bordered Tegosa
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela, also Trinidad)

Tegosa frisia hermas ______ ARne (MM:331)
AR common name: Saipicada (translates to "Splashy")

Tegosa claudina ______ ARba,ne (BB:267) (MM:332)
AR common name: Claudina (referring to the scientific name)
Tegosa orobia ______ ARba (BB:269)
AR common name: Incienso (referring to the scientific name "orobia" which means ""incense"")

Tegosa orobia can be confused with Tegosa claudina. T. orobia occurs in flowery scrubland in northeast Buenos Aires province, Argentina.

Genus ORTILIA

Ortilia ithra ______ ARba,ne (BB:273) (MM:333)
AR common name: Mbatara (a Guarani word meaning "lead-colored", with short white lines)

Ortilia ithra is common in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. It occurs with others in the genus.

Ortilia velica durnfordi ______ ARba,ne (BB:271) (MM:334) (subspecies in Argentina)
AR common name: Marroncita (translates to "Small Brown")

Ortilia dicoma ______ ARne (MM:335)
AR common name: Alitas Largas (translates to "Long Wings")

Genus ERESIA

Eresia clara ______ (DV1:30)
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Eresia lansdorfi ______ ARba,ne (BB:275) (MM:336)
AR common name: Falsa Erato ("False Erato") (name refers to its resemblance to Heliconius erato phyllis)

Genus CASTILIA

Castilia eranites ______ (DV1:30)
Smudged Crescent
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela)

Castilia ofella ______ (DV1:30)
(Range: Guatemala to Venezuela, also Trinidad)

Genus JANATELLA

Janatella leucodesma ______ (DV1:30)
(Range: Nicaragua to Venezuela, also Trinidad)

Subgenus ANTHANASSA

Anthanassa (now Phyciodes) drusilla ______ (DV1:30)
Orange-patched Crescent
(Range: Mexico thru Central America to western South America)

Anthanassa (now Phyciodes) ptolyca ______ (DV1:30)
Black Crescent
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela)

Subfamily HELICONIINAE: LONGWINGS

Mostly in the American tropics. Adults of some species are long-lived, and several are distasteful. Various other species mimic the distasteful butterflies of this group.

Genus PHILAETHRIA: nearly identical species which may be differentiated only by comparing their underwings.
Philaethria dido ______ (DA:92) (DV1:31) (S:164)
Scarce Bamboo Page
(Range: southern Mexico to the Amazon Basin in Brazil; also Trinidad)

Philaethria dido generally lies high in the tree canopy, but on occasion descends to drink and take in salts from the damp ground.
The costal margins and the transverse band of the hindwings of Philaethria dide are chocolate-colored.
Philaethria wernickei ______ ARne (DA:text) (MM:340)
AR common name: Itaovy Rabona (translates to "Tailless Itaovy") (Itaovy is a Guarani word meaning "emerald")
(Range: southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina)

The costal margins and the transverse band of the hindwings of Philaethria wernickei are gray.

Genus PODOTRICHA: 2 species occurring at medium to high elevations in the Andes.
Podotricha telesiphe tithraustes ______ (DA:93)
(Occurs in Ecuador & Peru, from 2,500 to 9,000 feet)

Podotricha telesiphe resembles Heliconius telesiphe.

Genus DIONE

Dione moneta ______ (C:267) (DV1:31) (F:143) (K:155) (PE:19)
Mexican Silverspot (or Mexican (Silver-spotted) Fritillary)
(Range: southern US thru Central & South America)

Dione juno ______ (DV1:31) (S:161)
Dione juno suffumata ______ ARba,ne (BB:281) (MM:343) (subspecies in Argentina)
Silver Spot (or Scarce Silver-spotted Flambeau)
AR common name: Juno Obscura (translates to "Dark Juno") (Juno in mythology was a Greek goddess, a dark, relating to D. j. suffumata, is in comparison with another Argentine subspecies.)
(Range: thru Central & South America, also the Lesser Antilles)

Dione juno is closely related to Dryas iulia.
Dione juno often occurs in the same places as the very similar Gulf Fritillary, Agraulis vanillae. It (Dione juno) is said to be attracted to red and blue flowers.
Dione glycera ______ CH (WGC:101)
Andean Silverspot
CH common name: Mariposa Dione
(Range: in Chile, in Arica and Tarapaca, where it occurs in open and deforested areas, villages and towns, and in mid-elevation valleys)

Genus YRAMEA
Yramea cytheris ______ CH
Yramea Fritillary
CH common name: Mariposa Pintada Comun
(Range: in Chile, from Santiago to Magallanes)

Yramea cytheris is often seen resting on the ground.
Yramea inca ______
Yramea lathonioides ______ CH
CH common name: Mariposa Pintada de la Altura
(Range: in Chile, from Atacama to Magallanes, in foothills and mountains)
Yramea modesta ______ CH
CH common name: Mariposita Pintada Chica
(Range: in Chile, from Coquimbo to Llanquihue, where it is uncommon in the high Andes)
Yramea sobrina ______
Yramea lynx ______

Genus AGRAULIS: a single well-known species which occurs in a number of races throughout its vast range.

Agraulis vanillae (ph) ______ (C:269) (DV1:31) (F:144) (K:157) (PE:19) (S:160)
Agraulis vanillae maculosa ______ ARba,ne (BB:283) (DA:93) (MM:343) (subspecies in Argentina)
Gulf Fritillary (another name, particularly in the West Indies: Silver-spotted Flambeau)
AR common name: Espejitos (translates to "Mirrors", referring to the silver spots on the ventral side, that appear as fragments of a mirror)
BR common name: Pingos de Prata
(Range: southern US thru American tropics to South America, also West Indies)

The widespread and familiar Agraulis vanillae, or Gulf Fritillary, visits gardens to drink nectar.
Its Fiery orange upperside is distinguished from Dryas iulia by presence of numerous black dots on the forewing and a silver spotted underside.

Gulf Fritillary
(photo by Howard Eskin)

Genus DRYADULA

Dryadula phaetusa ______ ARne (DV1:31) (K:155) (MM:344) (PE:19)
Banded Orange Heliconian (or Banded Orange)
AR common name: Faetusa (referring to Phaetusa, who in mythology, was the Sun's daughter, and Phaeton's sister.)
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

A Banded Orange Heliconian photographed during a FONT tour in Brazil

Genus DRYAS

Dryas iulia (ph) ______ (C:301) (DA:94) (DV1:31) (F:145) (K:157) (PE:19) (S:159)
Dryas iulia alcionea ______ ARba,ne (BB:279) (MM:342) (subspecies in Argentina)
Julia Heliconian (or Julia) (another name, particularly in the West Indies: The Flambeau)
AR common name: Julia
(Range: southern US thru American tropics to Brazil, also West Indies)

Dryas iulia visits open sunny and flowery areas (often wet ground), and breeds on the passion flower.

Two photos of Julia Heliconians; the lower photo during a FONT tour in Brazil

Genus EUEIDES: a genus of about a dozen species that's remarkable for the lack of conformity of its members. Some resemble DANAIDAE (Ituna), ACRAEIDAE (Actinote), ITHOMIIDAE (Mechanitis) and the genus HELICONIUS.

Eueides aliphera ______ (DA:94) (DV1:31)
Eueides aliphera aliphera ______ ARne (MM:348) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Least Heliconian
AR common name: Pequena Julia (translates to "Small Julia")
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina, including Trinidad & Tobago)

Eueides aliphera is a miniature of Dryas julia, both in wing shape and the variations of markings.

Eueides procula ______ (D1:31)
Nonpassionate Helioconian
(Range: Guatemala to Brazil)

Eueides isabella ______ (DV1:31) (K:155) (PE:20) (S:159)
Eueides isabella dianasa ______ ARne (MM:349) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Isabella's Heliconian (or Isabella, or Isabella Tiger)
AR common name: Isabel Meridional (translates to: Southern Isabel)
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina, also West Indies)

Eueides vibilia ______ (DV1:31)
Acting Heliconian
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)
Eueides lybia ______ (DV1:31)
(Range: Nicaragua to the Amazon Basin)

Eueides heliconius ______ (S:161)
Small Flambeau

Eueides heliconius is a miniature replica of Dryas iulia.

Genus HELICONIUS: LONGWINGS

Many species in this genus have forms matching so closely that they are very difficult to distinguish.

Heliconius ricini ______ (S:163)
Small Heliconian

Heliconius ismenius telchinia ______ (DV1:31)

Heliconius doris ______ (DV1:31) (F:160) (S:162)
Heliconius doris eratonia ______ (DA:98)
Heliconius doris aristomache ______ (DA:98)
Dot-bordered Heliconian (has been called the Doris Butterfly, or Doris)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Heliconius doris is trimorphic, in that it occurs in 3 color varieties. Individuals of either sex can have red, green, or blue coloration, in addition to the basic black pattern with yellow blotches. It occurs in forest margins and clearings.

Heliconius ismenius ______ (DV1:31)
Tiger Heliconian
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)

Heliconius hecale ______ (DV1:31) (F:160)
Heliconius hecale eucherius ______ (DA:100)
Heliconius hecale barcanti ______ (DA:100)
Heart-spotted Heliconian
(Range: in Central & South America, from Mexico to the Guianas, Amazonas, & the eastern side of the Andes in Bolivia)

Heliconius hecale has a number of races.

Heliconius melpomene ______ (C:307) (DV1:32) (F:161) (S:162)
Heliconius melpomene rosina ______ (DA:101)
Heliconius melpomene cythera ______ (DA:101)
Postman Heliconnian (or the Postman)
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Heliconius melpomene is slightly larger than its close relative & nearly identical butterfly, Heliconius erato.
Heliconius melpomene often flies with Heliconius erato, the Small Postman.

Heliconius cydno ______ (DV1:32)
Heliconius cydno cydno ______ (DA:102)
Heliconius cydno galanthus ______ (DA:102)
Grinning Heliconian
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)

Some forms of Heliconius cydno resemble forms of Heliconius sapho, the Blue-and-white Heliconian, with which they fly.
Heliconius erato ______ (DV1:32) (F:160) (K:155) (PE:19)
Heliconius erato notabilis ______ (DA:103)
Heliconius erato cyrbia ______ (DA:103)
Heliconius erato demophoon ______ (DA:104)
Heliconius erato hydara ______ (DA:104)
Heliconius erato phyllis ______ ARba,ne (BB:285) (MM:345) (subspecies in Argentina)
Erato Heliconian (also called the Small Postman) (another name: Crimson-patched Longwing)
AR common name: Erato (Erato was, in mythology, one of the nine muses; she presided over erotic poetry.)
a BR common name: Castanha Vermelha
(Range: Mexico to Argentina)

Heliconius erato flies close to the ground, along forest margins and in open areas. It roosts communally at night.

Erato Heliconian

Heliconius sara ______ (C:305) (DV1:32)
Heliconius sara sara ______ (DA:106)
Sara Heliconian (or Small Blue Grecian)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Although almost without variation in Central America, Heliconius sara has a number of different forms from Panama southwards.

Heliconius charitonia ______ (C:303) (DV1:32) (F:160) (K:155) (PE:19) (S:160)
Heliconius charitonia charitonia ______ (DA:105)
Zebra Heliconian (or Zebra) (also called Zebra Longwing)
(Range: southern US thru Central & South America, also the West Indies)

The Zebra, or Heliconius charitonia, is a graceful butterfly that is a common sight in gardens and at roadside flowers. It roosts in small to large clusters, returning to the same roost night after night.
This species is very familiar to visitors of butterfly houses as it is easy to rear.

Zebra Heliconian
(photo by Doug Johnson)

Heliconius hecalesia ______ (DV1:32)
Heliconius hecalesia hecalesia ______ (DA:104) (subspecies in eastern Panama & Colombia)
Five-spotted Heliconian
(Range: Mexico to Colombia)

Heliconius clysonymus ______ (DV1:32)
Yellow-patch Longwing
(Range: Honduras to Ecuador)

Heliconius sapho ______ (DV1:32)
Heliconius sapho leuce ______ (DA:106)
Heliconius sapho eleuchia ______ (DA:106)
Blue-and-white Heliconian
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)

Some forms of Heliconius sapho resemble forms of Heliconius cydno with which they fly.

Heliconius eleuchia ______ (DV1:32)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)

Heliconius besckei ______ ARne (MM:346)
AR common name: Alemana (translates to "German", in that the coloring of the butterfly is like the German flag.)

Heliconius ethilla narcaea ______ ARne (MM:347) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Arcoiris (translates to "Rainbow")
BR common name: Maria Boba
Heliconius metharme ______ (DA:96)
(Range: Colombia, Peru, & Brazil - western Amazonas)

Heliconius metharme flies in the company of Heliconius doris.)
Heliconius hecuba ______ (DA:96)
(Range: northern Colombia & the eastern slopes of the Andes south to Ecuador)

Heliconius hecuba is a variable species.
Heliconius xanthocles ______ (DA:96)
(Range: Colombia to Peru, also Brazil & the Guianas)

Heliconius xanthocles has a color and pattern resemblance to the PIERID Archonias bellona hyrnetho, and a day-flying ARCTIID moth Pericopis phyleis.
Heliconius wallacei ______ (DA:97)
(Range: Colombia to Peru; also Brazil, the Guianas, & Trinidad)

Heliconius wallacei is a variable species, but distinguished by the presence of a greater or lesser amount of a dull steely blue color on the uppers.
Heliconius nattereri ______ (DA:98,99)
(Range: eastern Brazil)

This exquisite butterfly, Heliconius nattereri, is very rare, a threatened species.
Heliconius numata idalion ______ (DA:99) (a subspecies in Colombia)
Heliconius numata messene ______ (DA:99) (a subspecies in Colombia)
(Range: Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil (western Amazonas) to Paraguay)
Heliconius hermathena rubopunctata ______ (DA:103)
(Range: Brazil, in the lower middle Amazon)

Heliconius hermathena is with variation, but can almost always be identified by the distinctive and beautiful greenish yellow streak on the upper forewing.
Heliconius telesiphe sotericus ______ (DA:105)
(Range: southern Colombia to central Peru)

The form of Heliconius telesiphe that's yellow-banded on the hindwing strongly resembles another HELICONID, with which it often flies, Podotricha telesiphe.

Genus EUPTOIETA

Euptoieta claudia ______ (D1:32) (K:157) (PE:4,20)
Euptoieta claudia hortensia ______ ARba,ne CH (BB:277) (MM:338) (subspecies in Argentina & in Chile)
Variegated Fritillary
AR common name: Hortensia (the scientific epithet)
CH common name: Mariposa Hortensia
(Range: Canada thru Central & South America, also the West Indies. In Chile, from Coquimbo to Valdivia)

Variegated Fritillary
(photo by Howard Eskin)
Euptoieta hegesia meridiania ______ ARne (MM:339) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Mexican Fritillary
AR common name: Falsa Hortensia ("False Hortensia", alluding to its resemblance to Euptoleta claudia hortensia, with the common name Hortensia)

Mexican Fritillary

Genus ACTINOTE

Actinote anteas ______ (D1:32)
Doubleday's Actinote
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela)

Actinote melampeplos ______ (D1:32)
Bow-winged Actinote
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)
Actinote surima surima ______ ARne (MM:350) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Perezosa Anaranjada (translates to "Orange Lazy", referring to its type of flight)
Actinote thalia pyrrha ______ ARne (MM:351) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Perezosa Base Amarilla (translates to " Yellow Base Lazy", referring to its type of flight)
Actinote melanisans ______ ARba,ne (BB:289) (MM:352)
AR common names: Perezosa Base Translucida (translates to "Translucent Base Lazy", referring to its type of flight) or Perezosa Grande ("Big Lazy")
Actinote pellenea calymma ______ ARba,ne (BB:287) (MM:353) (subspecies in Argentina)
AR common name: Perezosa (translates to "Lazy', referring to its type of flight)
Actinote mamita elena ______ ARba,ne (BB:291) (MM:354) (subspecies in Argentina)
AR common name: Perezosa de Elena (translates to "Elena's Lazy", referring to its type of flight)

Subfamily DANAINAE: MILKWEED BUTTERFLIES

Genus ITUNA: a single species, distinctive.
Ituna ilione lamira ______ (DA:79)
(Range: Central America to northern Argentina)

The sexes of Ituna ilione are similar. The semi-transparent wings are similar to ITHOMIIDS, but this species has a much greater size. This butterfly is often seen floating effortlessly for long distances, at a uniform height above the ground, until a shrub with flowers distracts it from its reverie. Then, it becomes immediately ensconced, oblivious to all else, as it spends long minutes refreshing itself.

Genus LYCOREA: Remarkable heliconid mimics. They resemble Heliconius ethilla, but can be distinguished by their larger size in both sexes, and in the male, the presence of a tuft of extrusible "hair-pencils" at the tip of the abdomen.
Lycorea ilione ______ (DV1:33)
Lycorea ilione ilione ______ ARne (MM:415) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Clearwing Mimic-Queen
AR common name: Reina Cristalina ("Crystalline Queen")
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

Lycorea cleobaea atergatis ______ (DA:text) (DV1:33) (F:176) (K:155) (PE:text) (S:187)
Tiger Mimic-Queen (or Large Tiger)
(Range: Mexico to Peru)

Lycorea cleobaea is larger than true heliconids. It occurs in wood and scrub habitats.
Lycorea halia discreta ______ ARne (MM:414) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Halia de Noreste (referring to the scientific name, and the geographical location in Argentina, as there is another subspecies in the northwestern part of the country)

Genus DANAUS: ROYALTY, MILKWEED BUTTERFLIES

Danaus plexippus ______ (C:37) (DV1:33) (F:143) (K:227) (PE:3,4,27) (S:184)
Danaus plexippus erippus ______ ARba,ne CH (BB:325) (MM:416) (subspecies in Argentina & Chile)
Danaus plexippus megalippe ______ (DA:80)
AR common name: Monarca (another AR common name is: Oruga de las Asclepias)
CH common name: Monarcha
Monarch
(Range: a truly cosmopolitan species, occurring in North & south America, Australia, and the East Indies)

Danaus plexippus is a very strong flier with strong migratory tendencies in temperate regions, but not in the tropics or elsewhere in South America, such as Chile, where it is usually a solitary flier and does not migrate.

Monarch
(photo by Howard Eskin)

Danaus eresimus ______ (C:283) (DV1:33) (F:142) (K:229) (PE:27)
Danaus eresimus plexaure ______ ARba,ne (BB:327) (MM:417) (subspecies in Argentina)
Soldier
AR common name: Emperatriz ("Empress") (another name is Tropical Queen)
(Range: southern US to northern Argentina, also in the Antilles)

Danaus eresimus plexaure can be confused with Danaus gilippus.
Danaus gilippus ______
Danaus gilippus gilippus ______ ARba,ne (BB:323) (MM:418) (PE:27) (subspecies in Argentina)
Queen
AR common name: Reina ("Queen")
(Range: southern US to northern Argentina)

Two photos of Queens
(photos by Howard Eskin)

Subfamily ITHOMIINAE: this highly diverse group has been considered as a separate family, or (now by most) as a subfamily of NYMPHALIDAE.

Genus EUTRESIS: 2 or 3 species

Eutresis hypereia ______ (DV1:33)
Eutresis hypereia hypereia ______ (DA:82) (subspecies in Venezuela)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, & northern Brazil)

Eutresis hypereia is similar to the DANAID Ituna species.

Genus OLYRAS: 3 species found in Central & South America

Olyras crathis ______ (DV1:33)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)

Olyras insignis ______ (DV1:33)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)

Genus TITHOREA: a Neotropical genus of about 15 species

Tithorea tarricina ______ (DV1:34) (F:207)
Variable Prestonian
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Tithorea harmonia ______ (C:367) (DV1:34) (S:180)
Tithorea harmonia pseudonyma ______ ARne (MM:397) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Black-fronted Prestonian (has been called Harmonius Tiger-Clearwing, or Tiger Butterfly, or the Tiger)
AR common name: Armoniosa
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Tithorea harmonia feeds on enriched surfaces.

Genus AERIA
Aeria olena olena ______ ARne (MM:398) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Gracil (referring to the butterfly's small size and graceful movements)

Genus METHONA
Methona themisto ______ ARba,ne (BB:315) (MM:400)
AR common name: Temisto (referring to the scientific name)
BR common name: Borboleta do Manaca

Genus THYRIDIA: 4 species, 3 of which strongly resemble species in the genus METHONA.
These species are separated from those in that genus by the presence of white marginal spots on both surfaces of the hindwing. In METHONA they only occur on the underside.
THYRIDA species are generally larger than METHONA.

Thyridia aedesia aedesia ______ (DA:84) (subspecies from southern Panama to Brazil)
(Range: Central America to northwestern Brazil, Amazonas)

Thyridia hippodamia cetoides ______ (DA:85)
(Range: Peru, Brazil)

Thyridia hippodamia can be difficult to separate from Methonia species.

Thyridia psidii ______ (DV1:34)
Thyridia psidii pallida ______ ARne (MM:401) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Clapping Ticlear
AR common name: Palida (translates to " Pale", referring to the scientific name of the subspecies)
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

Genus PLACIDINA
Placidina euryanassa ______ ARne (MM:402)
AR common name: Espanola ("Spanish", alluding to the pattern on the wings like the Spanish flag)
BR common names: Espanhola or Grande Bandeira Espanhola

Genus EPITYCHES
Epityches eupompe ______ ARne (MM:403)
AR common name: Filigrana ("Watermark")

Genus MELINAEA: Now said to 7 or 8 species; formerly about 20.

Melinaea ethra ______ (DV1:34)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)
Melinaea marsaeus messenina ______ (DA:83) (subspecies in Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil)
Melinaea marsaeus mothone ______ (DA:83) (subspecies in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, & Brazil; in these countries, the 2 subspecies, messenina & mothone, occur in widely differing river valley localities.)
(Range: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, in Amazonas)

Genus MECHANITIS: 8 to 10 species of distinctively shaped ITHOMIIDS, some of which have extremely long wings and abdomens, making them look rather like dragonflies.

Mechanitis isthmia ______ (S:180)
Common Tigerwing

Mechanitis isthmia flies in bright sunlight, and is attracted to flowers.

Mechanitis polymnia ______ (C:369) (DV1:34)
Disturbed Tigerwing
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Mechanitis polymnia frequents more disturbed habitats than most ITHOMIINE butterflies. It is said to fly commonly along the streets of the cities and towns of Costa Rica.

Mechanitis lysimnia ______ (DA:85) (DV1:34)
Mechanitis lysimnia lysimnia ______ ARba,ne BR(*) (BB:317) (MM:399) (subspecies in Argentina & Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Confused Tigerwing
AR common name: Multicolor ("Multicolored")
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)

Mechanitis menapis ______ (DV1:34)
Mechanitis menapis saturata ______ (DA:85) (subspecies in the Cauca Valley of Colombia - other races have quite different coloration and markings.)
Variable Tigerwing
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador; also Trinidad)

Genus PAGYRIS: a single species, with a number of new races described in recent years
Pagyris ulla ______ (DA:86)
(Range: Colombia to Peru)

The overall "glassy" appearance, with hints of soft colors occasionally breaking through, is a characteristic of Pagyris ulla.

Genus CALLITHOMIA: between 5 and 10 species of dark ITHOMIIDS in Central & South America
Callithomia hezia villula ______ (DA:86) (subspecies in Colombia)
Callithomia hezia phagesia ______ (DA:86) (subspecies in central Peru)
White-leading Ticlear
(Range: Mexico to Peru)
Callithomia lenea methonella ______ ARne (MM:408) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Diafana (or Diaphanous)

Genus SCADA

Scada zibia xanthina ______ (DV1:34)
(Range: Nicaragua to Peru)

Genus HYALYRIS: 8 to 10 species of CLEARWINGS, with some species showing delicate combinations of yellows & orange-browns especially at the anal angle of the hindwings.

Hyalyris excelsa ______ (DV1:34)
(Range: Costa Rica to Peru)
Hyalyris oulita cana ______ (DA:87) (subspecies in Venezuela)
Hyalyris oulita adelinda ______ (DA:87) (subspecies in Ecuador)
(Range: Venezuela to southern Peru & nearby Bolivia)

Genus HYPOTHYRIS

Hypothyris euclea ______ (DV1:34)
Hypothyris euciea laphria ______ ARne (MM:406) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Common Ticlear
AR common name: Yvoty
(Range: Mexico to northern Argentina; a recent discovery in Argentina)

Hypothyris ninonia ______
Hypothyris ninonia daeta ______ ARne (MM:407) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Yvoty Moroti

Genus NAPEOGENES

Napeogenes cranto ______ (DV1:34)
(Range: Costa Rica to Peru)

Genus ITHOMIA: 40 to 45 species of clear-winged butterflies with the most beautiful opalescent reflections when viewed in an oblique light.

Ithomia derasa ______ (DA:87)
(Range: Costa Rica, maybe Nicaragua, to Colombia)

Ithomia celemia ______ (DV1:35)
(Range: Costa Rica to Venezuela)

Ithomia terra ______ (DV1:35)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Ithomia agnosia ______
Ithomia agnosia zikani ______ ARne (MM:404) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Cristalina Mancha Blanca (translates to "White-spot Crystalline")

Ithomia drymo ______ ARne (MM:405)
AR common name: Cristalina Guion Negro (translates to "Black Hyphen Crystalline")

Ithomia salapia ______ (DA:87)
(Range: Ecuador & Peru)

Genus OLERIA: 85 to 90 species of CLEARWINGS characterized in many species by orange apical coloring in the forewing, and/or some orange marking on the margin of the hindwing.

Oleria zelica ______ (DV1:35)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)
Oleria ilerdinoides ______ (DA:88)
(Range: Brazil, Amazonas)

There are similarly patterned and colored "species" that may prove to be seasonal or local forms of Oleria ilerdinoides.
Oleria susiana susiana ______ (DA:88)
(Range: Colombia to northern Peru)

This "species", Oleria susiana, is part of a small group, in appearance atypically OLERIA, but placed in this genus for convenience until the true generic identity can be determined.

Genus CERATINIA

Ceratinia tutia dorilla ______ (DV1:35) (subspecies from Nicaragua to Venezuela)
Yellow-tipped Ticlear
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Genus DIRCENNA

Dircenna dero ______ (DV1:35)
Dircenna dero celtina ______ ARne (MM:409) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Big-bordered Dircenna
AR common name: Celtina (regarding the name: Celtina in mythology had a baby with Hercules, called Celto, that gave rise to the Celts)
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Genus EPISCADA: 15 to 18 species of mostly clearwinged butterflies, with 1 or 2 with orange-brown and yellow colored opaque qualities.
Episcada carcinia ______ (DA:89)
(Range: southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, & Uruguay)
Episcada hymenaea hymenaea ______ ARba,ne (BB:319) (MM:410) (subspecies in Argentina)
AR common name: Cristalina (translates to "Crystalline", referring to the appearance of the wings)

Near Buenos Aires, Argentina, Episcada hymenaea has been seen flying together with the similar Pseudoscada erruca.

Genus PTERONYMIA: 65 to 70 species of medium to large sized CLEARWINGS, with many having a yellowish cast to the diaphanous wings.
Pteronymia oneida ______ (DA:89)
(Range: Colombia & Ecuador)
Pteronymia sylvo ______ ARne (MM:411)
AR common name: Sylvo (referring to the scientific name)

Genus HYPOMENITIS: a single species
Hypomenitis theudelinda ______ (DA:89)
(Range: Colombia to Peru)

Genus GODYRIS: about 10 species of medium to large CLEARWINGS.

Godyris zavaleta ______ (DV1:35)
Variegated Ticlear
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)
Godyris duillia ______ (DA:90)
(Range: Colombia to Bolivia, in the eastern Andes)

Genus GRETA

Greta polissena ______ (DV1:36)
(Range: Costa Rica to Brazil)

Greta andromica ______ (C:371) (DV1:36)
Andromica Clearwing
(Range: Guatemala to Peru)

Genus PTERONYMIA

Pteronymia artena ______ (C:375) (DV1:36)
Pointed Clearwing
(Range: Mexico to Peru, also Trinidad)

Pteronymia artena is common in many forests, up to 6,000 feet above sea level. Its larval host plants are woody vines called lianas, common in the tropical canopy.

Genus PSEUDOSCADA
Pseudoscada erruca ______ ARba,ne (BB:321) (MM:412)
AR common name: Cristalina Azulada ("Bluish Crystalline")

Near Buenos Aires, Argentina, Pseudoscada erruca has been seen flying together with the similar Episcada hymenaea.

Genus MCCLUNGIA
Mcclungia cymo salonina ______ ARne (MM:413)
AR common name: Cristalina Mancha Amarilla (""Yellow Spot Crystalline"")

Genus HETEROSAIS

Heterosais edessa nephele ______ (DV1:36)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Genus ANTIRRHEA: about 20 species

Antirrhea miltiades ______ (DV1:37) (F:118)
(Range: Guatemala to the Amazon Basin)

Antirrhea miltiades often perches, feeds on rotting fruit and fungi.
Antirrhea philaretes ______ (DA:154,155)
White-signed Morphet
(Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; also Central America; possibly Venezuela)

Subfamily MORPHIDAE: there are about 150 species of this grouping in tropical Central & South America

Genus MORPHO: about 80 showy species. These Central & South American species have always drawn much attention, as the large, obvious males are a very bright metallic blue.

Morpho granadensis ______ (DA:150, 151) (DV1:38) (F:183)
Morpho
(Range: Nicaragua to Ecuador)

Morpho granadensis is distinguished from others by having most of its upper wings a light metallic blue with a dark margin (in both sexes).

Morpho peleides ______ (DV1:38)
Common (or Blue) Morpho (also called The Emperor)
(Range: Mexico to Venezuela)

The male of Morpho peleides has more blue on the upperside than the female. This species is attracted to fermenting fruit.
Morpho amathonte _____ (DV1:39)

Morpho theseus ______ (DV1:39)
Short-tailed Morpho
(Range: Mexico to Peru)

Morpho achilles achilles ______ ARne BRse (MM:355) (subspecies in northeast Argentina & southeast Brazil)
AR common name: Pora (regarding the name: "Pora", it's a Guarani word meaning "beautiful".)
BR common name: Capitao do mato

Two photos of Morpho achilles taken during FONT tours in Brazil

Morpho aega aega ______ ARne (*) BRse (MM:356) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Blue Silk
BR names: Seda Azul, Corcovado, Telao de Seda, Azulao

Morpho epistrophus argentina ______ ARba,ne (BB:293) (MM:357) (subspecies in Argentina)
AR common name: Panambi Moroti (regarding the name: "Moroti" is a Guarani word meaning "white"; "Panambi" means "butterfly")

Morpho epistrophus has an undulating flight. Butterflies are in the Buenos Aires area from December to March. They occur in gallery forest and rain forest.
Morpho sulkowskyi sirene ______ (DA:146)
Morpho sulkowskyi erus ______ (DA:146)
(Range: Colombia to Peru)

Morpho sulkowskyi, a relatively small MORPHO, is a high altitude species, at 6,000 to 8,0000 feet above sea level.
Morpho rhetenor rhetenor ______ (DA:147,148)
(Range: Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, the Guianas, & Northern Brazil, Amazonas)
(See the narrative by Henry Walker Bates in the preface to our South America Butterfly Lists.)
Morpho didius ______ (DA:149)
(Range: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia)
Morpho deidamia deidamia ______ (DA:152, 153)
(Range: Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, the Guianas)

The female of the Morpho deidamia is larger than the male, with a narrow blue band and broad brown margins on the upper wings.
Morpho helenor
Morpho helenor violacea ______ BRse
Helenor Morpho

A Helenor Morpho photographed during a FONT tour in Minas Gerais, Brazil in May 2011
(photo by Pat Yoder)

Genus CAEROIS: 3 species from Costa Rica to Colombia & Bolivia)

Caerois gerdrudtus ______ (DA:156) (DV1:40) (F:127)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)

Caerois gerdrudtus is not common. It lives in the rainforest and breeds in a palm. The other 2 species in the genus are similar in shape, but are a darker brown with orange bands on both wings.

Subfamily BRASSOLIDAE: "The OWLS"

Genus DYNASTOR: 3 magnificent species

Dynastor darius stygianus ______ (DV1:41) (subspecies Guatemala to Ecuador)
Dynastor darius ictericus ______ ARne (MM:361) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Bromeliad Owl-Butterfly
AR common name: Dario
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)
Dynastor napoleon ______ (DA:139)
(Occurs in Brazil, in the Rio de Janeiro province)

Dynastor napoleon is a very localized species, and certainly one of the most magnificent of the BRASSOLIDS. Regarded as very rare. In the early 20th Century, it was thought to be nearly extinct.)

Genus DASYOPHTHALMA: 3 species in central & southern Brazil
Dasyophthalma creusa ______ (DA:140)
(Occurs in central & southern Brazil, maybe adjacent Paraguay)

Dasyophthalma creusa can only be encountered in the first few months of the year, in the deepest forest. It is one of the most commonly taken butterflies on baits. Moth collectors have reported it coming to bait even at night.

Genus NAROPE

Narope cyllastros ______ (DV1:41)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)
Narope cyllene ______ ARne (MM:358)
AR common name: Cilenia (regarding the name: Cilenos were the inhabitants of Mount Cilene.)

Genus OPSIPHANES: 13 species, all with stout bodies, and thick scaled wings. Occur from Mexico to Paraguay (& in Trinidad).
The male wingshape reminiscent of the Afrotropical CHARAXES.
The behavior is much like that of other BRASSOLIDS.
Most of the species in this genus strongly resemble each other. Most of these species are not common.

Opsiphanes tamarindi ______ (DV1:41)
Heliconia Owlet
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Opsiphanes invirae ______ (DV1:42)
Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus ______ ARba,ne (BB:295) (MM:359) (subspecies in Argentina)
Lowland Owlet
AR common name: Fantasma (translates to "Ghost")
(Range: Honduras to Argentina; the species has been said to be extending its range further south)

Opsiphanes cassina ______ (DV1:42)
Split-banded Owlet
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Opsiphanes quiteria ______ (DV1:42)
Scalloped Owlet
(Range: Guatemala to the Amazon Basin)
Opisphanes sallei sallei ______ (DA:141)
(Range: Venezuela & Colombia to southern Bolivia)

In Opisphanes sallei, the sexes are similar.

Genus CATOBLEPIA

Catoblepia xanthicles ______ (DV1:44)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Catoblepia orgetorix ______ (C:355) (DV1:44)
Orgetorix Owl Butterfly
(Range: Nicaragua to Ecuador)
Catoblepia amphirhoe ______ ARne (MM:363)
AR common name: Fantasma Grande (translates to "Big Ghost")

Genus ERYPHANIS: 6 species with "owl eyes" in Central & South America. Breeds on bamboo.

Eryphanis polyxena ______ (DV1:44) (S:158)
Purple Mort Bleu
(Range: Guatemala to the Amazon Basin)

Eryphanis polyxena frequents forest clearings in the late afternoon and at dusk.

Eryphanis aesacus ______ (DV1:45) (F:150)
Double-spotted Owl Butterfly
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)
Eryphanis reevesii ______ ARne (MM:366)
AR common name: Sombra Azul (translates to "Blue Shadow", referring to its color and quick flight)
BR common name: Olho de boi

Genus CALIGO: 20 to 30 species of among the largest and most striking butterflies in the world. The species in this genus can usually be distinguished from each other by the pattern and coloration of the upper wings

Caligo teucer ______ (S:157)
Cocoa Mort Bleu

Caligo teucer avoids bright sunlight. It flies in the late afternoon and at dusk, and is attracted to fermenting fruit.

Caligo eurilochus ______ (DV1:45)
Caligo eurilochus brasiliensis ______ ARne (DA:143) (MM:367) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
Owl Butterfly (or Magnificent Owl)
AR common name: Lechucita de Brasil (translates to "Brazilian Little Owl")
BR common name: Borboleta Coruja
(Range: Guatemala to northern Argentina)

Owl Butterfly
Caligo memmon ______ (DV1:46) (F:128)
Cream Owl Butterfly
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

With a wingspan of 13cm, Caligo memmon is among the largest butterflies in the world. It is crepesular. It lives in agricultural areas, where it breeds on Heliconia species and the related banana.

Caligo illioneus ______ (DA:text) (DV1:46)
Caligo illioneus pampeiro ______ ARne (MM:368) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Lechucita (translates to "Little Owl")
BR common name: Corujao
(Range: Costa Rica to northern Argentina)

Caligo atreus _____ (DV1:46)
Banded Owl
(Range: Mexico to Peru)

Subfamily SATYRINAE: SATYRS & WOOD NYMPHS - the RINGLETS, a large group represented strongly in Central & South America

Most SATYRS are drab colored. The butterflies are brown or gray and have eyespots (ocelli) on both the upper and lower faces of the wings. Their flight is fast and erratic and they are most often seen at dawn and dusk. The butterflies feed on flower nectar.
SATYRS produce only one brood annually, and they overwinter as larvae.

Genus HERMEUPTYCHIA

Hermeuptychia sosybius ______ (K:231) (P:37)
Carolina Satyr
(Range: southeast US thru mainland tropical America)

Hermeuptychia hermes ______ ARba,ne (BB:299) (MM:385)
Hermes Satyr
AR common name: Hermes (referring to the scientific name, Hermes was the Greek name of the Roman god Mercury, messenger of the gods.
BR common name: Tristonho ("Sad")

Hermeuptychia hermes occurs in clear sunlit areas in the herbaceous stratum of moist woodlands.

Genus MANATARIA

Manataria maculata ______ (DV1:47)
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Manataria hercyna hercyna ______ ARne (MM:369) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
White-spotted Satyr
AR common name: Franja Crema (translates to "Cream Band")

Genus ORESSINOMA

Oressinoma typhla ______ (DV1:47)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Genus TAYGETIS: About 27 species of browns in Central & South America. With brown or gray upperparts, and with false eyes on the underside. Mostly, they prefer shaded rainforest understory.

Taygetis mermeria ______ (DV1:47)
Great Ur-Satyr
(Range: Mexico to Bolivia & Brazil)

Taygetis virgilia ______ (DV1:47)
Cramer's Ur-Satyr
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Taygetis celia ______ (DV1:47)
(Range: Nicaragua to Bolivia & Brazil)

Taygetis xenana ______ (DV1:47)
(Range: Costa Rica to the Amazon Basin)

Taygetis kerea ______ (DV1:47)
(Range: Guatemala to Paraguay)

Taygetis andromeda ______ (DV1:48)
(Range: Mexico thru Central & South America)

Taygetis penelea ______ (DV1:48)
(Range: Costa Rica to the Amazon Basin)

Taygetis banghassi ______ (DV1:50)
(Range: Costa Rica, locally & Bolivia)
Taygetis sylvia ______ ARne (MM:370)
AR common name: Silvia
Taygetis rufomarginata ______ ARne (MM:371)
AR common name: Rojiza (translates to "Reddish")
Taygetis acuta ______ ARne (MM:372)
AR common name: Puntiaguda (translates to "Pointed")
Taygetis ypthima ______ ARne (MM:373)
AR common name: Ganchuda (translates to "Hook-shaped")
Taygetis laches marginata ______ ARne (MM:374) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
AR common name: Andromeda (from an erroneous scientific name that was given to the species)

Genus PAMPASATYRUS
Pampasatyrus periphas ______ ARne (MM:375)
AR common name: Bandas Grises ("Gray Bands")

Genus FORSTERINARIA
Forsterinaria quantius ______ ARne (MM:376)
AR common name: Quantius (referring to the scientific name)
Forsterinaria necys ______ ARne (MM:377)
AR common name: Ondulada ("Wavy", referring to the scalloped outer margin)

Genus GODARTIANA
Godartiana muscosa ______ ARne (MM:378)
AR common name: Musgosa ("Mossy")

Genus SPLENDEUPTYCHIA
Splendeuptychia libitina ______ ARne (MM:379)
AR common nmae: Monedita ("Little Coin", referring to its circular silver spot on the hindwing, like a coin)
Splendeuptychia cosmosphila ______ ARne (MM:380)
AR common name: Dos Monedas ("Two Coins", referring to the silver spots on the hindwings)

Genus PSEUDODEDBIS
Pseudodedbis euptychidia ______ ARne (MM:381)
AR common name: Puntos Blacnos ("White Dots", referring to its white eyespots on the ventral surface)

Genus PAREUPTYCHIA
Pareuptychia summandosa ______ ARne (MM:382)
AR common name: Flash (referring to is defense mechanism that produces intermittent gleams of white - a flash effect or lightning - that confuses a predator)

Genus YPHTHIMOIDES
Yphthimoides celmis ______ ARba,ne (BB:297) (MM:383)
AR common name: Celmis (referring to the scientific name; Celmis, in mythology, was the father of Jupiter's nurse)
BR common name: Tristonho ("Sad")

Yphthimoides celmis is a very common in the grasslands of Buenos Aires province, Argentina.
Yphthimoides straminea ______ ARne (MM:384)
AR common name: Uniforme ("Uniform", referring to the color of the wings)

Genus PARYPHTHIMOIDES
Paryphthimoides poltys ______ ARba,ne (BB:301) (MM:386)
AR common name: Lineas Convergentes ("Convergent Lines")
Paryphthimoides melobosis ______ ARne (MM:387)
AR common name: Encadeenada ("in chains", referring to the row of eyespots, like a chain)

Genus PHARNEUPTYCHIA
Pharneuptychia innocentia ______ ARne (MM:388)
AR common name: Inocente ("Innocent", referring to the scientific name)
Pharneuptychia phares ______ ARne (MM:389)
AR common name: Ocre ("Ochre", referring to its coloring)

Genus ZISCHKAIA
Zischkaia pacarus ______ ARne (MM:390)
AR common name: Esclava Morena ("Brown Slave")

Genus MONEUPTYCHIA
Moneuptychia paeon ______ ARne (MM:391)
AR common name: Marmorea ("Marble", referring to the pattern on the hindwings)

Genus MEGEUPTYCHIA

Megeuptychia antonoe ______ (DV1:48)
Canopy Satyr
(Range: Mexico to the Amazonian Basin)

Genus EUPTYCHIA

Euptychia hermes (probably more than one species involved) ______
Grass Nymph
(Range: throughout Central & South America)

Genus CISSIA

Butterflies in this genus were formerly all placed in EUPTYCHIA.

Cissia alcinoe ______ (DV1:41)
(Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia)

Cissia calixta ______ (DV1:41)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)

Cissia hermes ______ (DV1:41)
(Range: Mexico thru the American tropics)

Cissia polyphemus ______ (DV1:41)
(Range: Costa Rica to Ecuador)

Cissia tiessa ______ (DV1:48)
(Range: Nicaragua to Ecuador)

Cissia labe ______ (DV1:48)
Rusty-spotted Satyr
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)

Cissia palladia ______ (DV1:48)
Butler's Satyr
(Range: Nicaragua to Brazil, also Trinidad)

Cissia terrestris ______ (DV1:48)
Terrestrial Satyr
(Range: Nicaragua to the Amazon Basin)

Cissia libye ______ (DV1:48)
(Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)

Cissia metaleuca ______ (DV1:48)
(Range: Mexico to Brazil)

Cissia hesione ______ (DV1:48)
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)

Cissia renata ______ (DV1:48)
(Range: Mexico to Ecuador)

Cissia thobiei (maybe Cissia myncea thobiei) ______ ARne (MM:392)
AR common name: Cisea (referring to the scientific name)

Genus PEDALIODES

Pedaliodes perperna ______ (DV1:49)
(Range: Costa Rica to Venezuela)

Pedaliodes manis ______ (DV1:49)
(Range: Costa Rica to Venezuela)

Genus ETEONA
Eteona tisiphone ______ ARne (MM:395)
AR common name: Tisifone (referring to the scientific name; Tisiphone, in mythology, was one of the Furies)

Genus PRAEPEDALIODES
Praepedaliodes phanias ______ ARne (MM:396)
AR common name: Duende ("Elf", referring to its habit of resting hidden in shady places)

Genus ETCHEVERRIUS
Etcheverrius chilensis elwesi ______ ARba (BB:303) (subspecies in Argentina)
AR common name: Chilenita ("Small Chilean")

Etcheverrius chilensis occurs in high grasslands (and in the espinal biogeographical zone).
Etcheverrius tandilensis ______ ARba (BB:305)
AR common name: Serrana Bonaerense (an endemic species in the highlands of Buenos Aires province, Argentina; hence, the Argentina common name)

Genus HAYWARDELLA
Haywardella edmondsii ______ ARba (BB:307)
AR common name: Anaranjada Oculta ("Hidden Orange")

Genus PAMPASATYRUS
Pampasatyrus gyrtone ______ ARba (BB:309)
AR common name: Dos Puntos Ocelada ("Two-dotted Eyespots")
Pampasatyrus quies ______ ARba (BB:311)
AR common name: Dos Puntos ("Two Dots")

Pampasatyrus quies frequents grasslands, grassy hills, and sand dunes. During the summer, it can be seen rising up vertically to about 70 centimeters, and then descending in a soft glide in the grass.
Pampasatyrus periphas ______ ARba (BB:313)
AR common name: Bandas Grises ("Gray Bands")

Pampasatyrus periphas is a common species in grasslands in Buenos Aires province, Argentina.

Genus ARGYROPHORUS
Argyrophorus argenteus ______ CH (WGC:101)
Silver Satyr
CH common name: Mariposa Plateada
(Range: in Chile, from Coquimbo to Aisen, in a wide variety of habitats)

Argyrophorus argenteus has a very fast flight.
Argyrophorus penai ______ CH
(Range: in Chile, a rare resident in the mountains of Antofagasta)

Genus COSMOSATYRUS
Cosmosatyrus chilensis ______ CH (WGC:101)
Common Chilean Satyr
CH common name: Satirido negro Comun
(Range: in Chile, from Atacama to Magellanes)

Cosmosatyrus chilensis is one of the most common butterflies in Chile.
Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides ______ CH
CH common name: Mariposa del Coiron
(Range: in Chile, from Coquimbo Magallanes, where it inhabits high altitude grasslands)

Genus FANULA
Fanula leocognele ______ CH
CH common name: Satirido de Ocelo
(Range: in Chile, from Tarapaca to Nuble, in the High Andes)
Fanula patagonia ______ CH
CH common name: Satirido de la Estepa Patagonica
(Range: in Chile, in Aisen on steppes)

Genus TETRAPHLEBIA
Tetraphlebia (or Chillanella) stelligera ______ CH
Starry Satyr
CH common name: Satirido Estrellado
(Range: in Chile, from Coquimbo to Valdivia)
Tetraphlebia germaini ______ CH (WGC:100)
CH common name: Satirido de Franja Gris
(Range: in Chile, from Santiago to Nuble, in foothills and high mountains)

Genus NEOSATYRUS
Neossatyrus ambriorix ______ CH
Ochre-banded Satyr
CH common name: Satirido de Banda Ocre
(Range: in Chile, from Valparaiso to Valdivia)

Genus NEOMAENAS
Neomaenas janiroodes ______ CH (WGC:101)
Janiriodes Satyr
CH common name: Satirido Comfuso
(Range: from Coquimbo to Valdivia, where it is common in a variety of habitats)
Neomaenas monarchus ______ CH (WGC:101)
Monachus Satyr
CH common name: Satirido Monacal
Neomaenas fractifascia ______ CH
CH common name: Satirido Rojizo
(Range: from Nuble to Valdivia, in places with bamboo thickets; it can be common)

Genus AUCA
Auca pales ______ AR CH (WGC:101)
Pale Satyr
CH common name: Satirido Palido
(Range: from Santiago in Chile to southern Argentina; can be common)
Auca coctei ______ CH
Coctei Satyr
CH common name: Satirido Coctel
(Range: in Chile, from Coquimbo to Aisen)

Genus ELINA
Elina montroli ______ CH (WGC:102)
Matorral Satyr
CH common name: Satirido Grande del Matorral
(Range: in Chile, from Valparaiso to Valdivia, in matorral)
Elina vanessoides ______ CH (WGC:102)
CH common name: Satirido Danzarino
(Range: in Chile, from Concepcion ti isla Chiloe, in Nothofagus forest)

Genus NELIA
Nelia nemyroides ______ CH
CH common name: Satirido del Sotobosque
(Range: in Chile, from Cachapoal to Llanquihue, in Chusquea bamboo understory where it can be common)

To Top of Page