April 2007

February-March 2007

This was the second FONT tour in the Dominican Republic in 2007, and our 16th tour there in all. During this tour, we found 124 species of birds, including most of the endemics, rarities, and specialties. Among them were: the LaSelle Thrush, Hispaniolan Crossbill, and Golden Swallow. Always good to see, as they were again, in the Dominican Republic were: the Hispaniolan Trogon, both of the Todies (the Broad-billed & the Narrow-billed), the Antillean Piculet, and the Flat-billed Vireo. At dusk, one evening, we encountered both the Least Poorwill and the Hispaniolan Nightjar. In April, some birds that had wintered in South America had arrived such as the Antillean Nighthawk and the Least Tern. Additionally, there were migrants, and the resident breeding birds were in song on territory. At the shore of the large lake, Lago Enriquillo, about 200 feet below sea-level, in addition to American Flamingos and other waterbirds, there was, on land, the rare Rhinoceros Iguana. This tour is scheduled again for the spring of 2008.    

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Dominican Republic (& adjacent Haiti)
February-March 2007

This was the 15th FONT birding & nature tour on the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola, where a number of rare & endemic birds occur, along with various Caribbean specialties. Over 100 species of birds were found during this tour, including most of the endemics. 2 species during this tour were "new" for our cumulative Dominican Republic list, bringing it up to 185. Those 2 species were Brown Booby and Wilson's Phalarope (the latter a vagrant on Hispaniola). As we've done in the past, we visited the Haitian border where we saw some birds in that country. In addition to birds during the tour, we saw the rare Rhinoceros Iguana (endemic to Hispaniola), the Buffy Flower Bat, and a fine assortment of butterflies. (Another FONT tour took place in the Dominican Republic in April '07.) 

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The country of the Dominican Republic, on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, is truly an interesting place to bird. And that we did during our 14th tour there, April 1-8, 2006. What a great place it is to go to, and to experience, just a few hours by plane from home!

It's an interesting place for a number of reasons, but foremost among them is the diversity of habitats to be found on the island, Hispaniola is the 2nd largest island in the Caribbean, after Cuba. The Dominican Republic, occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island, is the second largest country in the Caribbean, after Cuba. In the 30,000 square miles of the Dominican Republic, there is a combination of highlands, lowlands, and highland valleys that have been divided into about 20 distinct geographical regions. It is one of the most ecologically diverse countries in the world.

In the Central Mountains (the Cordillera Central), there's the highest peak in all of the Caribbean, rising to 3,175 meters (about 10,000 feet), and frequently snow-capped.

On the other hand, the largest lake on the island (Lago Enriquillo) is about 115 meters (over 300 feet) below sea level. It was once a strait of the Caribbean Sea. It is now 3 times saltier than the sea. The lake is the home of various birds, such as Caribbean (Greater) Flamingos, and some other wildlife too, notably a population of American Crocodiles. In the lowland desert around the lake, in addition to a nice number of resident birds in the bushes and trees, there's a notable creature on the ground, the endangered Rhinoceros Iguana that's endemic to the desert habitat in that part of Hispaniola.

From the lake, as noted about 300 feet below sea-level, it's possible to drive a dirt road that ascends high into a mountain range called the Sierra de Bahoruco, a continuation of a Haitian range called Massif de la Selle. Those mountains average an elevation of 1,600 meters (4800 feet), but rise as high as 2,420 meters (7260 feet). Thus, along the lower part of the dirt road, one is surrounded by acacia and cactus, while in the higher mountains, one is in extensive forests of pine trees (Pinus occidentalis), in which crossbills live. There's another notable bird that nests there in rocky cliffs, at the high altitude of about 7,000 feet. It's a noisy denizen of the night, that flies in from the sea. The bird is the rare Black-capped Petrel, and in this mountain range of southwestern Hispaniola, it's believed that all of them nest.   

It's in the southwestern portion of the Dominican Republic, from the desert to the pine-clad mountains, and in between, and from the seacoast to the remote interior, that we did most of the birding during the tour.

Wonderful sights near the coast, at a shallow lake, included the pink Caribbean (or Greater) Flamingos, and the even-pinker Roseate Spoonbills, with flocks of White-cheeked Pintails. At salt pans by the sea, there were numbers of white-morph Reddish Egrets and Black-necked Stilts, and both Snowy and Wilson's Plovers together. On the floor of a dry forest, a Key West Quail-Dove walked by. High in the sky, during the day, Antillean Palm-Swifts and Caribbean Martins caught insects. In the evening sky, Antillean Nighthawks flew overhead, giving their katydid-like calls. A wonderful sound in the mountain forest was the long whistling note of the Rufous-throated Solitaire.

It's true, as already noted, that the Dominican Republic is a great place for birding due to the diversity of habitats. But there's another significant reason as to why the birding there is so interesting. It's the isolation that has occurred after many, many years of certain bird populations on one particular island in a group of islands. Resulting from this, there are a number of species and subspecies that are now endemic to Hispaniola. And, actually, there's even a bird family that's endemic to the island.

No, we didn't see the ghostly Black-capped Petrels on the misty mountaintop at night, but we did see many birds during our April '06 tour. Our total was 133 species. Of these, nearly 30 were endemic to Hispaniola. Additionally, we saw over 15 subspecies endemic to the island. All of these species and subspecies that we found are listed below:

An ENDEMIC SPECIES in an ENDEMIC FAMILY:

Palmchat

Other ENDEMIC SPECIES:

Hispaniolan Quail-Dove (formerly Gray-headed Quail-Dove when conspecific with Cuban population) 
Hispaniolan Conure (or Parakeet)
Hispaniolan Amazon (or Parrot)
Hispaniolan Lizard-Cuckoo
Bay-breasted Cuckoo
Ashy-faced Owl
Hispaniolan Nightjar (formerly Greater Antillean Nightjar when conspecific with Cuban population)
Least Poorwill (has been called Least Pauraque)
Hispaniolan Emerald (a hummingbird)
Hispaniolan Trogon
Narrow-billed Tody
Broad-billed Tody
Hispaniolan Piculet
Hispaniolan Woodpecker
Hispaniolan Pewee
Golden Swallow (now most likely an endemic species, as the subspecies in Jamaica has not been seen in years)
White-necked Crow (now an endemic species as the bird has been extirpated in Puerto Rico since 1963)
Hispaniolan Palm Crow (an endemic species if considered distinct from the population in Cuba)
LaSelle Thrush
Flat-billed Vireo
Ground Warbler
White-winged Warbler
Hispaniolan Spindalis (formerly part of the wider-ranging Stripe-headed Tanager)
Black-crowned Palm-Tanager
Gray-crowned Palm-Tanager (nearly endemic to Haiti)
(Western) Chat-Tanager
Hispaniolan Oriole (formerly part of the wider ranging Black-cowled Oriole)
Hispaniolan Crossbill (has been considered part of the White-winged Crossbill)

ENDEMIC SUBSPECIES:

American Kestrel
Limpkin (now an endemic subspecies as the bird has been extirpated in Puerto Rico)
Burrowing Owl (this is now the only subspecies remaining in the Caribbean; 2 others, in Antigua & Guadeloupe, have been extirpated)
Antillean Mango (a hummingbird)
Vervain Hummingbird 
Loggerhead Kingbird
Stolid Flycatcher
Greater Antillean Elaenia
Cave Swallow
Rufous-throated Solitaire
Golden Warbler (some might say that this endemic subspecies would be of the Yellow Warbler)
Pine Warbler
Bananaquit (1 of 41 subspecies throughout its extensive range)
Antillean Euphonia (at one time conspecific with the Blue-hooded Euphonia)
Greater Antillean Grackle
Greater Antillean Bullfinch
Rufous-collared Sparrow (the only subspecies in the West Indies of this wide-ranging species; occurs only high in the Central Mountains. There's another subspecies at sea-level on the Caribbean islands of Curacao & Aruba, closer to South America.)

Endemic subspecies of the Double-striped Thick-knee and the Stygian Owl are yet to be found during future tours. The endemic subspecies of the Northern Potoo was not found during our April '06 tour, although it has been during other FONT Dominican Republic tours.

A good number of the birds of Hispaniola are rare. The following are designated as such by Birdlife International in these categories:

CRITICAL:

Ridgway's Hawk (not found during the April '06 tour, but has been with FONT in the past)

ENDANGERED:

Black-capped Petrel
Bay-breasted Cuckoo
La Selle Thrush
Hispaniolan Crossbill

VULNERABLE:

West Indian Whistling-Duck
Plain Pigeon   
Hispaniolan (formerly Gray-headed) Quail-Dove
Hispaniolan Conure (or Parakeet)
Hispaniolan Amazon (or Parrot)
Golden Swallow
Bicknell's Thrush
Chat-Tanager
White-winged Warbler
White-necked Crow

NEAR-THREATENED:

Black Rail
Caribbean Coot
Least Poorwill
Hispaniolan Trogon
Gray-crowned Palm-Tanager
Hispaniolan Palm Crow
      
Some of the most explicit examples of isolated bird populations in the Dominican Republic are the Antillean Piculet, Hispaniolan Crossbill, Pine Warbler, and Rufous-collared Sparrow.

Piculets are mostly in South America, with one species ranging north into Central America. Not only is the Antillean Piculet isolated from the others, there's something particularly interesting about the species. As the Dominican Republic is one of the world's few places with amber, it was there that a notable find could be made of a fossil preserved in it. That fossil, with portions of feathers, was determined to be the oldest known fossil of Picidae (a woodpecker) in the New World. It was determined to be an Antillean Piculet or a very closely related form. The fossil is older than the lower Early Miocene Period. And that's way back. Studies have shown that other fossils, or bones, of Picidae elsewhere have placed them back to the Middle Miocene. The fossilized Piculet feather also represents the first pre-Pleistocene bird to be found in the West Indies. Put another way, that's before the Glacial Age.

Pleistocene times were about 85,000,000 years ago. The crossbill in Hispaniola goes back that far (to the Glacial Age). Since then it has been in the pine forests high in the mountains of Hispaniola. As to its discovery there, it's one of the bird species on the island that was first found in the 20th Century, in 1916. The closely related White-winged Crossbil is, of course, a bird of the northern forests in both the New and Old Worlds.

The subspecies of the Pine Warbler in the Dominican Republic is, like the crossbill, a resident of the Hispaniolan pines. It never leaves the island to occur where the species does otherwise in North America.

The Rufous-collared Sparrow is a species of mostly South America. In the northern part of its range, in Central America, it occurs only in the highlands. The isolated subspecies in the Dominican Republic only occurs at high elevations in the Central Mountains, favoring savannas in the pines. It's the only population in the West Indies.

Todies only occur in the West Indies. Those tiny little bright green jewels, a bit like hummingbirds, a bit like flycatchers, are most closely related to kingfishers. There are 5 species of todies, occurring endemically on 4 islands. Hispaniola is the only island with 2 species of todies. The Broad-billed Tody generally occurs up to 3,000 feet above sea level. The Narrow-billed Tody is generally at higher altitudes. At some places, the two live side by side. They do not interbreed.

Todies are small, but the Vervain Hummingbird is smaller. Closely related to the Bee Hummingbird of Cuba that's said to be the smallest bird in the world, the Vervain, also tiny, measures only 6 centimeters and weighs only 1.6 grams.

Some of the birds of the Dominican Republic have had, in years gone by, what might be called identity crises. In particular, the Flat-billed Vireo was discovered, "new to science", back in 1885, when it was called an empidonax flycatcher. It remained in the flycatcher group for years, but in a different genus. It was as alte as 1917 when it was first said to be a vireo. For a vireo, it has a peculiar bill (that's what caused the confusion). It's broad, depressed, and triangular. Vireos usually have a slightly decurved bill with a small notch.

Also with an identity crisis of sorts, the Greater Antillean Elaenia (a true flycatcher), was "discovered" twice. It was first described in the Dominican Republic in 1807, when it was given the scientific name Muscicapa albicapilla. Nothing was written about its habits, its form, or its family. So, in 1895, it was "discovered" again, said to be "new to science", and given the scientific name Elaenia cherri (named after the person who was thought at that time to have discovered the bird). It was as late as 1931 when the bird was studied scientifically and given the scientific name that it has today, Elaenia fallax. The first discovery in 1807 was apparently at a low elevation. Subsequently, after the lowland pine forests were completely destroyed, the bird has been found in higher countryside, mostly in areas with pines in the mountains, generally higher than 3,000 feet above sea level.             

It was noted earlier that the Hispaniolan Crossbill was first found in 1916. There are also other Hispaniolan birds that were discovered as recently as the 20th Century, including the Least Poorwill, La Selle's Thrush, and White-winged Warbler.

The Least Poorwill has for a while a scanty history, after the first specimen was collected in 1917. At that time, the small nightjar, that has also been called the Least Pauraque, was given the scientific name Microsiphonorhis brewsteri. The genus was changed in 1928 to Siphonorhis. From that year until 1969, there were very few, if any, reports of the bird, that's called locally "El Torico". The nice thing is that today this species of Siphonorhis can still be found. The only other member of the genus, Siphonorhis americana, the Jamaican Pauraque, is now believed to be extinct.

The shy La Selle's Thrush was discovered in mountains of southern Haiti, known as the Massif de la Selle, in 1927. It was not recorded elsewhere until 1971, when it was found to be in the Bahoruco Mountains in the southwest Dominican Republic. In 1986, it was determined that the La Selle's Thrush that had recently been found in the Central Mountains of the Dominican Republic was a different subspecies.

The White-winged Warbler was yet another Hispaniolan bird that was discovered in the 20th Century. When it was described in 1917, it was given the scientific name Microligea montana. It occurs high in the montanas (or mountains). In 1967, the bird became the single member of its genus, and the new name given to it at that time was Xenoligea montana.

And that's our review of some of the Hispaniolan birds that were seen during the FONT April '06 Dominican Republic tour, noting interesting items about them - among those that are endemic, those that are rare, those with a history, and those isolated on an island, with rough and varied terrain, in the Caribbean Sea.

In conclusion, here, though, mention must be made of another creature, a mammal, also endemic and rare, and with a history that goes way back as it lived in isolation on Hispaniola. The creature has an odd name. It's called a Solenodon. It has an odd appearance. It's about 18 to 23 inches long, with a long nose at one end and a long tail at the other. It moves with an odd gait. Recently it has been determined taht the animal makes ultrasonic vocalizations - twitters, chirps, and clicks. By day, it sleeps in small caves or hollow tree trunks. At night, it feeds on a variety of insects, worms, and other small vertebrates. We saw a Solenodon, during the April '06 tour, at night, as it passed by in the lit area in front of our vehicle. We were lucky to see it well, after we had just seen an Ashy-faced Owl nearby as it flew from a fencepost. Had we inadvertently saved a rare Solenodon?       

There are now two species of Solenodons. One is native to Hispaniola; the other to Cuba. In the Dominican Republic it is locally called a "jutia". But that's not to confuse it with the other indigenous Hispaniola mammal, the Hutia, which is smaller, about 30 centimeters in length, Like its larger cousin, the Solenodon, the Hutia spends its days in cavities, and emerges to hunt and eat only at night. There are still about a dozen species of Hutias in the Caribbean, mostly in Cuba, but also on some other islands. Many of these species are now critically endangered. There used to be about 15 other species of Hutias, and even some Giant-Hutias. They are now extinct, with most having become so in the 1600s.

Imagine waht it would have been like to visit Hispaniola back before the arrival of Columbus, back when there were Giant-Hutias, and when among the birds, there was an endemic macaw. As good as it is to visit now, as we did in April 2006, imagine what it would have been back in those days now gone.

Still, however, just a plane-ride away, it doesn't get much better, for a few dayswith birding that's darn good, in a place that is, for most of us, so naturally different.   

Again, in 2001, we had some very good birding during FONT tours in the Caribbean.

Just imagine - in the West Indies, sitting by a pool of water high in the pine-clad mountains of the Dominican Republic, and watching about a dozen Hispaniolan White-winged Crossbills drinking at the waters edge. And with them, some colorful Andean Siskins.

Also during the Dominican Republic tour there were birds such as tiny Vervain Hummingbirds, sitting and calling atop high perches, the rare (and rarely seen) La Selle's Thrush, and the unique Palmchat.

The Puerto Rico Birding Tour, the previous week, had memorable moments, as well. During that tour (the 23rd Puerto Rico tour for FONT), all but one of the island's endemic birds were found - from the skulky Elfin Woods Warbler to the sometimes boisterous Lizard-Cuckoo. Other birds found included Masked Duck, on a pond with White-cheeked Pintails, and a Key West Quail-Dove.

During the FONT Jamaica Birding Tour this year, all of the endemic birds were found, including the often-elusive Jamaican Blackbird, and the Crested Quail-Dove. The latter, known locally as the "Mountain Witch", was seen very well - on the ground just feet away from us.

During our tour on the Cayman Islands, all of the bird specialties sought were found - the parrot, warbler, vireos, and bullfinch. And more from 2 to 3 hundred "rare" West Indian Whistling-Ducks. 

West Indian Whistling-Ducks,
many places can be hard to see, but not here at this pool on the Cayman Islands.
(Photo during FONT Feb. 2001 tour by Susan D'Amico)

Also seen during the FONT 2001 Cayman Islands Tour was a lone duck (actually a drake) certainly rare (more aptly, unheard of) in the Caribbean a male Baikal Teal, among many (hundreds of) Blue-winged Teal. With the Baikal behaving just as were the Blue-winged. 

Male Baikal Teal (right) with male & female Blue-winged Teals
thru a telescope during FONT birding tour
on Little Cayman Island in the Caribbean, Feb. 24, 2001.
(Photo courtesy of Susan D'Amico.)