PO Box 9021, Wilmington, DE 19809, USA
E-mail: font@focusonnature.com
Phone: Toll-free in USA 1-888-721-3555
 or 302/529-1876

 

MAMMALS
 in Central America

LAND & MARINE


Noting those during
Focus On Nature Tours

in Belize
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Honduras
Panama

Noting found during Focus On Nature Tours
1991 thru 2015 with an (*)

Tours during the months of January, February, March, April, May, June, July, and December.

 
 There have been 32 FONT tours in Costa Rica, 16 in the Peten region of Guatemala, 15 in the Guatemalan highlands, 10 in Panama (5 of them in the Chiriqui highlands), 3 in Honduras, and 3 in Belize.


UPPER RIGHT PHOTO: a MANTLED BLACK HOWLER MONKEY
photographed during a FONT tour in Costa Rica  


This List of Central American Mammals 
compiled by Armas Hill

Codes:
Threatened Species, designated in CITES: 
(t1): critical
(t2): endangered
(t3): vulnerable
(ti):  threatened (but with status indeterminate)
(i):   introduced 

BZ: during Belize tours
CR(N): during Costa Rica tours (in northern CR) 
CR(S): during Costa Rica tours (in southern CR)
GU: during Guatemala tours
HN: during Honduras tours
PN: during Panama tours

(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT website

Some excellent books about Central American Mammals include:
"A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico" by Fiona Reid, 1997.
"The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals" by Mark Wainwright, 2002.

Links within this List:

 American Opossums    Anteaters, Sloths, & Armadillos    Bats    New World Monkeys 

Squirrels    New World Porcupines    Cabybara    Agouti & Paca    Foxes    Raccoons & Allies

Weasels, Skunks, & Allies    Cats    Manatee    Tapir    Peccaries & Deer    Marine Mammals 


Other Links:
Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in Central America      

Lists of Birds in:     Belize     Costa Rica     Guatemala     Honduras     Panama 

A List & Photo Gallery of Birds in Central America, in 4 Parts

Lists (with some photos) of Mammals in:     Belize    Costa Rica     Guatemala

A List of Butterflies & Moths in Central America, in 5 Parts  (with some photos)   

Lists (with some photos) of Amphibians & Reptiles in:  Guatemala & Belize   Costa Rica & Panama

Marine Life, including that of the Coral Reef, of Belize & Mexico
Directory of Photos in this Website


   

List of Mammals:

          AMERICAN OPOSSUMS  (in the Order Didelphimorphia, Family Didelphidae)
        
          All Marsupials were formerly classified in the Order Marsupialia. 
          However, this large group has recently been split into 7 orders. 
          NEW WORLD OPOSSUMS consist of 3 orders, Australian marsupials, 4 orders.

          The Order Didelphimorphia includes all of the Central American opossums - 13 species   

  1. Southern (or Common) Opossum ______ (*) CR(N)  GU  PN   
     Didelphis marsupialis
  2. Virginia Opossum  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N)
     Didelphis virginiana
  3. Gray Four-eyed Opossum ______  (*) BZ
     Philander opossum
  4. Water Opossum ______ 
     Chironectes minimus
  5. Brown Four-eyed Opossum ______
     Metachirus nudicaudatus
  6. Grayish Mouse Opossum ______
     Marmosa canescens
  7. Mexican Mouse Opossum ______
     Marmosa mexicana
  8. Robinson's Mouse Opossum ______
     Marmosa robinsoni
  9. Highland Mouse Opossum ______ (In Central America, only in eastern Panama.)
    Marmosops     (formerly Marmosa) impavidus
  10. Slaty Mouse Opossum ______ (In Central America, only in Panama)
    Marmosops (formerly Marmosa) invictus 
  11. Alston's Mouse Opossum ______
     Micoureus alstoni
  12. Sepia Short-tailed Opossum ______ (in Central America. only in eastern Panama)
    Monodelphis adusta
  13. Central American Woolly Opossum ______
     Caluromys derbianus 

    ANTEATERS, SLOTHS, and ARMADILLOS (in the Order Xenarthra, formerly Edentata) 
    Anteaters in the Family Myrmecophagidae 
    Sloths in the Families Bradypodidae (3-toed) & Megalonychidae (2-toed) 
    Armadillos in the Family Dasypodidae 
  14. Giant Anteater  (ph)  ______ (If it still exists in Central America, it is very rare there. There are a few recent sight records in southern Costa Rica and Panama. This species may be the most endangered mammal in Central America. It is common in parts of South America.)   
  15. Northern Tamandua  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N,S)  PN (also called Banded or Vested Anteater) 
    Tamandua mexicana



    Northern Tamandua
      
  16. Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N,S)  PN
     Bradypus variegatus 



    Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth
      
  17. Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N,S)  PN
     Choloepus hoffmanni     



    Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth
     
  18. Nine-banded (Long-nosed) Armadillo  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N),PN
     Dasypus novemcinctus



    Nine-banded Armadillo
  19. Northern Naked-tailed Armadillo ______
     Cabassous centralis

    INSECTIVORES (in the Order Insectivora)

    SHREWS (Family Soricidae)
  20. Saussure's Shrew ______ (in western Guatemala & adjacent Mexico)
    Sorex saussurei
  21. Verapaz Shrew ______ (in western Guatemala & adjacent Mexico)
    Sorex veraepacis
  22. Least Shrew ______
    Cryptotis parva
  23. Blackish Small-eared Shrew ______
    Cryptotis nigrescens
  24. Honduran Small-eared Shrew ______ (known only from 3 localities in Honduras)
    Cryptotis hondurensis
  25. Merriam's Small-eared Shrew ______
    Cryptotis merriami
  26. Darien Small-eared Shrew ______ (only in the Darien highlands of eastern Panama)
    Cryptotis mera
  27. Maya Small-eared Shrew ______ 
    Cryptotis mayensis
  28. Goldman's Small-eared Shrew ______ (primarily in southern Mexico, range extends into western Guatemala)
    Cryptotis goldmani
  29. Goodwin's Small-eared Shrew ______
    Cryptotis goodwini
  30. Talamancan Small-eared Shrew ______ (highlands, mostly in Costa Rica)
    Cryptotis gracilis
  31. Enders' Small-eared Shrew ______ (known only from the Atlantic slope of the Talamanca Mountains in western Panama)
    Cryptotis endersi
        

    BATS (in the Order Chiroptera) 


    SAC-WINGED BATS (in the Family Emballonuridae)
  32. Proboscis Bat  (ph)  ______  (*)  CR(N,S)  (also called Long-nosed Bat)
    Rhynchonycteris naso      (the single member of its genus)
    (Common in lowland forest near water: streams, rivers, mangroves, and lakes)



    Proboscis Bat, or Long-nosed Bat
         (photo by Doris Potter)

  33. Greater White-lined Bat (or White-lined Sac-winged Bat) ______ (*) CR(N,S)  HN  PN
     Saccopteryx bilineata
  34. Lesser White-lined Bat ______ 
    Saccopteryx leptura 
  35. Shaggy Bat ______ (rare, known only from a few specimens)
    Centronycteris maximiliani
  36. Lesser Doglike Bat ______
    Peropteryx macrotis
  37. Greater Doglike Bat ______
    Peropteryx kappleri
  38. Chestnut Sac-winged Bat ______ 
    Cormura brevirostris
         (In Central America, uncommon & local, usually in lowland evergreen forest)

  39. Least Sac-winged Bat ______ (*) GU  (in Mexico, northern Guatemala, & Belize)
    Balantiopteryx io  
  40. Gray Sac-winged Bat ______ (*) CR(N)
    Balantiopteryx plicata
  41. Smoky Bat ______ (rare & local, in eastern Nicaragua & eastern Costa Rica; known from a few specimens taken in humid lowland areas)
    Cyttarops alecto 
  42. Northern Ghost Bat ______ 
    Didiclurus albus

    BULLDOG (or FISHING) BATS  (in the Family Noctilionidae)  
  43. Greater Bulldog (or Fishing) Bat ______ (*) CR  PN
    Noctilio leporinus



    In the night-time sky, a Greater Bulldog, or Fishing Bat
         (photo by Burke Korol)
  44. Lesser Bulldog (or Fishing) Bat ______ (*) CR  PN
     Noctilio albiventris
    LEAF-CHINNED BATS (in the Family Mormoopidae)
  45. Ghost-faced Bat ______
    Mormoops megalophylla
  46. Common Moustached Bat  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N,S)  GU  HN  PN
     Pteronatus parnellii



    Common Moustached Bat
  47. Lesser Moustached Bat ______
    Pteronatus personatus
  48. Davy's Naked-backed Bat ______
    Pteronatus davyi
  49. Big Naked-backed Bat ______
    Pteronatus gymnonotus 

    LEAF-NOSED BATS (in the Family Phyllostomidae) 
  50. Common Big-eared Bat ______
    Micronycteris microtis
  51. Tiny Big-eared Bat ______
    Micronycteris minuta
  52. Schmidt's Big-eared Bat ______ (apparently rare & local)
    Micronycteris schmidtorum
  53. Hairy Big-eared Bat ______ (apparently rare & local)
    Micronycteris hirsuta
  54. Orange-throated Bat ______ (uncommon & local)
    Micronycteris brachyotis
  55. Niceforo's Bat ______ (In Central America, rare & local; more common in South America)
    Micronycteris nicefori
  56. Tricolored Bat ______ (rare & local)
    Micronycteris sylvestris
  57. Bartica Bat ______ (apparently very rare & local; restricted to mature, evergreen forest)
    Micronycteris daviesi
  58. Waterhouse's Bat ______ (Primarily a Mexican species, some may occur in western Guatemala)
    Macrotus waterhousii 
  59. Common Sword-nosed Bat  ______  (also called Tome's Long-eared Bat)   
    Lonchorhina aurita
  60. Long-legged Bat ______ 
    Macrophyllum macrophyllum
  61. Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat ______ (Uncommon to rare; usually in mature evergreen forest)
    Tonatia saurophils
  62. Pygmy Round-eared Bat ______ (*) PN  (lowland forest & regrowth areas)
    Tonatia brasiliense
  63. White-throated Round-eared Bat ______
    Tonatia silvicola
  64. Davis' Round-eared Bat ______ (This species was described as distinct from the White-throated Round-eared Bat in 1978.)
    Tonatia evotis
  65. Golden Bat ______ (*)  HN  (in northern Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras, in lowland forests)
    Mimon bennettii
  66. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat ______ (rare & local) 
    Mimon crenulatum
  67. Pale Spear-nosed Bat ______
    Phyllostomus discolor
  68. Greater Spear-nosed Bat ______
    Phyllostomus hastatus
  69. Pale-faced Bat ______ (rare & local)
    Phyllostomus stenops
  70. Fringe-lipped Bat  (or Frog-eating Bat)  ______
    Trachops cirrhosus
  71. Woolly False Vampire Bat ______ (uncommon to rare, but widespread)
    Chrotopterus auritus
  72. False Vampire Bat ______ (rare & local)
    Vampyrum spectrum

    NECTAR-FEEDING or LONG-TONGUED BATS (in the Subfamilies Glossophaginae & Lonchophyllinae) 
  73. Common Long-tongued Bat  (or Pallas' Long-tongued Bat)  ______ (*) CR(N,S),GU,HN,PN  (in forests & clearings)
    Glossophaga soricina
  74. Gray's Long-tongued Bat ______ (*) GU  (in dry forest s & scrub)
    Glossophaga leachii
  75. Brown Long-tongued Bat ______
    Glossophaga commissarisi
  76. Geoffrey's Tailless (or Hairy-legged) Bat ______
    Anoura geoffroyi
  77. Handley's Hairy-legged Bat ______
    Anoura cultrata
  78. Dark Long-tongued Bat ______ (rare)
    Lichonycteris obscura
  79. Underwood's Long-tongued Bat ______
    Hylonycteris underwoodi
  80. Godman's Whiskered Bat ______ (rare to uncommon)
    Choeronycteris godmani
  81. Mexican Hog-nosed Bat ______
    Choeronycteris mexicana
  82. Southern Long-nosed Bat ______ (an endangered species)
    Leptonycteris curasoae
  83. Mexican Long-nosed Bat ______ (Primarily Mexican; in Central America, known from only 2 Guatemalan specimens collected over a century ago. There's also a question as to which species those specimens actually are.)
    Leptonycteris nivalis
  84. Goldman's Nectar Bat ______ (*) CR(S) (fairly common in the humid Pacific lowlands of southwest Costa Rica) (occurs in evergreen forests & banana groves)
    Lonchophylla mordax
  85. Orange-nectar Bat ______
    Lonchophylla robusta
  86. Thomas' Nectar Bat ______ (In Central America, only in eastern Panama)
    Lonchophylla thomasi
  87. Chestnut Long-tongued Bat ______ (In Central America, only in eastern Panama)
    Lionycteris spurrelli

    SHORT-TAILED FRUIT BATS (in the Subfamily Carolliinae)
  88. Chestnut Short-tailed Fruit Bat ______
    Carollia castanea
  89. Gray Short-tailed Fruit Bat ______
    Carollia subrufa
  90. Silky Short-tailed Fruit Bat ______
    Carollia brevicauda
  91. Seba's Short-tailed Fruit Bat ______
    Carollia perspicillata

    TAILLESS BATS (in the Subfamily Stenodermatinae)
  92. Little Yellow-shouldered Bat ______
    Sturnira lilium
  93. Luis' Yellow-shouldered Bat ______
    Sturnira luisi
  94. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat  (or Highland Epauleted Bat) ______
    Sturnira ludovici
  95. Talamancan Yellow-shouldered Bat ______
    Sturnira mordax
  96. Great Fruit-eating Bat ______ (*) PN  (in rainforests & clearings) 
    Artibeus lituratus
  97. Intermediate Fruit-eating Bat ______
    Artibeus intermedius
  98. Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat  (ph)  ______ (*) PN  (in rainforests & plantations)
    Artibeus jamaicensis



    Jamaican Fruit-eating Bats
  99. Honduran Fruit-eating Bat ______
    Artibeus inopinatus
  100. Aztec Fruit-eating Bat ______
    Artibeus aztecus
  101. Toltec Fruit-eating Bat ______
    Artibeus toltecus
  102. Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat ______
    Artibeus phaeotis
  103. Thomas' Fruit-eating Bat ______
    Artibeus watsoni
  104. Velvety Fruit-eating Bat ______
    Enchisthenes hartii
  105. Common Tent-making Bat  (ph)  ______
    Uroderma bilobatum



    Common Tent-making Bats
         (photo by Doris Potter)

  106. Brown Tent-making Bat ______
    Uroderma magnirostrum
  107. Heller's Broad-nosed Bat ______
    Platyrrhinus helleri
  108. Greater Broad-nosed Bat ______
    Platyrrhinus vittatus
  109. Thomas' Broad-nosed Bat ______ (In Central America, only in eastern Panama) 
    Platyrrhinus dorsalis      (some consider the smaller subspecies, P. d. umbratus, also in eastern Panama, as a full species)

  110. Great Stripe-faced Bat ______ (uncommon north of Panama)
    Vampyrodes caraccioli
  111. Hairy Big-eyed Bat ______
    Chiroderma villosum
  112. Salvin's Big-eyed Bat ______
    Chiroderma salvini
  113. Little Big-eyed Bat ______ (Primarily South American; apparently rare in Panama)
    Chiroderma trinitatum
  114. Little Yellow-eared Bat ______
    Vampyressa pusilla
  115. Striped Yellow-eared Bat ______
    Vampyressa nymphaea
  116. MacConnell's Bat ______
    Mesophylla maconnelli
  117. Honduran White Bat ______ (uncommon & local)
    Ectophylla alba
  118. Little White-shouldered Bat ______ (Primarily South American; known in Panama from a single record on Barro Colorado Island.)
    Ametrida centurio
  119. Wrinkle-faced Bat ______
    Centurio senex

    VAMPIRE BATS (in the Subfamily Desmodontinae)
  120. Common Vampire Bat ______
    Desmodus rotundus
  121. White-winged Vampire Bat ______ (Primarily South American; in Central America, rare & local.)
    Diaemus youngi
  122. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat ______
    Diphylla ecaudata

    FUNNEL-EARED BATS (in the Family Natalidae)
  123. Mexican Funnel-eared Bat ______
    Natalus stramineus

    THUMBLESS BATS (in the Family Furipteridae)
  124. Thumbless Bat ______ (In Central America, apparently rare & local, where known from few localities in lowland, evergreen forests,)  
    Furipterus horrens

    DISK-WINGED BATS (in the Family Thyropteridae)
  125. Peter's Disk-winged Bat ______ (Primarily South American; in Central America, 2 records)
    Thyroptera discifera
  126. Spix's Disk-winged Bat ______
    Thyroptera tricolor

    PLAIN-NOSED BATS (in the Family Vespertilionidae)
  127. California Myotis ______
    Myotis californicus
  128. Cinnamon Myotis ______
    Myotis fortidens
  129. Cave Myotis ______
    Myotis velifer
  130. Guatemalan Myotis ______ (known only from 1 specimen, from Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, at about 1300 meters above sea level)
    Myotis cobanensis
  131. Black Myotis ______  (*) CR(N,S)  (in forests & built-up areas)
    Myotis nigricans
  132. Elegant Myotis ______
    Myotis elegans
  133. Silver-haired Myotis ______ 
    Myotis albescens
  134. Riparian Myotis ______
    Myotis riparius
  135. Hairy legged Myotis ______
    Myotis keaysi
  136. Montane Myotis ______
    Myotis oxyotus
  137. Southwestern Myotis ______ (In Central America, south of Mexico, known in Guatemala from 1 specimen.)
    Myotis auriculus
  138. Eastern Pipistrelle ______ (In Central America, in north-central Guatemala & northern Honduras)
    Pipistrellus subflavus
  139. Big Brown Bat ______
    Eptesicus fuscus
  140. Andean Brown Bat ______
    Eptesicus brasiliensis
  141. Argentine Brown Bat ______
    Eptesicus furinalis
  142. Central American Yellow Bat ______
    Rhogeessa tumida
  143. Van Gelder's Bat ______ (in northern Guatemala, Belize, & northern Honduras)
    Bauerus dubiaquercus
  144. Western Red Bat ______
    Lasiurus blossevillii
  145. Tacarcuna Bat ______ (Rare; known from very few specimens in evergreen forest in Costa Rica & Panama.)
    Lasiurus castaneus
  146. Hoary Bat ______ (Rare winter visitor in Central America, from North America.)
    Lasiurus cinereus
  147. Big Red Bat ______ (Rare; known from 3 specimens, 1 of them taken in Panama, the other 2 in South America)
    Lasiurus egregius
  148. Northern Yellow Bat ______ 
    Lasiurus intermedius
  149. Southern Yellow Bat ______
    Lasiurus ega      

    FREE-TAILED BATS (in the Family Molossidae)
  150. Greenhall's Dog-faced Bat ______
    Molossops greenhalli
  151. Southern Dog-faced Bat ______ (Primarily South American; in Central America, in central & eastern Panama.)
    Molossops planirostris 
  152. Mexican (or Brazilian) Free-tailed Bat ______ (*) GU  (locally in dry open areas & forests)
    Tadarida brasiliensis
  153. Broad-eared Bat ______ 
    Nyctinomops laticaudatus
  154. Black Bonneted Bat ______
    Eumpos auripendulus
  155. Underwood's Bonneted Bat ______
    Eumops underwoodi
  156. Wagner's Bonneted Bat ______
    Eumops glaucinus
  157. Sanborn's Bonneted Bat ______
    Eumops hansae
  158. Dwarf Bonneted Bat ______
    Eumops bonariensis
  159. Big-crested Mastiff Bat ______
    Promops centralis 
  160. Black Mastiff Bat ______
    Molossus ater
  161. Miller's Mastiff Bat ______
    Molossus prestiosus
  162. Sinaloan Mastiff Bat ______
    Molossus sinaloae
  163. Bonda Mastiff Bat ______
    Molossus bondae
  164. Velvety Free-tailed Bat  (ph)  ______  (also called Pallas' Mastiff Bat)
    Molossus molossus 



    Velvety Free-tailed Bat, or Pallas' Mastiff Bat 


          THE CEBIDS, or NEW WORLD MONKEYS (in the Order of Primates,
          in the Family Atelidae):

  1. Mantled Howler Monkey (t3) (ph)  ______  (*)  CR(N,S)  GU  HN  PN
     Alouatta palliata       



    Mantled Howler Monkey
         (another photo at the top of this list)
  2. Yucatan (or Mexican) Black Howler Monkey (t3) (ph)  ______ (*)  BZ  GU
    Alouatta pigra



    Yucatan Black Howler Monkey
         (photo by Marie Gardner)

  3. White-headed Capuchin  (ph)  ______  (*)  CR(N,S)  PN
     Cebus capucinus

         Other names for Cebus capucinus have been the White-faced Capuchin or the White-throated Capuchin.  



    Above & below: White-headed Capuchins
    In the lower photo, two during the FONT Costa Rica Tour in March 2012
     (lower photo by Virginia Woodhouse)
  1. Geoffroy's Spider Monkey  (t2) (ph)  ______  (*)  CR(N,S)  GU  PN
     Ateles geoffroyi
    There are at least 5 subspecies of the Geoffroy's Spider Monkey:
     
    Ateles geofroyi yucatanensis,     the Yucatan Spider Monkey  (t2)  _____  GU(*)  
     in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, this is the monkey we've seen at Tikal 
     Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus, the Mexican Spider Monkey  (t1)  ______
     in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Honduras
     Ateles geoffroyi geoffroyi, the Nicaraguan Spider Monkey  (t1)  ______
     in Nicaragua, and adjacent Costa Rica
    The population in the Guanacaste region of Costa Rica & adjacent Nicaragua is sometimes considered a separate subspecies, Ateles geoffroyi frontatus. But some taxonomists consider it a synonym of A. g. geoffroyi.
     Ateles geoffroyi ornatus, the Ornate Spider Monkey  (t2)  ______  CR(N,S)(*) 
      in Costa Rica & Panama
    Other vernacular names for A. g. ornatus are the Brilliant Spider Monkey or the Red Spider Monkey.
    Also now included in this subspecies are two populations formerly considered as distinct subspecies:
    The Panama Spider Monkey, formerly A. g. panamensis 
    The Azuero Spider Monkey, formerly A. g. azuerensis
    These last two populations are in Panama.
     Ateles geoffroyi grisescens, the Hooded Spider Monkey  ______   PN(*)
          in Panama & adjacent Colombia, this is the monkey we've seen on Barro Colorado Island 
    In northeast Panama & western Colombia, A g. grisescens is replaced by the species, the Black-headed Spider Monkey, Ateles fusciceps (below).
    In western Panama, A. g. grisescens is replaced by the subspecies , A. g. ornatus (above).
    The Hooded Spider Monkey has long, tawny fur.



    A Geoffroy's Spider Monkey
    (photo by Marie Gardner during a FONT Tour)

       
  2. Black-headed Spider Monkey  (t1)  ______ (In Central America, in eastern Panama) 
    Ateles fusciceps rufiventris      (subspecies from eastern Panama to southwestern Colombia)
  3. Central American (or Red-backed) Squirrel Monkey (t1) (ph)  ______ (*) CR(S)
     Saimiri oerstedii
         (2 subspecies: the northern S. o. citrinellus paler than S. o. oerstedii - the latter pictured below)



    Central American Squirrel Monkey

  1. Lemurine Night Monkey (also called Owl Monkey) ______ (In Central America, in Panama; several unconfirmed reports from Costa Rica.) 
    Aotus lemurinus 

    TAMARINS & MARMOSETS (in the Family Callitrichidae)

      
  2. Geoffrey's (or Red-naped) Tamarin ______ (*) PN
    Saguinus geoffroyi

    RODENTS:     the gnawing mammals (in the Order Rodentia, which is the largest order of mammals with nearly 2,000 species worldwide).
    Families include:
    Squirrels: Sciuridae
    Mice & Rats: Muridae
    New World Porcupines: Erethizontidae 

    SQUIRRELS (in the Family Sciuridae) 
  3. Mexican Gray Squirrel (has been called Red-bellied Squirrel) ______ (*) GU
    Sciurus a. aureogaster      (2 other subspecies occur in Mexico, 1 of which may be all-black)
  4. Red-tailed Squirrel  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N,S)  PN
     Sciurus     (formerly guerlinguetus) granatensis

    A Red-tailed Squirrel photographed during a FONT tour
    in southern Costa Rica in March 2012
     (photo by Virginia Woodhouse)
  5. Variegated Squirrel ______ (*) CR(N,S)  GU  HN  PN
     Sciurus variegatoides
         (14 named subspecies are recognized, including those below)
     S. v. goldmani:     GU
    S. v. variegatoides:     HN
    S. v. dorsalis:     CR (nw)
    S. v. rigidus:     CR
    S. v. helveous:     PN

     
  6. Yucatan Squirrel ______ (*) BZ  GU
    Sciurus yucatanensis
  7. Deppe's Squirrel (t3) ______ (*) GU
    Sciurus deppei
  8. Richmond's Squirrel ______ (endemic to Nicaragua)
    Sciurus     (formerly Guerlinguetus) richmondi
  9. Central American Dwarf Squirrel (or Alfari's Pygmy Squirrel) ______ (*) CR(N)
     Microsciurus alfari
  10. Western Pygmy Squirrel ______ (In Central America, in Panama)
    Microsciurus mimulus 
  11. Montane Squirrel ______ (in the highlands of Costa Rica & western Panama)
    Sciurus     (formerly Syntheosciurus) brochus
  12. Southern Flying Squirrel ______
    Glaucomys volans

    POCKET GOPHERS (in the Family Geomyidae)
  13. Large Pocket Gopher ______
    Orthogeomys grandis
  14. Hispid Pocket Gopher ______
    Orthogeomys hispidus
  15. Variable Pocket Gopher ______
    Orthogeomys heterodus
  16. Cherrie's Pocket Gopher ______
    Orthogeomys cherriei
  17. Underwood's Pocket Gopher ______
    Orthogeomys underwoodi
  18. Nicaraguan Pocket Gopher ______
    Orthogeomys matagalpae
  19. Chiriqui Pocket Gopher ______ (in southern Costa Rica & western Panama)
    Orthogeomys cavator
  20. Darien Pocket Gopher ______ (In Central America, in eastern Panama)
    Orthogeomys dariensis

    KANGAROO RATS & POCKET MICE (in the Family Heteromyidae)
  21. Salvin's Spiny Pocket Mouse ______
    Liomys salvini
  22. Panamanian Spiny Pocket Mouse ______ (Endemic to Panama; only in the lowlands on the Pacific side of the central & western part of the country.)  
    Liomys adspersus
  23. Gaumer's Spiny Pocket Mouse ______ (On the Yucatan Peninsula only; in Mexico, far-northern Guatemala, & Belize.)
    Heteromys gaumeri
  24. Forest Spiny Pocket Mouse ______ (*) CR(S)
    Heteromys desmarestianus
  25. Goldman's Spiny Pocket Mouse ______ (in far-western Guatemala)
    Heteromys goldmani
  26. Southern Spiny Pocket Mouse ______ (In Central America, in far-eastern Panama)
    Heteromys australis
  27. Mountain Spiny Pocket Mouse ______ (Endemic to Costa Rica; only in the Talamanca Mountains, from 1800 to 2600 meters above sea level.)
    Heteromys oresterus

    RATS & MICE (in the Family Muridae)

    NEW WORLD RATS & MICE (in the Subfamily Sigmodontinae)
  28. Coue's Rice Rat ______ (*)  GU
    Oryzomys couesi
  29. Talamancan Rice Rat ______
    Oryzomys talamancae
  30. Rusty Rice Rat ______
    Oryzomys rostratus
  31. Alfaro's Rice Rat ______
    Oryzomys alfaroi
  32. Long-whiskered Rice Rat ______
    Oryzomys bolivaris
  33. Montane Rice Rat ______
    Oryzomys albigularis
  34. Cana Rice Rat ______
    Oryzomys alfari
  35. Long-tailed Rice Rat ______
    Oryzomys aphrastus
  36. Dusky Rice Rat ______
    Melanomys caliginosus
  37. Big Arboreal Rice Rat ______ (*)  PN
    Oecomys     (has been part of Oryzomys) trinitatis
  38. Bicolored Arboreal Rice Rat ______ (In Central America, in central & eastern Panama)
    Oecomys     (has been part of Oryzomys) bicolor
  39. Sprightly Pygmy Rice Rat ______
    Oligoryzomys vegetus
  40. Northern Pygmy Rice Rat ______ (*)  CR(N)
    Oligoryzomys fulvescens
  41. Painted Bristly Mouse ______ (in Darien, eastern Panama; rare & local)
    Neacomys pictus
  42. Mount Pirri Climbing Mouse ______ (in Darien, eastern Panama; rare; known from very few specimens, all caught in evergreen forest, 1400 to 1500 meters above sea level.)
    Rhipidomys scandens
  43. Common Cane Rat ______
    Zygodontomys brevicauda
  44. Hispid Cotton Rat ______ (*) CR(N)  GU
    Sigmodon hispidus
  45. Northern Crab-eating Rat ______
    Ichthyomys tweedii
  46. Goldman's Water Mouse ______
    Rheomys raptor
  47. Thomas' Water Mouse ______
    Rheomys thomasi
  48. Underwood's Water Mouse ______
    Rheomys underwoodi  
  49. Northern Climbing Rat ______
    Tylomys nudicaudus
  50. Watson's Climbing Rat ______
    Tylomys watsoni
  51. Big-eared Climbing Rat ______
    Ototylomys phyllotis
  52. Vesper Rat ______
    Nyctomys sumichrasti
  53. Mexican Wood Rat ______
    Neotoma mexicana
  54. Nicaraguan Wood Rat ______
    Neotoma chrysomelas
  55. Southern Pygmy Mouse ______
    Baiomys musculus
  56. Alston's Singing Mouse ______
    Scotinomys teguina
  57. Chiriqui Singing Mouse ______
    Scotinomys xerampelinus
  58. Sumichrast's Harvest Mouse ______
    Reithrodontomys sumichrasti
  59. Fulvous Harvest Mouse ______
    Reithrodontomys fulvescens
  60. Slender Harvest Mouse ______
    Reithrodontomys gracilis
  61. Darien Harvest Mouse ______ 
    Reithrodontomys darienensis 
  62. Mexican Harvest Mouse ______ (*)  CR(S)
     Reithrodontomys mexicanus
  63. Short-nosed Harvest Mouse ______
     Reithrodontomys brevirostris
  64. Nicaraguan Harvest Mouse ______
     Reithrodontomys paradoxus
  65. Small-toothed Harvest Mouse ______ 
     Reithrodontomys microdon
  66. Narrow-nosed Harvest Mouse ______
     Reithrodontomys tenuirostris
  67. Rodriguez's Harvest Mouse ______
     Reithrodontomys rodriguezi
  68. Chiriqui Harvest Mouse ______
     Reithrodontomys creper
  69. Yellow Deer Mouse ______
     Isthmomys flavidus
  70. Mount Pirri Deer Mouse ______ (In Central America, only in far-eastern Panama)
    Isthmomys pirrensis
  71. Crested-tailed Deer Mouse ______
     Habromys lophurus
  72. Aztec Mouse ______
     Peromyscus aztecus
  73. Southern Brush Mouse ______
     Peromyscus levipes
  74. Mexican Deer Mouse ______
     Peromyscus mexicanus
  75. Naked-eared Deer Mouse ______
     Peromyscus gymnotis
  76. Guatemalan Deer Mouse ______
     Peronyscus guatemalensis
  77. Giant Deer Mouse ______
     Peronyscus grandis
  78. Stirton's Deer Mouse ______
     Peronyscus stirtoni
  79. Maya Mouse ______ (This locally common, but highly threatened, mouse is only in western Guatemala.)
    Peronyscus mayensis 

    VOLES (in the Subfamily Arvicolinae)
  80. Guatemalan Vole ______ (*)  GU
     Microtus     (formerly Herpetomys) guatemalensis  (the single member of its genus)

    OLD WORLD RATS & MICE (in the Subfamily Murinae) 
  81. House Rat (i) ______ (*)  PN  (other names include Black Rat & Roof Rat) (originally from India, introduced worldwide) 
    Rattus rattus
  82. Brown Rat (i) ______ (also called Norway Rat) (originally from southeast Siberia & northern China, introduced worldwide) (less widespread than Rattus rattus in Central America)
    Rattus norvegicus
  83. Western House Mouse (i) ______ (commensal with humans in Europe, north Africa, & the Middle East; introduced in North & South America, subsaharan Africa, north Australia, & oceanic islands)   
    (commensal with humans in Europe, north Africa, & the Middle East; introduced in North & South America, subsaharan Africa, north Australia, & oceanic islands)   
    Mus domesticus  (formerly conspecific with Mus musculus, now the Eastern House Mouse)

    NEW WORLD PORCUPINES (in the Family Erethizontidae)
    More closely related to cavy-like rodents (such as the Agouti and Paca) than to the Old World Porcupines 
  84. Mexican Hairy Dwarf Porcupine  (ph)  ______ (*)  CR(N)
     Coendou     (formerly Sphiggurus) mexicanus
    Coendou mexicanus is a generally long-haired, prehensile-tailed Porcupine.



    Mexican Hairy Dwarf Porcupine
    (photo by Dick Tipton)

  85. Rothschild's Porcupine ______ (In Central America, in Panama)
    Coendou rothschildi

    CAPYBARA (in the Family Hydrochaeridae)
  86. Capybara  (ph)  ______ (*)  PN  (Primarily South American; in Central America, in central & eastern Panama)
    Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris      (the single member of its genus) 



    Capybara
    (photo by Andy Smith)


     AGOUTIS & ACOUCHIS (in the Family Dasyproctidae)
  87. Central American Agouti ______ (*) CR(N,S)  GU  HN  PN
     Dasyprocta punctata



    Central American Agouti
     (photo by Linda Navarro)

    PACAS (in the Family Agoutidae)

  88. Lowland Paca  ______  (*)  BZ  PN  (also called Spotted Paca)
    Cuniculus (formerly Agouti) paca

    SPINY RATS & TREE RATS (in the Family Echimyidae)
  89. Tomes' Spiny Rat ______ (*) CR(N)
     Proechimys semispinosus
  90. Armored Rat ______
     Hoplomys gymnurus
  91. Rufous Tree Rat ______
     Diplomys labilis

    RABBITS (in the Order Lagomorpha, Family Leporidae)
     
  92. Eastern Cottontail (Rabbit) (ph) ______ (*) CR(N)  HN
     Sylvilagus floridanus
  93. Forest Rabbit  ______ (*) CR(N)  (other names: Tropical Cottontail Rabbit or Brazilian Rabbit or Tapiti) 
     Sylvilagus     (formerly Tapeti) brasilensis
  94. Dice's (Mountain) Rabbit ______ (*) CR(S)  (formerly considered a subspecies of the Forest Rabbit)
     Sylvilagus     (formerly Tapeti) dicei
          


    CARNIVORES, in the Order Carnivora, with Families including:
    Dogs & Foxes: Canidae 
    Cats: Felidae
    Raccoons & allies: Procyonidae
    Weasels, Skunks, & allies: Mustelidae

    DOGS & FOXES (in the Family Canidae) 
  95. Gray Fox ______ (*) GU
    Urocyon cinereoargenteus
  96. Coyote  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N)
     Canis latrans



    Coyote
  97. Bush Dog ______ (Primarily South American; in Central America, only in far-eastern Panama.) 
    Peothos venaticus

    RACCOONS & ALLIES (in the Family Procyonidae)
  98. Kinkajou (ti) (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N,S)  GU  PN
     Potos flavus      (the single member of its genus)   



    Kinkajou
     (photo by Rosemary Lloyd during the FONT tour in Costa Rica in February 2006)

  99. Bushy-tailed Olingo ______  (*) CR(N)
     Bassaricyon gabbii
  100. Northern Raccoon  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N)  GU
     Procyon lotor



    Northern Raccoon
         (photo by Doris Potter)
  101. Crab-eating Raccoon  (ph)  ______  PN
    Procyon cancrivorus



    Crab-eating Raccoon
  102. White-nosed Coati  (ph)  ______ (*)  BZ  CR(N,S)  GU  HN  PN
     Nasua narica



    White-nosed Coati
         (photo by Marie Gardner)
  103. Cacomistle ______ (*) CR(S)
     Bassariscus sumichrasti

    WEASELS, SKUNKS, & ALLIES (in the Family Mustelidae) 
  104. Long-tailed Weasel ______ (*) CR(N)
     Mustela frenata
  105. Greater Grison ______
    Galictis vittata
  106. Tayra ______ (*) CR(S)  GU  PN
     Eira barbara      (the single member of its genus)

  107. Neotropical River Otter ______ (*) CR(N,S)  GU  HN  PN
     Lutra     (formerly Lontra) longicaudis
  108. Hooded Skunk ______
    Mephitis macroura
  109. Eastern Spotted Skunk ______
    Spilogale putorius
  110. Western Hog-nosed Skunk ______ 
    Conepatus mesoleucus 
  111. Striped Hog-nosed Skunk ______ (*) CR(N,S)  GU
     Conepatus semistriatus

    CATS (in the Family Felidae)
  112. Ocelot (t2) (ph)  ______ (*) GU
     Leopardus pardalis
  113. Margay (t2) ______ (*) CR(S)
     Leopardus wiedii
  114. Oncilla ______
     Leopardus tigrinus
  115. Jaguarundi ______  (*) GU
     Herpailurus yauarondi
  116. Puma  (ph)  ______ (also called Cougar, or Mountain Lion) 
     Puma concolor
  117. Jaguar  (ph)  ______  (*)  BZ  GU
     Panthera onca



    An orphaned Jaguar that we saw during the FONT Belize Tour in April 2011
    Her name: "Tika 2". She lives at a place called Banana Bank.   
         (photo by Marie Gardner)

    MANATEES (in the Order Sirenia, in the Family Trichechidae)
  118. West Indian Manatee (t1)  (ph)  ______  (*)  BZ   (rare & local along the Central American Caribbean coast)
    Trichechus manatus manatus:  "Antillean Manatee"  



    Above & Below: Two photographs of West Indian (or Antillean) Manatees
    during the FONT tour in Belize in April 2011
     (photos by Marie Gardner)





    ODD-TOED UNGULATES (in the Order Perissodactyla; the tapirs in Family Tapiridae)
     
  119. Baird's Tapir (t1) (ph)  ______ (*) CR(S)  GU
     Tapirus bairdii



    Baird's Tapir

    EVEN-TOED UNGULATES     (in the Order Artiodactyla, with Peccaries in the Family Tayassuidae and Deer in the Family Cervidae) 
  120. Collared Peccary ______ (*) CR(N)
     Tayassu tajacu
  121. White-lipped Peccary  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(S)
    Dicotyles pecari
  122. White-tailed Deer  (ph)  ______ (*) CR(N)  GU  PN
     Odocoileus virginianus
     (On Barro Colorado Island, Panama, there's a small, reddish forest race, that could be confused with the Red Brocket.)

  123. Red Brocket (Deer) ______ (*) BZ  CR(S)
     Mazama americana


    MARINE MAMMALS (in the Order Cetacea) 
    TOOTHED WHALES (in the Suborder Odontoceti)

    MARINE DOLPHINS (in the Family Delphinidae)
      
  124. Rough-toothed Dolphin  (t3)  ______ 
    Steno bredanensis
     (off Central America, in the Pacific, offshore, including Cocos Island waters)  

  125. Tucuxi  (t3)  ______
    Satalia fluviatilis
     (along the Central American Caribbean coast, from Cahuita, Costa Rica, south)

     
  126. Pacific Spotted Dolphin ______
    Stenella atrenuata
     (off the Central American Pacific coast, where frequently seen) 

  127. Atlantic Spotted Dolphin  (t3) ______
    Stenella frontalis
     (off the Central American Caribbean coast) 

  128. Long-snouted Spinner Dolphin  ______  CR(S) (*)
     Stenella longirostris centroamericana
         (off the Central American Pacific coast, & further offshore including Cocos Island waters)
  129. Clymene Dolphin (t3) (ph)  ______  (also called the Short-snouted Spinner Dolphin) 
    Stenella clymene
     (off Central America, in the Caribbean)

  130. Striped Dolphin ______  (also called Blue-white Dolphin)
    Stenella coeruleoalba
     (off Central America, in the Pacific, offshore, including Cocos Island waters) 

  131. Common Dolphin  (ph)  ______
    Delphinus delphis
     (in Central America, off the Pacific coast; one of the most gregarious and abundant of the world's cetaceans) 

  132. Bottlenose Dolphin  (ph)  ______  CR(N)(*)
     Tursiops truncatus
         (off & along the Central American Pacific & Caribbean coasts)
  133. Fraser's Dolphin (t2) (ph)  ______
    Lagenodelphis hosei
         (off the Central American Pacific coast, & further offshore, including waters near Cocos Island; does occur in the Lesser Antilles & the Gulf of Mexico) 
  134. Risso's Dolphin  (t3) (ph)  ______  (also called Gray Grampus)
    Grampus griseus
         (off Central America, in the Pacific)
  135. Melon-headed Whale (t3) ______
     Peponocephala electra
         (off Central America, in the Pacific)  
  136. Pygmy Killer Whale (t3)  ______
     Feresa attenuata
         (in the Pacific, off the Central American coast)
  137. False Killer Whale (t3) ______
     Pseudorca crassidens
         (in the Pacific, off the Central American coast, & in Cocos Island waters)
  138. Killer Whale (or Orca)  (ph)  ______
         Orcinus orca
         (off the Central American Pacific & Caribbean coasts) 
  139. Short-finned Pilot Whale (t3) (ph)  ______
     Globicephala macrorhynchus
         (off the Central American Pacific coast, & further offshore including Cocos Island waters)

    SPERM WHALE (a single species in the Family Physeteridae) 
  140. Great Sperm Whale (t2) (ph)  ______
     Physeter catodon
         (off the Central American coasts, in the Pacific and the Caribbean)

    PYGMY SPERM WHALES (now in the Family Kogiidae)
  141. Pygmy Sperm Whale (t3) (ph)  ______
     Kogia brevicops
         (off Central America, in the Pacific)
  142. Dwarf Sperm Whale (t3) (ph)  ______
     Kogia simus
         (off Central America, in the Pacific; & has been recorded about 150 miles south of Cocos Island) 

    BEAKED WHALES (in the Family Hyperoodontidae)
  143. Cuvier's Beaked Whale (t3) (ph)  ______
     Ziphius cavirostris
         (off the Pacific coast of Central America)
  144. Blainville's Beaked Whale (t3) ______
     Mesoplodon densirostris
         (on occasion, in the Pacific off Central America; has been recorded about 50 miles southeast of Cocos Island)
  145. Gray's Beaked Whale (t3) ______
     Mesoplodon grayi
         (in the Pacific, well offshore; has been recorded over a hundred miles southwest of Cocos Island)
  146. Southern Bottlenose Whale (t2) ______
     Hyperoodon planifrons
         (off Central America, in the Pacific, including Cocos Island waters)  


    RORUALS (in the Family Balaenopteridae)
  147. Blue Whale (t1) (ph)  ______
     Balaenoptera musculus
         (in the Pacific, generally more than 200 miles off Central American coast; reported in Cocos Island waters)
  148. Fin Whale (t2) (ph)  ______
     Balaenoptera physalus
         (off Central America, in the Caribbean, offshore)
  149. Sei Whale (t2) ______
     Balaenoptera borealis 
         (off Central America, in the Pacific, well offshore; recorded north of Cocos Island)
  150. Bryde's Whale (t1) ______
     Balaenoptera brydei     (formerly edeni)
    (off Central America, in the Pacific, offshore; recorded in Cocos Island waters)
  151. Northern Minke Whale (t2) (ph)  ______
     Balaenoptera acutorostrata     (formerly conspecific with what's now the Antarctic Minke Whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis)
    (off Central America, in the Caribbean, offshore; & may also occur in the Pacific off Central America)
  152. Humpback Whale (t2) (ph)  ______
     Megaptera novaeangliae
         (in the Pacific, off Central America, mainly from July to December)   
            

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