A List and Photo Gallery of Hummingbirds compiled by Armas Hill Part 2

PO Box 9021, Wilmington, DE 19809, USA
E-mail: font@focusonnature.com
Phone: Toll-free in USA 1-888-721-3555
or 302/529-1876

Website: www.focusonnature.com

A List and Photo Gallery
of
Hummingbirds

compiled by Armas Hill
noting those found during
Focus On Nature Tours
throughout the Americas

Part 2 of a List and Photo Gallery

With some photos courtesy of our tour participants and others.
Our thanks to those who have contributed!

Link to Part 1 of this List & Photo Gallery of Hummingbirds

And Even More Hummingbird Photos during the Fall of 2012

Above & below: A Sword-billed Hummingbird at a feeder
during the April 2013 Ecuador Tour
(photos by Marie Gardner)

HERE IN THIS PART 2 OF THIS LIST

LINKS TO THESE HUMMINGBIRD GROUPINGS:

Amazila: HUMMINGBIRDS & EMERALDS

AMAZILA includes: Amazilia Hummingbird, Cinnamon Hummingbird,
Rufous-tailed Hummingbird, Escudo Hummingbird, Buff-bellied Hummingbird,
White-bellied Hummingbird, Green-and-white Hummingbird,
Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird, Plain-bellied Emerald,
Versicolored Emerald, Blue-green Emerald, White-chested Emerald,
Andean Emerald, White-bellied Emerald, Azure-crowned Hummingbird,
Violet-crowned Hummingbird, Green-fronted Hummingbird,
Glittering-throated Emerald, Sapphire-spangled Emerald,
Blue-chested Hummingbird, Beryl-crowned Hummingbird,
Purple-chested Hummingbird, Mangrove Hummingbird, Honduran Emerald,
Steely-vented Hummingbird, Indigo-capped Hummingbird,
Snowy-breasted Hummingbird, Blue-tailed Hummingbird,
Berylline Hummingbird, Green-bellied Hummingbird,
Copper-tailed Hummingbird, Copper-rumpted Hummingbird

Microchera: SNOWCAP

Anthocephala: BLOSSOMCROWN

Chalybura: PLUMELETEERS

includes White-vented Plumeleteer, Ecuadorian Plumeleteer,
Bronze-tailed (formerly Red-footed) Plumeleteer

Lampornis: MOUNTAIN-GEMS

LAMPORNIS includes Blue-throated Hummingbird

Basilinna: WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD

BASILINNA also includes the Xantu's Hummingbird

Lamprolaima: GARNET-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD

Adelomyia: SPECKLED HUMMINGBIRD

Phlogophilus: PIEDTAILS

Clytolaema: BRAZILIAN RUBY

Heliodoxa: BRILLIANTS & JEWELFRONT

Eugenes: MAGNIFICENT HUMMINGBIRD

Hylonympha: SCISSOR-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD

Sternoclypta: VIOLET-CHESTED HUMMINGBIRD

Boissonneaua: CORONETS

Aglaeactis: SUNBEAMS

Urochroa, Oreotrochilus: HILLSTARS

Lafresnaya: VELVETBREAST

Coeligena: INCAS, STARFRONTLETS

Ensiferma: SWORD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD

Pterophanes: SAPPHIREWING

Patagona: GIANT HUMMINGBIRD

Dephanoides: FIRECROWNS

Heliangelus: SUNANGELS

Eriocnemis, Haplophaedia: PUFFLEGS

Urosticte: WHITETIPS

Ocreatus: RACKET-TAIL

Lesbia: TRAINBEARERS

Sappho, Polyonymus, Taphrolesbia: COMETS

Ramphomicron, Chalcostigma: THORNBILLS

Oreonympha: MOUNTAINEER

Oxypogon: HELMETCRESTS

Metallura: METALTAILS

Opisthoproba: AVOCETBILL

Aglaiocercus: SYLPHS

Augastes: VISORBEARERS

Schistes: WEDGE-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD

Heliothryx: FAIRIES

Heliactin: HORNED SUNGEM

Loddigesia: MARVELOUS SPATULETAIL

Heliomaster: STARTHROATS

Rhodopis: OASIS HUMMINGBIRD

Thaumastura, Doricha, Calothorax: SHEARTAILS

CALOTHORAX includes Lucifer Hummingbird

Tilmatura, Calliphlox, Microstilbon, Myrtis,
Myrmia, Eulida, Chaetocercus: WOODSTARS

TILMATURA includes Sparkling-tailed Woodstar

CALLIPHLOX includes Amethyst Woodstar, Bahama Woodstar,
Inaguan Lyretail, Magenta-throated Woodstar, Purple-throated Woodstar

MICROSTILBON includes Slender-tailed Woodstar

MYRTIS includes Purple-collared Woodstar

MYRMIA includes Short-tailed Woodstar

EULIDA includes Chilean Woodstar

CHAETOCERCUS includes White-bellied Woodstar, Little Woodstar,
Gorgeted Woodstar, Esmerladas Woodstar,
Rufous-shafted Woodstar, Santa Maria Woodstar

Mellisuga: VERVAIN and BEE HUMMINGBIRDS

Archilochus, Calypte, Atthis,
Selasphorus: HUMMINGBIRDS

ARCHILOCHUS includes Ruby-throated Hummingbird
and Black-chinned Hummignbird.

CALYPTE includes Anna's Hummingbird, Costa's Hummingbird

SELASPHORUS includes Broad-tailed Hummingbird,
Rufous Hummingbird, Allen's hummingbird, Calliope Hummingbird,
and Volcano Hummingbird, Scintillant Hummingbird

MORE HUMMINGBIRD GROUPINGS
IN PART 1 OF THIS LIST

In the two photos above, Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (upper)
and Black-chinned Hummingbirds (lower)
In photos below, a Blue-tufted Starthroat,
photographed during a FONT tour in Brazil,
and a male Black-chinned Hummingbird,
1 of 14 species of hummingbirds
seen during FONT tours in Arizona.
(Starthroat photo by Andy Smith,
Black-chinned photo by Howard Eskin)

Other Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours
WITH HUMMINGBIRDS, in:

ARIZONA, USA

CENTRAL aMERICA
(mexico, BELIZE. guatemala,
costa rica, panamA)

THE WEST INDIES

SOUTH AMERICA (BRAZIL & ECUADOR)

SOUTH AMERICA (ARGENTINA & CHILE)

LISTS & PHOTO GALLERIES OF BIRDS IN:

North America Mexico the Caribbean

Central America Brazil Chile Ecuador

FOR MORE ABOUT PLANTS REFERRED TO HERE,
THE LINK BELOW GOES TO LISTS AND PHOTO GALLERIES
WITH PLANTS OF THE DESERT, AND THE TROPICS

Desert Plants of Mexico & the Southwest US

Tropical Plants of Mexico, Central America, South America,
and Caribbean Islands

Plant Genera in this FONT Website

HERE'S A LINK TO CHAD KREMP'S WEBSITE
RELATING TO FLOWERS THAT ATTRACT HUMMINGBIRDS:

www.kremp.com/using-flowers-to-attract-hummingbirds.htm

A List and Photo Gallery of Hummingbirds

compiled by Armas Hill

Codes:

Places where Hummingbirds
have been seen during FONT Tours
are noted by an (*)
after the two-letter code.:

AK:   Alaska, US
AR:   Argentina, South America
AZ:   Arizona, US
BL:   Bolivia, South America
BR:   Brazil, South America
BZ:   Belize, Central America
CA:   California, US
CH:   Chile, South America
CO:   Colorado, US
CR:   Costa Rica, Central America
DE:   Delaware, US
DM:   Dominica, West Indies
DR:   Dominican Republic, West Indies
EC:   Ecuador, South America
FL:   Florida, US
GU: Guatemala, Central America
HN:   Honduras, Central America
JM:   Jamaica, West Indies
MX:   Mexico
NC:   North Carolina, US
NM: New Mexico, US
PG:   Paraguay, South America
PN:   Panama, Central America
PR:   Puerto Rico, West Indies
SL:   Saint Lucia, West Indies
SV:   Saint Vincent, West Indies
TX:   Texas, US
UG:   Uruguay, South America
VE:   Venezuela, South America

Status of Hummingbirds, as designated by
Birdlife International:

     (t): a globally threatened, or rare, species
     (t1): critical
     (t2): endangered
     (t3): vulnerable
(nt): a near-threatened species globally
(nt-dd): possibly near-threatened, but data deficient

John Gould, who lived from 1804 to 1881, described many species and subspecies of hummingbirds. He was one of the most prolific artists and publishers of ornithological subjects. Nearly 3,000 lithographs were created during the span of his work.
In this two-part list, species and subspecies of hummingbirds described by Gould are noted, and there are illustrations of some of his lithographs, of the Band-tailed Barbthroat, Sombre Hummingbird, White-tailed Emerald, Brazilian Ruby, and Black-eared Fairy.

In 2014, a fine new book was published, entitled "Hummingbirds, a Life-sized Guide to Every Species" by Michael Fogden, Marianne Taylor, and Sheri Williamson.
Some information has been incorporated here from that book which is highly recommended.

          AMAZILIA

Amazilia Hummingbird ______ EC(*) PE
Amazilia amazilia

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia amazilia amazilia ______ subspecies in western Peru
Amazilia amazilia caeruleigularis ______ subspecies in southwestern Peru
With a purple throat patch
Amazilia amazilia dumerilii ______ subspecies in northern Peru and in Ecuador in the western lowlands
Smaller than the nominate and with a white throat patch.
Amazilia amazilia leucophoea ______ subspecies in northwestern Peru
Smaller than the nominate and with a white throat patch, but with bronzy-green instead of reddish underparts

What has been until recently an unnamed subspecies of Amazilia amazilia has been found in Ecuador in southern Azuay (and is in the photograph below, under "Loja Hummingbird").

The Amazilia Hummingbird feeds on nectar from a variety of flowering plants, among them those in Erythrina and Psittacanthus.

(the photo below of Amazilia amazilia dumerilii by Marie Gardner, along coastal Ecuador, during the FONT tour there in May 2014)
"Loja Hummingbird" ______ EC(*) (originally described by Gould in 1860)
Amazilia (amazilia) alticola
Amazilia (amazilia) azuay

The Loja Hummingbird has been considered as part of the Amazilia Hummingbird (above), and by most authorities it still is.

What has until recently been considered an undescribed subspecies (noted below) compounds the story.
Now, that subspecies is Amazilia (amazilia) azuay, with a whiter belly that other subspecies of the Amazilia (including the Loja) Hummingbird.

The geographic range of the "Loja Hummingbird", Amazilia (amazilia) alticola, is in southern Ecuador.
It has a mostly rufous tail, although the central pair of rectrices are bronzy green above, sometimes making the tail, when viewed from above, appear green.

The bird in the photograph below is what was said in "The Birds of Ecuador" by Robert Ridgely and Paul Greenfield to be an undescribed race in the southern Azuay province,
Now it is Amazilia (amazilia) azuay.
It is with mainly white underparts, and with rufous confined to limited amount on the flanks.
It differs from the Amazilia Hummingbird, Amazilia amazilia, and the Loja Hummingbird, Amazilia (amazilia) alticola, by is having upper tail coverts mostly rufous, and seemingly having a less extensive reddish pink bill coloration.
The bird in the photo below was one of a few seen at the same site during the FONT Tour in southern Ecuador in April 2014.

(photo below, of Amazilia (amazilia) azuay, by Marie Gardner)
Cinnamon Hummingbird ______ BZ(*) CR(*) GU(*) HN(*) MX(*)
Amazilia rutila

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia rutila corallirostris ______ subspecies from southern Mexico to Costa Rica
Amazilia rutila diluta ______ subspecies in northwest Mexico
Amazilia rutila graysoni ______ subspecies on the Tres Marias Islands in western Mexico
Amazilia rutila rutila ______ subspecies in western Mexico

The Cinnamon Hummingbird feeds on nectar from a variety of trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes, cacti, thistles, and mistletoes (in Psittacanthus).

(photo below by Marie Grenouillet)

The Cinnamon Hummingbird ranges in lowlands from Sinaloa and the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico south to Costa Rica. In the United States, it has occurred at Patagonia, Arizona July 21 to 23, 1992, and at Santa Teresa in New Mexico from September 18 to 21, 1993.
Rufous-tailed Hummingbird ______ BZ(*) CL CR(*) EC(*) GU(*) HN(*) MX(*) PN(*) VE(*)
Amazilia tzacatl

Another name for Amazilia tzacati has been the Reiffer's Hummingbird.

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia tzacati brehmi ______ subspecies in southwestern Colombia, in Narino, described in 1999
Amazilia tzacati fuscicaaudata ______ subspecies in northern Colombia and western Venezuela
Amazilia tzacati handleyi ______ subspecies in northwest Panama on the island Escudo de Veraguas, described in 1963
Amazilia tzacati jucunda ______ subspecies in western Colombia and western Ecuador
Amazilia tzacati tzacati ______ subspecies from Mexico to Panama

In Ecuador, the Rufous-tailed Hummingbird occurs mostly below 4,500 feet above sea level. Locally, or possibly seasonally, it can be as high as 7,500 feet above sea level.

(first two photos below, of Rufous-tailed Hummingbirds in Central America)

(Below, a Rufous-tailed Hummingbird photographed during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013,
the subspecies Amazilia tzacati jucunda,
photo by Marie Gardner)
Escudo Hummingbird (t3) ______ PN
Amazilia handleyi

Amazilia handleyi has a very small range. It is endemic to Isla Escudo de Veraguas in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Bocas del Toro, in Panama.
It was observed occasionally in March 1958, and 5 specimens were collected during 5 days in March 1962. More recent surveys have found the species to be common, but in an extremely small range.
Buff-bellied Hummingbird ______ BL GU(*) MX(*) TX(*)
Amazilia yucatanensis

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia yucatanensis cerviniventis ______ subspecies in eastern Mexico, described by Gould in 1856
Amazilia yucatanensis chalconota ______ subspecies in northeastern Mexico and southern Texas
Amazilia yucatanensis yucatanensis ______ subspecies in southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, northern Belize

In the United States, the Buff-bellied Hummingbird breeds in south Texas. After nesting, a small number move northward & eastward along the US Gulf Coast. Some winter eastward to Florida, occurring there from October to March. The few winter US records away from the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico include those in central Texas and more rarely in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama.
White-bellied Hummingbird ______ AR(*) BL BR PE
Amazilia chionogaster

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia chionogaster chionogaster ______ subspecies in northern and central Peru
Amazilia chionogaster hypoleuca ______ subspecies from southeast Peru to northwest Argentina

The White-bellied Hummingbird is a South American species, not be confused with a bird in Central America, the White-bellied Emerald, Amazilia candida.
Green-and-white Hummingbird ______ PE
Amazilia viridicauda

The geographical range of the Green-and-white Hummingbird is central Peru.
Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird (t1) ______ CL (species described by Gould in 1856)
Amazilia castaneiventris

The known geographic range of Amazilia castaneiventris is extremely small, in the eastern Andes in Colombia.
Plain-bellied Emerald ______ BR VE
Amazilia leucogaster

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia leucogaster bahiae ______ subspecies in eastern Brazil
Amazilia leucogaster leucogaster ______ subspecies in eastern Venezuela, the Guianas, northeastern Brazil
Versicolored Emerald ______ AR(*) BL BR(*) CL PE PG VE(*)
Amazilia versicolor

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia versicolor hollandi ______ subspecies in southeastern Venezuela
Amazilia versicolor kubtchecki ______ subspecies in southwestern Brazil, northeastern Bolivia, eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina
Amazilia versicolor millerii ______ subspecies in eastern Colombia, eastern Peru, and northern Brazil
Amazilia versicolor nitidifrons ______ subspecies in northeastern Brazil, described by Gould in 1860
Amazilia versicolor versicolor ______ subspecies in southeastern Brazil

It is the concensus of most that what was described as a new species in 1982, Amazila rondiniae, the Rondonia Emerald, be best treated as a form (or subspecies) of the Versicolored Emerald, Amazilia versicolor.
Blue-green Emerald ______ BL BR (species described by Ruschi in 1982)
Amazilia rondoniae

The geographic range of the Blue-green Emerald is west-central Brazil and northern Bolivia.
White-chested Emerald ______ BR TT VE(*)
Amazilia brevirostris

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia brevirostris brevirostris ______ subspecies in eastern Venezuela and Guyana to north-central Brazil
Amazilia brevirostris chionopectus ______ subspecies in Trinidad, described by Gould in 1859
Amazilia brevirostris orienticola ______ subspecies in coastal French Guiana
Andean Emerald ______ CL EC(*) PE
Amazilia (or Agyrtria) franciae

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia franciae viridiceps ______ in Ecuador, subspecies in the west, nearly endemic to Ecuador
Amazilia franciae franciae ______ in northwest and central Colombia
Amazilia franciae cyanocollis ______ in Ecuador, in the southeast - only recently found in Ecuador, first in 1989 and 1992; known previously only in northern Peru, described by Gould in 1854
In A. f. cyanocollis the purple-blue of the cap extends down the back of the head.
Amazilia franciae viridiceps ______ subspecies in southwest Colombia and western Ecuador; nearly endemic to Ecuador, described by Gould in 1860
A. f. viridiceps has a shorter tail and green cap.

The medium-length bill of the adult male Andean Emerald has a black upper mandible and a black-tipped pink lower mandible.

The Andean Emerald is a trapliner, feeding mostly at mid to high levels, on the nectar of a variety of plants including Musa (banana), Canna, Psammisia, and Eugenia. It also catches small insects.

The Andean Emerald is most common at above 3,000 feet above sea level.
In western Ecuador, it is at mostly below 4,200 feet, while in eastern Ecuador from 2,700 to 4,800 feet above sea level.

(upper photo below, by Marie Gardner, during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013,
lower photo below, in Ecuador, by Larry O'Mealie)
White-bellied Emerald ______ BZ(*) GU(*) HN(*) MX(*)
Amazilia candida

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia candida candida ______ subspecies from southern Mexico (Chiapas) to Nicaragua
Amazilia candida genini ______ subspecies in eastern and southern Mexico
Amazilia candida pacifica ______ subspecies in southeastern Mexico (the Yucatan Peninsula) and nearby Guatemala
Azure-crowned Hummingbird ______ GU(*) HN(*) (has been called Red-billed Azurecrown)
Amazilia cyanocephala

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia cyanocephala chlorostephana ______ subspecies from eastern Honduras to northeastern Nicaragua
Amazilia cyanocephala cyanocephala ______ subspecies from Mexico to north-central Nicaragua
Violet-crowned Hummingbird ______ AZ(*) MX (species described by Gould in 1859)
Amazilia violiceps

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia violiceps ellioti ______ subspecies from the southwest USA to northwest and central Mexico
Amazilia violiceps violiceps ______ subspecies in southwest Mexico

(photos below, taken during FONT tours in Arizona,
at a nest and at a feeder.
lower photo by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in August 2010)

The Violet-crowned Hummingbird is nearly a Mexican endemic, but its northern breeding range does extend into southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. In southeast Arizona, breeding is in the areas of the Sonoita Creek and the Huachuca & Chiricahua Mountains. A few individuals spend the winter near feeders in southeast Arizona. But mostly the species moves into Arizona and New Mexico in June.
It occurs as a vagrant in central Arizona (August, October), in California (July to December, and March & May), and in west Texas (March, July, December), southern Texas (May, October), and the upper Texas Gulf Coast (March).
Green-fronted Hummingbird ______ MX
Amazilia viridifrons

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia viridifrons viridifrons ______ subspecies in southern Mexico in Guerrero
Amazilia viridifrons wagneri ______ subspecies in southern Mexico in Oaxaca and Chiapas
Glittering-throated Emerald ______ BL BR(*) CL EC(*) PE PG(*) VE(*)
Amazilia (or Polyerata) fimbriata

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia fimbriata apicalis ______ subspecies in eastern Colombia, described by Gould in 1861
Amazilia fimbriata elegantissima ______ subspecies in northeastern Colombia and northwestern and northern Venezuela
Amazilia fimbriata fimbriata ______ subspecies in northeastern Venezuela, the Guianas, northern Brazil
Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilus ______ subspecies in southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, described by Gould in 1861
Amazilia fimbriata laeta ______ subspecies in northeastern Peru
Amazilia fimbriata nigricauda ______ subspecies from central Brazil to eastern Bolivia
Amazilia fimbriata tephrocephala ______ subspecies from southeastern Brazil to eastern Paraguay

In Ecuador, the Glittering-throated Emerald occurs up to 3,600 feet above sea level.

(photo below by Marie Gardner, during the FONT tour in southern Ecuador in April 2014)
Sapphire-spangled Emerald ______ BL BR(*) PE VE
Amazilia (or Polyerata) lactea

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia lactea bartletti ______ subspecies in eastern and southeastern Peru, and northern Bolivia, described by Gould in 1866
Amazilia lactea lactea ______ subspecies in central and southern Brazil
Amazilia lactea zimmeri ______ subspecies in southeastern Venezuela, described in 1941

There has been said to be one sighting of a Sapphire-spangled Emerald in eastern Ecuador.
Blue-chested Hummingbird ______ CR(*) EC(*) PN(*) (species described by Gould in 1853)
Amazilia (or Polyerata) amabilis

The geographic range of the Blue-chested Hummingbird is from Nicaragua to Ecuador.

In Ecuador, the Blue-chested Hummingbird occurs mostly below 900 feet above sea level.
Beryl-crowned Hummingbird ______ CR(*) PN(*) (has been considered part of the Blue-chested Hummingbird)
Amazilia decora

Another name for Amazilia decora is the Charming Hummingbird.

The geographic range of the Beryl-crowned Hummingbird is in southwestern Costa Rica and eastern Panama, on the Pacific slope.
Purple-chested Hummingbird ______ CL EC
Amazilia rosenbergi

The geographic range of the Purple-chested Hummingbird is western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

In Ecuador, the Purple-chested Hummingbird occurs mostly below 1,800 feet above se level.
Mangrove Hummingbird (t2) ______ CR(*)
Amazilia boucardi

The geographic range of the Mangrove Hummingbird is western Costa Rica.
It is 1 of only 4 species endemic to Costa Rica.
Honduran Emerald (t1) ______ HN
Amazilia luciae

The Honduran Emerald is endemic to Honduras. It is the only species endemic to Honduras.
Steely-vented Hummingbird ______ CL CR(*) VE(*)
Amazilia saucerrottei

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia saucerrottei braccta ______ subspecies in the Andes in Merida, Venezuela
Amazilia saucerrottei hoffmanni ______ subspecies from southwest Nicaragua to central Costa Rica
Amazilia saucerrottei saucerrottei ______ subspecies on Andean slopes and valleys in northwest Colombia
Amazilia saucerrottei warscewiczi ______ subspecies in northern and central Colombia
Indigo-capped Hummingbird ______ CL
Amazilia cyanifrons

The geographic range of the Indigo-capped Hummingbird is northern and central Colombia.
Snowy-breasted Hummingbird ______ CR(*) PN(*) (also called Snowy-bellied Hummingbird)
Amazilia edward

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia edward collata ______ subspecies in east-central Panama, described in 1952
Amazilia edward edward ______ subspecies in west-central Panama
Amazilia edward margaritarum ______ subspecies in eastern Panama and on offshore islands in the Gulf of Panama
Amazilia edward niveoventer ______ subspecies in southwestern Costa Rica and western and central Panama and Coiba Island, described by Gould in 1851

(photo below, by Marie Grenouillet)
Blue-tailed Hummingbird ______ CR GU(*) HN MX (species described by Gould in 1859)
Amazilia cyanura

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia cyanura cyanura ______ subspecies in southern Honduras and northern Nicaragua
Amazilia cyanura guatemalae ______ subspecies in southern Mexico and Guatemala
A. c. guatemalae differs from the nominate by having a dark and more violet rump
Amazilia cyanura impatiens ______ subspecies in northwest and central Costa Rica
A. c. impatiens has a more extensive chestnut wing patch

The two more northerly subspecies are quite common over most of their range. But A. c. impatiens has not been reliably observed in its small known range since the 1950s and may be extinct.

The Blue-tailed Hummingbird is found mainly at altitudes of 3,300 feet or lower, but the subspecies A. c. guatemalae ranges to higher altitudes.

The Blue-tailed Hummingbird is especially fond of Inga flowers, and it is an agile flycatcher.
Berylline Hummingbird ______ AZ(*) GU(*) HN(*) MX(*)
Amazilia beryllina

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia beryllina beryllina ______ subspecies in central Mexico
A. b. beryllina has a green lower back.
Amazilia beryllina devillei ______ subspecies from southern Guatemala to central Honduras
A. b. devillei has a rich chestnut-copper color in the back and rump..
Amazilia beryllina lichtensteini ______ subspecies in southern Mexico, in western Chiapas, described in 1950
In A. b. lichtensteini, the green areas are paler.
Amazilia beryllina sumichrasti ______ subspecies in southern Mexico, in central and southern Chiapas
A. b. sumichrasti has a violet tinge to the rump and tail.
Amazilia beryllina viola ______ subspecies in northwestern and western Mexico
A. b. viola has a gray tinge to the back and rump. In the far north of its range, the Berylline Hummingbird, A. b. viola, is migratory.

The Berylline Hummingbird is, as noted above, a mostly northern Central American species, in Mexico and south to Honduras.
In the United States, it is a very rare summer visitor in the mountains of southeast Arizona, where it has rarely bred. It also occurs rarely in southwestern New Mexico (in the Guadalupe Canyon) and in west Texas (in the Big Bend National Park & in the Davis Mountains).
Green-bellied Hummingbird ______ BR CL VE
Amazilia viridigaster

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia viridigaster iodura ______ subspecies in northeastern Colombia, western Venezuela, and far-northern Brazil
Amazilia viridigaster viridigaster ______ subspecies in north-central Colombia
Copper-tailed Hummingbird ______ BR VE
Amazilia cupreicauda

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia cupreicauda cupreicauda ______ subspecies in eastern Venezuela, Guyana, northern Brazil
Amazilia cupreicauda duidae ______ subspecies in southern and central Venezuela
Amazilia cupreicauda laireti ______ (subspecies in far-southern Venezuela) (subspecies described in 1988)
Amazilia cupreicauda pacaraimae ______ (subspecies in southeast Venezuela in Urutani) (subspecies described in 2000)
Copper-rumped Hummingbird ______ VE(*)
Amazilia tobaci

SUBSPECIES:
Amazilia tobaci aliciae ______ subspecies in northeast Venezuela, and Margarita Is.
Amazilia tobaci caudata ______ subspecies in northeast Venezuela, subspecies described in 1949
Amazilia tobaci caurensis ______ subspecies in eastern and southeastern Venezuela
Amazilia tobaci erythronotos ______ subspecies on Trinidad
Amazilia tobaci feliciae ______ subspecies in north-central Venezuela
Amazilia tobaci monticola ______ subspecies in northwest Venezuela
Amazilia tobaci tobaci ______ subspecies on Tobago

(two photos below, by Leroy Tabb, of Amazilia tobaci erythronotos)

MICROCHERA
Snowcap ______ CR(*)
Microchera albocoronata

SUBSPECIES:
Microchera albocoronata albocoronata ______ subspecies in west-central Panama, on both slope
Microchera albocoronata parvirostris ______ subspecies from southern Honduras to far-west Panama, on the Caribbean slope
The male of M. a. parvirostris has a red rather than black underside.

The Snowcap is a tiny hummingbird, 2.5 inches in length. The male is one of the most distinctive and beautiful of all hummingbirds. Its plumage is a deep vivid reddish purple above, with a black or red underside. It has black wings, but contrastingly the adult male has a pure white cap, hence the bird's name, Snowcap.

The Snowcap feeds on various small flowers, usually traplining.

Males sing at communal leks, up to 6 birds. After mating the female constructs a tiny cup nest from tree-fern scales.

During FONT tours in Costa Rica, we've truly enjoyed seeing the Snowcap.

(photo below of an adult male Snowcap, by Larry O''Meallie)

ANTHOCEPHALA
Blossomcrown (t3) ______ (species described by Gould in 1854)
Anthocephala floriceps

SUBSPECIES:
Anthocephala floriceps berlepschi ______ (subspecies in central Colombia)
Anthocephala floriceps floriceps ______ (subspecies in northeastern Colombia)

CHALYBURA
White-vented Plumeleteer ______ PN(*) VE(*)
Chalybura buffonii

SUBSPECIES:
Chalybura buffonii aeneicauda ______ subspecies in northern Colombia and western and north-central Venezuela
Chalybura buffonii buffonii ______ subspecies in central and northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
Chalybura buffonii caeruleogaster ______ subspecies in northern and central Colombia, described by Gould in 1847
Chalybura buffonii micans ______ subspecies central and eastern Panama and western Colombia
Ecuadorian Plumeleteer (ph) ______ EC(*)
Chalybura intermedia

The geographic range of Chalybura intermedia is widely disjunct from that of Chalybura buffonii, the White-vented Plumeleteer (above).
Chalybura intermedia also has a different elevational range. It is not found in the tropical zone as is Chalybura buffonii.
As to plumage differences, Chalybura intermedia has a reddish lower mandible and pinkish-gray feet, while both are black in Chalybura buffonii.

Chalybura intermedia is nearly endemic to southwest Ecuador. It has recently been found in adjacent Tumbes, Peru.

Based on the large number of specimens taken in the 19th and early 20th Century, and the relative scarceness of recent sightings, it seems that Chalybura intermedia has declined substantially.

The Ecuadorian Plumeleteer occurs mostly from 1,500 to 5,250 feet above sea level.

Ecuadorian Plumeleteer
(photo by Larry O'Mealie)
Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer ______ CR(*) EC PN(*) (has been called Red-footed Plumeleteer)
Chalybura urochrysia

SUBSPECIES:
Chalybura urochrysia isaurae ______ subspecies in eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia, described by Gould in 1861
Chalybura urochrysia melanorrhoa ______ subspecies in Nicaragua and Costa Rica
Chalybura urochrysia urochrysia ______ subspecies in southeastern Panama, north-central and western Colombia, northwestern Ecuador, described by Gould in 1861

In Ecuador (where it is only in the far-northwest), the Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer occurs up 2,400 feet above sea level.

LAMPORNIS
Blue-throated Hummingbird (or Mountaingem) ______ AZ(*) CR(*) MX(*)
Lampornis clemenciae

SUBSPECIES:
Lampornis clemenciae bessophilus ______ (subspecies in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico)
Lampornis clemenciae clemenciae ______ (subspecies in the southern US, and northeastern, southern, and central Mexico)
Lampornis clemenciae phasmorus ______ (subspecies in Texas, in the Chisos Mountains) (subspecies described in 1974)

(photo below)

North of Mexico, the Blue-throated Hummingbird, or Blue-throated Mountaingem, is primarily a "sky island" mountain species in western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. It has occurred as a a vagrant to central Arizona, central New Mexico, Colorado (July to August), and in parts of Texas (mostly in the fall): the Edwards Plateau, the Gulf Coast, the lower Rio Grande Valley, and the Panhandle. Vagrants have also been in: California (in the summer), Louisiana (during fall & spring), North Dakota (in June), South Carolina (in August), and in Utah (in August).
White-bellied Mountaingem ______ CR(*)
Lampornis hemileucus

The geographic range of the White-bellied Mountaingem is from north-central Costa Rica to western Panama.
Purple-throated Mountaingem ______ CR(*)
Lampornis calolaemus

SUBSPECIES:
Lampornis calolaemus calolaemus ______ (subspecies in central Costa Rica)
Lampornis calolaemus homogenes ______ (subspecies in southern Costa Rica & western Panama) (subspecies described in 1967)
Lampornis calolaemus pectoralis ______ (subspecies from southern Nicaragua to north-central Costa Rica)
Gray-tailed Mountaingem ______ CR(*)
Lampornis cinereicauda

The geographic range of the Gray-tailed Mountaingem is in southern Costa Rica. It is 1 of 4 bird species endemic to the country, and 1 of 3 species of hummingbirds that are endemic.

(photo below, courtesy of Ruben Campos)
White-throated Mountaingem ______ PN(*) (said to be conspecific with the Gray-tailed Mountaingem, Lampornis cinereicauda) (species described by Gould in 1851)
Lampornis castaneoventris

The geographic range of the White-throated Mountaingem is in western Panama.
Green-throated Mountaingem ______ GU(*) HN(*)
Lampornis viridipallens

SUBSPECIES:
Lampornis viridipallens amadoni ______ (subspecies in southern Mexico) (subspecies described in1968)
Lampornis viridipallens nubivagus ______ (subspecies in El Salvador)
Lampornis viridipallens ovandensis ______ (subspecies in southern Mexico, northwestern Guatemala)
Lampornis viridipallens viridipallens ______ (subspecies in Guatemala, northern El Salvador, western Honduras)
Green-breasted Mountaingem ______
Lampornis sybillae

The geographic range of the Green-breasted Mountaingem is in eastern Honduras and north-central Nicaragua.
Amethyst-throated Hummingbird ______ GU(*) MX(*)
Lampornis amethystinus

SUBSPECIES:
Lampornis amethystinus amethystinus ______ (subspecies in western, central, & eastern Mexico)
Lampornis amethystinus circumventris ______ (subspecies in southern Mexico) (subspecies described in 1966)
Lampornis amethystinus margaritae ______ (subspecies in southwestern Mexico)
Lampornis amethystinus nobilis ______ (subspecies in Honduras)
Lampornis amethystinus salvini ______ (subspecies in southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador)

BASILINNA
White-eared Hummingbird ______ AZ(*) GU(*) HN(*) MX(*)
Basilinna leucotis

SUBSPECIES:
Basilinna leucotis borealis ______ (subspecies in northern Mexico & into southeastern Arizona)
Basilinna leucotis leucotis ______ (subspecies in central & southern Mexico and Guatemala)
Basilinna leucotis pygmaea ______ (subspecies in El Salvador, Honduras, El Salvador)

(photo below, taken during a FONT tour)

North of Mexico and northern Central America, the White-eared Hummingbird occurs mostly in southeastern Arizona, in the Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains. It has bred in southern Arizona. Generally it arrives in Arizona in mid-April to May, and departs August to October.
It also occurs as rarity, from June to October, in southwestern & north-central New Mexico, and in western & central Texas, including in the Davis, Guadeloupe, and Chisos Mountains. Most records north & east of the breeding range are from late-June to August. There is evidence of some post-breeding movement.
A female that wintered in coastal Mississippi, from November 1995 to January 1996, was extraordinary.
Xantu's Hummingbird ______ British Colombia, Canada(*)
Basilinna xantusii

The geographic range of the Xantu's Hummingbird is normally in southern Baja California, Mexico. The bird referred to below was an unprecedented vagrant, for whatever reason.

In southern Baja California, the normal range of the Xantu's Hummingbird, it is generally sedentary, or at most a short-distance migrant. However, it has occurred as a vagrant in southern California in the US, and oddly, as noted here, in southwestern British Columbia, Canada.

In California, a male was found, not near a feeder, in eastern San Diego County in December 1986.The following year, a female was present from January to March in a yard in Ventura, California, where she nested unsuccessfully.

In British Columbia, a female took up residence at a feeder in Gibsons from November 1997 to September 1998. There has not been a satisfactory explanation of that extraordinary record.

(photo below of an out-of-range Xantu's Hummingbird in British Colombia, Canada,
in September 1998, during a FONT Pacific Coast Tour;
normally the species occurs only in Baja California, Mexico)

LAMPROLAIMA
Garnet-throated Hummingbird ______ GU(*)
Lamprolaima rhami

The geographic range of the Garnet-throated Hummingbird is from central & southern Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador.
The Garnet-throated Hummingbird feeds from flowering shrubs and trees such as Inga and Erythrina at low and medium heights.
It nests at the lower end of its altitudinal range. After breeding, the birds move to higher altitudes.

ADELOMYIA
Speckled Hummingbird ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Adelomyia melanogenys (the single member of its genus)

SUBSPECIES:
Adelomyia melanogemys aeneosticta (subspecies in central & northern Venezuela)
Adelomyia melanogemys cervina (subspecies in western & central Colombia) (subspecies described by Gould in 1872)
Adelomyia melanogemys chlorospila (subspecies in southeast Peru) (subspecies described by Gould in 1872)
Adelomyia melanogemys connectens (subspecies in southern Colombia) (subspecies described in 1945)
Adelomyia melanogemys debellardiana (subspecies in western Venezuela, in the Perija Mountains) (subspecies described in 1994)
Adelomyia melanogemys inornata (subspecies in Bolivia & northwest Argentina) (subspecies described by Gould in 1846)
Adelomyia melanogemys maculata ______ (subspecies in Ecuador & northern Peru; in Ecuador, on the west slope of the Andes)
Adelomyia melanogenys melanogenys ______ (subspecies from western Venezuela & eastern Colombia to south-central Peru; in Ecuador, on the east slope of the Andes)

(photo below, by Marie Gardner, during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013)

PHLOGOPHILUS
Ecuadorian Piedtail (t3) ______ EC (species described by Gould in 1860)
Phlogophilus hemileucurus

The geographic range of the Ecuadorian Piedtail is from southern Colombia to northeastern Peru.

The status of the Ecuadorian Piedtail was changed in 2012 from near-threatened to vulnerable, due to a high amount of deforestation in its range and habitat.
Peruvian Piedtail (nt) ______
Phlogophilus harterti

The geographic range of the Peruvian Piedtail is in central and southeastern Peru.

CLYTOLAEMA
Brazilian Ruby ______ BR(*)
Clytolaema rubricauda

The geographic range of the Brazilian Ruby is in southeastern Brazil.

(Illustration below, with a female Brazilian Ruby above, and a male below)

HELIODOXA
Green-crowned Brilliant ______ CR(*) EC(*)
Heliodoxa jacula

SUBSPECIES:
Heliodoxa jacula henryi ______ (subspecies in Costa Rica & western Panama)
Heliodoxa jacula jacula ______ (subspecies in eastern Panama and northern & central Colombia)
Heliodoxa jacula jamesoni ______ (subspecies in Ecuador that is geographically isolated from the others, and is nearly endemic to Ecuador; recorded for the first time in adjacent Narino, in southwestern Colombia in 1994)

In Ecuador, the Green-crowned Brilliant occurs mostly from 1,500 to 4,650 feet above sea level.

(photos below: the upper photo in Costa Rica; the lower photo in Ecuador,
upper photo courtesy of Larry O'Meallie,
the lower photo of the bird in Ecuador noted above as being geographically isolated from the other subspecies,
lower photo by Marie Gardner during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2014)
Velvet-browed Brilliant ______ BR VE(*)
Heliodoxa xanthogonys

SUBSPECIES:
Heliodoxa xanthogonys willardi ______ (subspecies in extreme southern Venezuela) (subspecies described in 2001)
Heliodoxa xanthogonys xanthogonys ______ (subspecies in eastern Venezuela, Guyana, north-central Brazil)
Pink-throated Brilliant (t3) ______ BR EC (species described by Gould in 1860)
Heliodoxa gularis

The geographic range of the Pink-throated Brilliant is in southern Colombia, northeastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru, and northwestern Brazil.
Rufous-webbed Brilliant ______
Heliodoxa branickii

The geographic range of the Rufous-webbed Brilliant is in southeastern Peru & northeaster Bolivia.
Black-throated Brilliant ______ BR EC
Heliodoxa schreibersii

SUBSPECIES:
Heliodoxa schreibersii schreibersii ______ (subspecies from southeast Colombia to northeast Peru & northwest Brazil)
Heliodoxa schreibersii whitelyana ______ (subspecies in eastern Peru) (subspecies described by Gould in 1872)
Fawn-breasted Brilliant ______ EC(*)
Heliodoxa rubinoides

SUBSPECIES:
Heliodoxa rubinoides aequatorialis ______ (in Ecuador, subspecies in the west)
Heliodoxa rubinoides cervinigularis ______ (in Ecuador, subspecies in the east)

The Fawn-breasted Brilliant feeds on the nectar of many different plants, including species of Heliconia in the understory and Inga and Erythrina higher up. It also takes small insects.

In Ecuador, the Fawn-breasted Brilliant occurs mostly from 3,300 to 6,300 feet above sea level.
Empress Brilliant (nt) ______ EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1856)
Heliodoxa imperatis

The geographic range of the Empress Brilliant is in Colombia & northwest Ecuador, on the west slope of the Andes.

In Ecuador, the Empress Brilliant occurs mostly from 4,500 to 6,300 feet above sea level.

(photograph below: an of Empress Brilliant in western Ecuador, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie)
Violet-fronted Brilliant ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Heliodoxa leadbeateri

SUBSPECIES:
Heliodoxa leadbeateri leadbeateri ______ (subspecies in northern Venezuela)
Heliodoxa leadbeateri otero ______ (subspecies in central & southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia)
Heliodoxa leadbeateri parvula ______ (subspecies in northwestern Venezuela and in Colombia)
Heliodoxa leadbeateri sagitta ______ (subspecies in eastern Ecuador & northern Peru)
Gould's Jewelfront ______ BR EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1846)
Heliodoxa (formerly Polyplancta) aurescens

The geographic range of the Gould's Jewelfront is in Amazonia.

EUGENES
Magnificent Hummingbird ______ AZ(*) CR(*) GU(*) MX(*) PN(*)
Eugenes fulgens (the single member of its genus)

SUBSPECIES:
Eugenes fulgens fulgens Rivoli's Hummingbird ______ AZ(*) GU(*) MX(*) (subspecies from the southwest US to Nicaragua)
Eugenes fulgens spectabilis ______ CR(*) PN(*) (subspecies in Costa Rica & western Panama)

(Photos below;
the upper photo by Virginia Woodhouse during a FONT tour in Costa Rica in March 2012
the middle photo courtesy of Larry O'Meallie; the lower photo taken in Costa Rica)

North of Mexico and Central America, the Magnificent Hummingbird is primarily a "sky island" mountain species in western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona.
Young males are often highly nomadic, Banded birds have traveled hundreds of miles between mountain ranges during a season. Such migration is through lower elevations, especially foothills, in the spring and fall.
Away from the US breeding range, there have been occurrences in Colorado (from May to October), and less so in: Alabama (September to February), Arkansas (in July), California (in April), Georgia (in the winter), Minnesota (in July), Nevada (in June), Utah (in July), Wyoming (in June & July), and in southern Texas (in September).

HYLONYMPHIA
Scissor-tailed Hummingbird (t3) ______ (species described by Gould in 1873)
Hylonymphia macrocerca

The geographic range of the Scissor-tailed Hummingbird is in northeastern Venezuela on the Paria Peninsula.

STERNOCLYTA
Violet-chested Hummingbird ______ VE(*) (species described by Gould in 1846)
Sternoclyta cyanopectus

The geographic range of the Violet-chested Hummingbird is in northwestern Venezuela.

BOISSONNEAUA
Buff-tailed Coronet ______ EC(*)
Boissonneaua flavescens

SUBSPECIES:
Boissonneaua flavescens flavescens ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela, and Colombia and Ecuador on the east slope of the Andes)
Boissonneaua flavescens tinochlora ______ (subspecies in Colombia and Ecuador on the west slope of the Andes)

In Ecuador, the Buff-tailed Coronet occurs mostly from 4,500 to 7,200 feet above sea level.

(upper photo below by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013,
the lower photo below of an immature Buff-tailed Coronet in Ecuador by Larry O'Mealie)
Chestnut-breasted Coronet ______ EC(*)
Boissonneaua matthewsii

The geographic range of Chestnut-breasted Coronet is in southeastern Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

In Ecuador, the Chestnut-breasted Coronet occurs mostly from 5,700 to 8,100 feet above sea level.

(photo below by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013)

(another photo, below, was by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2014)
Velvet-purple Coronet (nt) ______ EC(*)
Boissonneaua jardini

The geographic range of the Velvet-purple Coronet is in southwestern Colombia & northwestern Ecuador.

In Ecuador, the Velvet-purple Coronet occurs mostly from 2,400 to 5,100 feet above sea level.

(photo below by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013)

AGLAEACTIS
Shining Sunbeam ______ EC(*)
Aglaeactis cupripennis

SUBSPECIES:
Aglaeactis cupripennis caumatonota ______ (subspecies in central & southern Peru) (subspecies described by Gould in 1848)
Aglaeactis cupripennis cupripenni ______ (subspecies from Colombia to northern Peru; the subspecies in most of the species' range in Ecuador)
Aglaeactis cupripennis parvulus ______ (subspecies in southern Ecuador in areas of Azuay, El Oro, Loja, and Zamora-Chinchipe)

In Ecuador, the Shining Sunbeam occurs mostly from 8,400 to 10,800 feet above sea level.

(upper photo below, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie,
lower photo by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013,
during that tour Shining Sunbeams were seen at a nest.)
Purple-backed Sunbeam (t3) ______
Aglaeactis aliciae

The geographic range of the Purple-backed Sunbeam is in northern Peru in the Maranon Valley.
White-tufted Sunbeam ______
Aglaeactis castelnaudii

SUBSPECIES:
Aglaeactis castelnaudii castelnaudii ______ (subspecies in southern Peru)
Aglaeactis castelnaudii regalis ______ (subspecies in central Peru) (subspecies described in 1951)
Black-hooded Sunbeam ______
Aglaeactis pamela

The geographic range of the Black-hooded Sunbeam is in the Andes of northern & central Bolivia.

UROCHROA
White-tailed Hillstar ______ EC(*)
Urochroa bougueri

SUBSPECIES (quite different from each other):
Urochroa bougueri bougueri ______ (subspecies in southwestern Colombia and in Ecuador on the west slope of the Andes)
Urochroa bougueri leucura ______ (subspecies from southern Colombia to northeastern Peru; in Ecuador, on the east slope of the Andes)

OREOTROCHILUS
Ecuadorian Hillstar ______ EC(*)
Oreotrochilus chimborazo

Oreotrochilus chimborazo has also been called the Chimborazo Hillstar.

SUBSPECIES:
Oreotrochilus chimborazo chimborazo ______ (subspecies confined to the slopes of Volcan Chimborazo in Ecuador)
Oreotrochilus chimborazo soederstromi ______ (subspecies confined to the slopes of Volcan Quillotoa in Ecuador)
Oreotrochilus chimborazo jamesoni ______ (subspecies elsewhere in Ecuador, and in southern Colombia)

The above 3 subspecies have been considered by some as subspecies of Oreotrochilus estella, the Andean Hillstar.

One of the birds likely to be found higher than almost any other in the Andes is the Ecuadorian Hillstar, a hummingbird that has chosen some of Ecuador's highest volcanoes at its home. It occurs up to about 14,000 feet above sea level on the slopes of Cotopaxi Volcano. Mostly, in Ecuador, Ecuadorian Hillstars occur from 10,800 to 13,800 feet above sea level.

The Ecuadorian Hillstar clings on flowers, especially Chuquiraga insignis, when feeding.
In bad weather, it conserves energy by resting quietly in a sheltered spot.
At night, it roosts in covered laces and becomes torpid to survive low temperatures.

(photo below, of a female Ecuadorian Hillstar, by Larry O'Mealie)
Andean Hillstar ______ AR(*) CH(*) EC
Oreotrochilus estella

SUBSPECIES:
Oreotrochilus estella bolivianus ______ (subspecies in central Bolivia)
O. e. bolivianus has black spots on its belly stripe..
Oreotrochilus estella estella ______ (subspecies from southwestern Peru to northern Chile & northwestern Argentina)
Oreotrochilus estella stolzmanni ______ (subspecies in Ecuador and northern & central Peru; in Ecuador at the extreme southern end of the country in the far-southern Cordillera Las Lagunillas)
O. e. stolzmanni has a black rather than brown ventral stripe.

It has been suggested that Oreotrochilus estella stolzmanni deserves recognition as a species.

The Andean Hillstar is adapted to living at high altitudes, where it feeds primarily on Chuquiraga spinosa. It perches rather than hovers when taking nectar. It becomes torpid overnight
The Andean Hillstar is one of the most common birds in its preferred puna habitat.
White-sided Hillstar ______ AR(*) CH(*) (species described by Gould in 1847)
Oreotrochilus leucopleurus

The geographic range of the White-sided Hillstar is from southern Bolivia to south-central Chile and southern Argentina.
Black-breasted Hillstar ______ (species described by Gould in 1847)
Oreotrochilus melanogaster

The geographic range of the Black-breasted Hillstar is in central Peru.
Wedge-tailed Hillstar (nt) ______
Oreotrochilus adela

The geographic range of the Wedge-tailed Hillstar is in southern Bolivia.

LAFRESNAYA
Mountain Velvetbreast ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Lafresnaya lasfresnayi

SUBSPECIES
Lafresnaya lasfresnayi greenewalti ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela) (subspecies described in 1961)
Lafresnaya lasfresnayi lasfresnayi ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela and central & eastern Colombia)
Lafresnaya lasfresnayi liriope ______ (subspecies in northeastern Colombia)
Lafresnaya lasfresnayi rectirostris ______ (subspecies in northern & central Peru)
Lafresnaya lasfresnayi saul ______ (subspecies in southwestern Colombia, Ecuador, northern Peru)

COELIGENA
Collared Inca ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Coeligena torquata

SUBSPECIES:
Coeligena torquata conradii ______ (subspecies in eastern Colombia & northwestern Venezuela)
Coeligena torquata fulgidigula ______ (subspecies in western Ecuador) (subspecies described by Gould in 1854)
Coeligena torquata margaretae ______ (subspecies in northern Peru) (subspecies described in 1948)
Coeligena torquata torquata ______ (subspecies from northwestern Venezuela to northern Peru; in Ecuador, subspecies in the east)

(upper photo below, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie,
lower photo below by Marie Gardner during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2014)
Bronzy Inca ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Coeligena coeligena

SUBSPECIES:
Coeligena coeligena boliviana ______ (subspecies in Bolivia) (subspecies described by Gould in 1861)
Coeligena coeligena coeligena ______ (subspecies in northern Venezuela)
Coeligena coeligena columbiana ______ (subspecies northwestern Venezuela and eastern & central Colombia)
Coeligena coeligena ferruginea ______ (subspecies in western & central Colombia)
Coeligena coeligena obscura ______ (subspecies in southern Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru)
Coeligena coeligena zuliana ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela & northeastern Colombia) (subspecies described in 1953)
Brown Inca ______ EC(*)
Coeligena wilsoni

The geographic range of the Brown Inca is in western Colombia & western Ecuador.
Black Inca (t2) ______
Coeligena prunellei

The geographic range of the Black Inca is in north-central Colombia.
Rainbow Starfrontlet ______ EC(*)
Coeligena iris

SUBSPECIES (the 2 here rather different):
Coeligena iris hesperus ______ (subspecies in southwestern Ecuador, in southern Chimborazo, Canar, and most of Azuay) (subspecies described by Gould in 1865)
Coeligena iris iris ______ (subspecies in southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru in Piura; in Ecuador, from southern Azuay south through El Oro and Loja) (subspecies described by Gould in 1854)

OTHER SUBSPECIES:
Coeligena iris aurora ______ (subspecies in northwestern Peru in Cutervo) (subspecies described by Gould in 1854)
Coeligena iris eva ______ (subspecies in northern Peru, on the east slope of the western Andes)
Coeligena iris flagrans ______ (subspecies in Peru, on the west slope of the western Andes) (subspecies described in 1951)
Coeligena iris fulgidiceps ______ (subspecies in northern Peru, in the eastern Andes east of the Maranon River)

(photo below, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie)
Golden-bellied Starfrontlet ______
Coeligena bonapartei

SUBSPECIES:
Coeligena bonapartei bonapartei ______ (subspecies in eastern Colombia)
Coeligena bonapartei consita ______ (subspecies in northwest Venezuela & northeast Colombia) (subspecies described in 1952)
Coeligena bonapartei orina ______ (subspecies in north-central Venezuela) (subspecies described in 1953)
Golden-tailed Starfrontlet ______ VE(*) (was part of the Golden-bellied Starfrontlet) (originally described by Gould in 1848)
Coeligena eos

The geographic range of the Golden-tailed Starthroat is in western Venezuela.
Blue-throated Starfrontlet ______
Coeligena helianthea

SUBSPECIES:
Coeligena helianthea helianthea ______ (subspecies in Colombia)
Coeligena helianthea tamai ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela) (subspecies described in 1953)
Buff-winged Starfrontlet ______ EC(*)
Coeligena lutetiae

The geographic range of the Buff-winged Starfrontlet is from central Colombia to northern Peru.

The Buff-winged Starfrontlet takes nectar at many different flowers with a long corolla, including species of Bomarea, Cavendishia, Fuchsia, Nasa, and Tropaeolum. It also catches insects.

(photo below by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013)
Violet-throated Starfrontlet ______ (species described by Gould in 1846)
Coeligena violifer

SUBSPECIES:
Coeligena violifer albicaudata ______ (subspecies in southern Peru) (subspecies described in 1997)
Coeligena violifer dichroura ______ (subspecies in southern Ecuador, and north, central, & western Peru)
Coeligena violifer osculans ______ (subspecies in southeast Peru) (subspecies described by Gould in 1871)
Coeligena violifer violifer ______ (subspecies in northwest Bolivia)
White-tailed Starfrontlet ______
Coeligena phalerata

The geographic range of the White-tailed Starfrontlet is in northeastern Colombia.

ENSIFERA
Sword-billed Hummingbird ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Ensifera ensifera (the single member of its genus)

The geographic range of the Sword-billed Hummingbird is in western Venezuela & Colombia to northern Bolivia.

(photo below, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie;
below that, a print from a set of collector's cards in England in the early 20th Century)

This Sword-billed Hummingbird was photographed during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013.
(photo by Marie Gardner)

PTEROPHANES
Great Sapphirewing ______ EC(*)
Pterophanes cyanopterus

SUBSPECIES:
Pterophanes cyanopterus caeruleuus ______ (subspecies in southern Colombia) (subspecies described in 1951)
Pterophanes cyanopterus cyanopterus ______ (subspecies in north-central Colombia)
Pterophanes cyanopterus peruvianus ______ (subspecies in Ecuador, Peru, northern Bolivia)

The Great Sapphirewing is the second largest species of hummingbird, after the Giant Hummingbird (below).
It is 6 inches in length.

The Great Sapphirewing often holds its wings outstretched as if for balance. The large stiff wings cause the bird to appear to have a "bat-like" flight.

(photos below by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013)

PATAGONA
Giant Hummingbird ______ AR(*) CH(*) EC(*)
Patagona gigas

SUBSPECIES:
Patagona gigas gigas ______ (subspecies in central Chile & west-central Argentina)
Patagona gigas peruviana ______ (subspecies from southwestern Colombia to northern Chile & northwestern Argentina)

The Giant Hummingbird feeds on large flower clusters, usually perching as it does. It favors Agave and Puya flowers and various cacti.

SEPHANOIDES
Green-backed Firecrown ______ AR(*) CH(*)
Sephanoides sephanoides

The geographic range of the Green-backed Firecrown is in Chile & western Argentina.
Juan Fernandez Firecrown (t1) ______
Sephanoides fernandensis

SUBSPECIES:
Sephanoides fernandensis fernandensis ______ (subspecies on Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernandez Islands of Chile)
Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi ______ (subspecies, now presumed extinct, on Alejandro Selkirk Island in the Juan Fernandez Islands of Chile)

HELIANGELUS
Gorgeted Sunangel ______ EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1846)
Heiangelus strophianus

The geographic range of the Gorgeted Sunangel is in northwestern Ecuador & southwestern Colombia.

The Gorgeted Sunangel is often close to thick cover, and feeds at low levels, frequently piercing flowers with long corollas such as Psammisia species.

(upper photo below, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie,
lower photo by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013)
Orange-throated Sunangel ______ VE(*) (species described by Gould in 1848)
Heliangelus mavors

The geographic range of the Orange-throated Sunangel is in northwestern Venezuela & eastern Colombia.
Amethyst-throated Sunangel ______ EC(*)
Heliangelus amethysticollis

SUBSPECIES:
Heliangelus amethysticollis amethysticollis ______ (subspecies in southern Peru & northwestern Bolivia)
Heliangelus amethysticollis apurimacensis ______ (subspecies in southern Peru, described in 2009)
Heliangelus amethysticollis decolor ______ (subspecies in central Peru, described in 1951)
Heliangelus amethysticollis laticlavius ______ (subspecies in southern Ecuador & northern Peru)

(photo below by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2014)
Longuemare's Sunangel ______ VE(*) (was part of the Amethyst-throated Sunangel)
Heliangelus clarisse

SUBSPECIES:
Heliangelus clarisse clarisse ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela & eastern Colombia)
Heliangelus clarisse spenci Merida Sunangel ______ VE(*) (subspecies in northwestern Venezuela, in the Andes in Merida)
Tourmaline Sunangel ______ EC(*)
Heliangelus exortis

The geographic range of the Tourmaline Sunangel is in northwestern Ecuador & Colombia.
Flame-throated Sunangel ______ EC(*) (species originally described by Gould in 1872)
Heliangelus micraster

The Flame-throated Sunangel has been considered part of the Tourmaline Sunangel. Another name has been the Little Sunangel.

SUBSPECIES:
Heliangelus micraster cutevensis ______ (subspecies in northwestern Peru)
Heliangelus micraster micraster ______ (subspecies in southeastern Ecuador & northern Peru)

(photo below by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2014)
Purple-throated Sunangel ______ EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1853)
Heliangelus viola

The geographic range of the Purple-throated Sunangel is in southern Ecuador & northern Peru.
Royal Sunangel (t2) ______ (species described in 1979)
Heliangelus regalis

The geographic range of the Royal Sunangel is in northern Peru.

ERIOCNEMIS
Sapphire-vented Puffleg ______ EC(*)
Eriocnemis luciani

SUBSPECIES:
Eriocnemis luciani baptistae ______ (subspecies in the Andes of south-central & southern Ecuador) (subspecies described in 2001)
Eriocnemis luciani catharina ______ (subspecies in northern Peru)
Eriocnemis luciani luciani ______ (subspecies in western Ecuador & southwestern Colombia)
Eriocnemis luciani meridae ______ (subspecies in northwestern Venezuela, in the Andes in Merida) (subspecies described in 2001)
Eriocnemis luciani sapphiropygia ______ (subspecies in central & southern Peru)

(photo below, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie)
Black-breasted Puffleg (t1) ______ EC(*)
Eriocnemis nigrivestis

The Black-breasted Puffleg has an extremely small range. It is believed now to be confined to the northern ridge crests of Volcan Pinchincha, in the Pinchincha province in Ecuador.
This species is one of the rarest of birds seen during FONT tours over the years.
Glowing Puffleg ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Eriocnemis vestita

SUBSPECIES:
Eriocnemis vestita arcosi ______ (subspecies in southern Ecuador & northern Peru) (subspecies described in 2001)
Eriocnemis vestita paramillo ______ (subspecies in northwest Colombia)
Eriocnemis vestita smaragdinipectus ______ (subspecies in southern Colombia & eastern Ecuador) (subspecies described by Gould in 1868)
Eriocnemis vestita vestita ______ (subspecies in northwestern Venezuela & eastern Colombia)
Black-thighed Puffleg (nt) ______ EC
Eriocnemis derbyi

The geographic range of the Black-thighed Puffleg is in northwestern Ecuador & Colombia.
Turquoise-throated Puffleg (t1) ______ EC
Eriocnemis godini

The geographic range of the Turquoise-throated Puffleg is in northwestern Ecuador.
Coppery-bellied Puffleg (nt) ______
Eriocnemis cupreoventris

The geographic range of the Coppery-bellied Puffleg is in northwestern Venezuela & eastern Colombia.
Golden-breasted Puffleg ______ EC(*)
Eriocnemis mosquera

The geographic range of the Golden-breasted Puffleg is in northwestern Ecuador & Colombia.
Blue-capped Puffleg ______
Eriocnemis glaucopoides

The geographic range of the Blue-capped Puffleg is from central Bolivia to northwest Argentina.
Colorful Puffleg (t1) ______ (species described in 1967)
Eriocnemis mirabilis

The geographic range of the Colorful Puffleg is in western Colombia.
Emerald-bellied Puffleg ______ EC
Eriocnemis alinae

SUBSPECIES:
Eriocnemis alinae alinae ______ (subspecies in eastern Colombia & eastern Ecuador)
Eriocnemis alinae dybowskii ______ (subspecies in northern & central Peru)

HAPLOPHAEDIA
Greenish Puffleg ______ EC
Haplophaedia aureliae

SUBSPECIES:
Haplophaedia aureliae aureliae ______ (subspecies in central & eastern Colombia)
Haplophaedia aureliae caucensis ______ (subspecies in southeast Panama and the western & central Andes in Colombia)
Haplophaedia aureliae cutucuensis ______ (subspecies in southern Ecuador) (subspecies described in 2000)
Haplophaedia aureliae russata ______ (subspecies in northern & central Ecuador) (subspecies described by Gould in 1871)
Buff-thighed Puffleg ______
Haplophaedia assimilis

SUBSPECIES:
Haplophaedia assimilis affinis ______ (subspecies in northern & central Peru)
Haplophaedia assimilis assimilis ______ (subspecies in southern Peru & northern Bolivia)
Hoary Puffleg (nt) ______ EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1851)
Haplophaedia lugens

Some consider Haplophaedia lugens to be a west-slope subspecies of Haplophaedia aureliae.

UROSTICTE
Purple-bibbed Whitetip (ph) ______ EC(*)
Urosticte benjamini

The geographic range of the Purple-bibbed Whitetip is from western Colombia to southwestern Ecuador and northern Peru.
In Ecuador, the Purple-bibbed Whitetip is on the west slope of the Andes, mostly from 2,700 to 4,800 feet above sea level.

The name Whitetip is derived from the white tips of the male's central tail feathers. Those feathers are curved upwards making the white area stand clear of the rest of the tail.
Otherwise the male is glistening green with a patchy whitish breast band.

The Purple-bibbed Whitetip and the Rufous-vented Whitetip (below) are very similar to each other, with the Rufous-vented Whitetip being just a little smaller.
These two birds have been said to be subspecific forms of the same species.

The Whitetip population in Peru has been considered a separate subspecies, intermedia, and has been classified, at different times, as being with either the Purple-bibbed Whitetip or the Rufous-vented Whitetip.
Now, however what was the subspecies intermedia is not recognized.
Rufous-vented Whitetip ______ EC
Urosticte ruficrissa

The geographic range of the Rufous-vented Whitetip is in southern Colombia and eastern Ecuador.
In Ecuador, the Rufous-vented Whitetip is on the east slope of the Andes, from 3,900 to 6,900 feet above sea level.

The male Rufous-vented Whitetip has, as the name of bird indicates, a russet undertail, that is not had by the male Purple-bibbed Whitetip.
Also, as noted above, the Purple-bibbed Whitetip and the Rufous-vented Whitetip are on different sides of the Andes, the Purple-bibbed on the west, and the Rufous-vented on the east.

Urosticte rufocrissa tends to inconspicuous, and is most often encountered in mist-net captures.

OCREATUS
Booted Racket-tail ______ EC(*) VE(*) (also called Racket-tailed Puffleg)
Ocreatus underwoodii

SUBSPECIES:
Ocreatus underwoodii addae ______ (subspecies in Bolivia)
Ocreatus underwoodii annae ______ (subspecies in central & southern Peru)
Ocreatus underwoodii discifer ______ (subspecies in northwest Venezuela & northeast Colombia)
Ocreatus underwoodii incommodus ______ (subspecies in western & central Colombia) (subspecies described in 1943)
Ocreatus underwoodii melanantherus ______ (subspecies in Ecuador, on the west slope of the Andes)
Ocreatus underwoodii peruanus ______ (subspecies in northeast Peru & in Ecuador on the east slope of the Andes) (subspecies described by Gould in 1849)
Ocreatus underwoodii polystictus ______ (subspecies in northern Venezuela) (subspecies described in 1942)
Ocreatus underwoodii underwoodii ______ (subspecies in eastern Colombia)

More than 1 species may be involved:

White-booted Racket-tail ______
Ocreatus underwoodii

Buff-booted Racket-tail ______
Ocreatus addae

The Booted Racket-tail takes nectar from Palicourea, Inga, and similar plants.

(the photo below of a Booted Racket-tail was taken by Marie Gardner
during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013,
the subspecies is Ocreatus underwoodii melanantherus.)

LESBIA
Black-tailed Trainbearer ______ EC(*)
Lesbia victoriae

SUBSPECIES:
Lesbia victoriae berlepschi ______ (subspecies in southeast Peru)
Lesbia victoriae juliae ______ (subspecies in central & northern Peru, and in Ecuador in southern Loja)
Lesbia victoriae victoriae ______ (subspecies in most of Ecuador and in Colombia)

(photo below, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie)
Green-tailed Trainbearer ______ EC(*)
Lesbia nuna

SUBSPECIES:
Lesbia nuna eucharis ______ (subspecies in central Peru)
Lesbia nuna gracilis ______ (subspecies in Ecuador) (subspecies described by Gould in 1846)
Lesbia nuna gouldii ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela & Colombia)
Lesbia nuna nuna ______ (subspecies in southwestern Peru & northern Bolivia)
Lesbia nuna pallidiventris ______ (subspecies in northern Peru)

SAPPHO
Red-tailed Comet ______ AR(*) BL(*)
Sappho sparganura

SUBSPECIES:
Sappho sparganura sapho ______ (subspecies in southern Bolivia and in northern & western Argentina)
Sappho sparganura sparganura ______ (subspecies in northern & central Bolivia)

POLYONYMUS
Bronze-tailed Comet ______
Polyonymus caroli

The geographic range of the Bronze-tailed Comet is in central & southern Peru.

TAPHROLESBIA
Gray-bellied Comet (t2) ______
Taphrolesbia griseiventris

The geographic range of the Gray-bellied Comet is in northwestern Peru in the Maranon Valley.

CHALCOSTIGMA
Blue-mantled Thornbill ______ EC(*)
Chalcostigma stanleyi

SUBSPECIES:
Chalcostigma stanleyi stanleyi ______ (subspecies in Ecuador)
Chalcostigma stanleyi versigulare ______ (subspecies in northern Peru)
Chalcostigma stanleyi vulcani ______ (subspecies from southern Peru to west-central Bolivia) (subspecies described by Gould in 1852)

(photo below, courtesy of Larry O'Meallie)
Rufous-capped Thornbill ______ EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1846)
Chalcostigma ruficeps

Chalcostigma ruficeps aureofastigatum is no longer recognized as a valid subspecies.
Olivaceous Thornbill ______
Chalcostigma olivaceum

SUBSPECIES:
Chalcostigma olivaceum olivaceum ______ (subspecies from southern Peru to central Bolivia)
Chalcostigma olivaceum pallens ______ (subspecies in central Peru)
Bronze-tailed Thornbill ______
Chalcostigma heteropogon

The geographic range of the Bronze-tailed Thornbill is in western Venezuela & eastern Colombia.
Rainbow-bearded Thornbill ______ EC(*)
Chalcostigma herrani

SUBSPECIES:
Chalcostigma herrani herrani ______ (subspecies from southern Colombia to northern Peru)
Chalcostigma herrani tolimae ______ (subspecies in western Colombia)

RAMPHOMICRON

The RAMPHOMICRON thornbills have the shortest bills of any hummingbird, averaging just over one-quarter inch.
Black-backed Thornbill ______
Ramphomicron dorsale

The geographic range of the Black-backed Thornbill is in northeastern Colombia.
Purple-backed Thornbill ______ EC(*)
Ramphomicron microrhynchum

SUBSPECIES:
Ramphomicron microrhynchum albiventre ______ (subspecies in central Peru)
Ramphomicron microrhynchum andicola ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela)
Ramphomicron microrhynchum bolivianum ______ (subspecies in northern Bolivia) (subspecies described in 1984)
Ramphomicron microrhynchum microrhynchum ______ (subspecies in Colombia, Ecuador, northwest Peru)

OREONYMPHA
Bearded Mountaineer ______ (species described by Gould in 1869)
Oreonympha nobilis

SUBSPECIES:
Oreonympha nobilis albolimbata ______ (subspecies in west-central Peru)
Oreonympha nobilis nobilis ______ (subspecies in south-central Peru)

OXYPOGON
White-bearded Helmetcrest ______ VE(*) in northwestern Venezuela (endemic)
Oxypogon lindenii
Green-bearded Helmetcrest ______ in eastern Colombia (endemic)
Oxypogon guerinii

For years, Oxypogon guerinii was the "Bearded Helmetcrest", with 4 subspecies, that are now here as species.
Blue-bearded Helmetcrest (t1) ______ Colombia (endemic)
Oxypogon cyanolaemus

The Blue-bearded Helmetcrest is newly-split from what has been the Bearded Helmetcrest (noted above), as are the two species above and below, the White-bearded Helmetcrest, and the Buffy Helmetcrest.

What is now the Blue-bearded Helmetcrest was originally discovered in 1880. It was, for years, said to be the subspecies of the Bearded Helmetcrest, Oxypogon guerinii cyanolaemus.

Oxypogon cyanolaemus is endemic to the Santa Maria region of northeast Colombia.
Recently it has been known only from museum specimens. The most recent was collected in 1946.
Surveys from 1999 to 2011 failed to find the species. So it has been classified by Birdlife International as Critically Endangered (possibly Extinct).

In March 2015, the Blue-bearded Helmetcrest was found again in the wild, after a long time, and it was photographed.
Buffy Helmetcrest (t3) ______ Colombia (endemic)
Oxypogon stuebelii

The Buffy Helmetcrest occurs only within the boundaries of the Los Nevados National Park in central Colombia.

METALLURA
Tyrian Metaltail ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Metallura tyrianthina

SUBSPECIES (the 2 here very similar):
Metallura tyrianthina quitensis ______ (subspecies in northwest Ecuador, south to Chimborazo and Canar, and in northern Ecuador as far east as west slope of the Eastern Andes)
Metallura tyrianthina tyrianthina ______ (subspecies elsewhere in Ecuador)
Perija Metaltail (t3) ______ (species described in 1946)
Metallura iracunda

The geographic range of the Perija Metaltail is in western Venezuela & northern Colombia.
Viridian Metaltail ______ EC(*)
Metallura williami

SUBSPECIES:
Metallura williami atrigularis ______ (in Ecuador, subspecies from Volcan Sangay south into El Oro, Loja, and Zamora-Chinchipe)
Metallura williami primolinus ______ (in Ecuador, subspecies south to northeast Azuay)
Violet-throated Metaltail (t3) ______ EC(*)
Metallura baroni

The geographic range of the Violet-throated Metailtail is in south-central Ecuador.
Neblina Metaltail ______ EC(*) (species described in 1980)
Metallura odomae

The geographic range of the Neblina Metaltail is in southern Ecuador & northern Peru.

The Neblina Metaltail is a hardy species. It continues to feed actively in weather conditions bad enough to drive other hummingbirds to more sheltered spots.
Among its more favored flowers are Castilleja.
Coppery Metaltail ______
Metallura theresiae

SUBSPECIES:
Metallura theresiae parkeri ______ (subspecies in northern Peru) (subspecies described in 1981)
Metallura theresiae theresiae ______ (subspecies in northeastern Peru)
Fire-throated Metaltail ______
Metallura eupogon

The geographic range of the Fire-throated Metaltail is in central Peru.
Scaled Metaltail ______ (species described by Gould in 1846)
Metallura aeneocauda

SUBSPECIES:
Metallura aeneocauda aeneocauda ______ (subspecies southern Peru & northern Bolivia)
Metallura aeneocauda malogae ______ (subspecies in central Bolivia)
Black Metaltail ______
Metallura phoebe

The geographic range of the Black Metaltail is in Peru and Bolivia.

OPISTHOPRORA
Mountain Avocetbill ______ EC(*)
Opisthoprora euryptera

The geographic range of the Mountain Avocetbill is in southern Colombia & northeastern Ecuador.

AGLAIOCERCUS
Long-tailed Sylph ______ EC(*) VE(*)
Aglaiocercus kingi

SUBSPECIES:
Aglaiocercus kingi caudatus ______ (subspecies in northern Colombia & western Venezuela)
Aglaiocercus kingi emmae ______ (subspecies in Colombia & Ecuador, on the west slope of the Andes)
Aglaiocercus kingi kingi ______ (subspecies in eastern Colombia)
Aglaiocercus kingi margarethae ______ (subspecies in north-central & northern Venezuela)
Aglaiocercus kingi mocoa Green-throated Sylph ______ (subspecies from southern Colombia to northern Peru; in Ecuador on the east slope of the Andes)
Aglaiocercus kingi smaragdinus ______ (subspecies from central Peru to central Bolivia) (subspecies described by Gould in 1846)

Away from feeders, the Long-tailed Sylph visits short-flowered canopy species such as Inga, and it sometimes takes nectar by flower-piercing. It may trapline.
The species is an altitudinal migrant. While it is common in much of its range, its population is thought to be declining.

(photo below by Marie Gardner, during the FONT tour in southern Ecuador in April 2014)
Venezuelan Sylph ______ VE (was part of the Long-tailed Sylph)
Aglalocercus berlepschi

The geographic range of the Venezuelan Sylph is in northeastern Venezuela.
Violet-tailed Sylph ______ EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1861)
Aglaiocercus coelestis

SUBSPECIES:
Aglaiocercus coelestis aethereus ______ (subspecies in southwestern Ecuador, in El Oro and Loja)
A. c. aethereus has a green throat patch.
Aglaiocercus coelestis coelestis ______ (subspecies in western Colombia and in Ecuador south to Chimborazo)
A. c. coelestis has a shining blue-throat patch.

The Violet-tailed Sylph resembles the Long-tailed Sylph (above), but it has a violet-flushed rump and the long tail feathers of the male are violet.
The bird usually forages near the ground, but at times it also visits Inga and Erythrina flowers in the canopy. It is principally a trapliner.
The distribution of the Violet-tailed Sylph shifts through the year in relation to preferred flowers in season.

(photo below taken by Marie Gardner during the FONT Ecuador tour in April 2013.
the subspecies is the nominate, Aglaiocercus c. coelestis.)

AUGASTES
Hyacinth Visorbearer ______ BR(*)
Augastes scutatus

SUBSPECIES:
Augastes scutatus ilseae ______ (subspecies in central & eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil) (subspecies described in 1967)
A. s. ilseae has a deep violet neck and rich violet-blue underparts
Augastes scutatus scutatus ______ (subspecies in central & eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Augastes scutatus soaresi ______ (subspecies in south-central Minas Gerais, Brazil) (subspecies described by Ruschi in 1963)
A. s. soaresi is slightly larger than the other subspecies, and has a blue line separating the violet and black on its neck.

The Hyacinth Visorbearer darts from and to a perch as it feeds on insects, and it takes nectar from flowers, favoring bromeliads, cacti, Verbenaceae, and Loranthaceae.

We've enjoyed seeing the Hyacinth Visorbearer during FONT tours in Minas Gerais on a plateau where we have also seen the Cipo Canastero and other interesting birds.

The Hyacinth Visorbearer is a small hummingbird, with a short tail, overall greenish-bronze. The male is dark blue underneath, with a white spot behind the eye and a bright green-gold throat patch, blue throat band, and a white breast band. Some of these features can be seen in the photo below.

(photo below, taken by Marie Gardner during a FONT tour in Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Hooded Visorbearer (nt) ______ BR(*)
Augastes lumachella

The geographic range of the Hooded Visorbearer is in eastern Brazil.

(photo below)

SCHISTES
Wedge-billed Hummingbird ______ EC(*)
Schistes geoffroyi

SUBSPECIES:
Schistes geoffroyi albogularis ______ (subspecies in western Colombia & western Ecuador) (subspecies described by Gould in 1851)
Schistes geoffroyi chapmani ______ (subspecies in central Bolivia) (subspecies described in 1941)
Schistes geoffroyi geoffroyi ______ (subspecies from northern Venezuela & eastern Colombia to southern Peru)

HELIOTHRIX
Purple-crowned Fairy ______ CR(*) EC(*) GU(*) HN(*) PN(*)
Heliothrix barroti

The geographic range of the Purple-crowned Fairy is from southeastern Mexico to western Ecuador.

A former subspecies, Heliothrix barroti major, was not valid as it was determined to be an immature male.
Black-eared Fairy ______ BR(*) EC(*) VE(*)
Heliothrix auritus

SUBSPECIES:
Heliothris auritus auriculatus ______ (subspecies in eastern Peru, central Bolivia, and central & eastern Brazil)
Heliothris auritus auritus ______ (subspecies from eastern Ecuador & southeastern Colombia to the Guianas, and in northern Brazil)
Heliothris auritus phainolaemus ______ (subspecies in north-central Brazil) (subspecies described by Gould in 1855)

The Black-eared Fairy replaces the Purple-crowned Fairy east of the Andes. Although the Black-eared Fairy has a very extensive range, it is said to be rather uncommon in most areas and declining.

(illustration below, a hand-colored lithograph of the "Brazilian Fairy", now the Black-eared Fairy, by John Gould)

(photo below by Marie Gardner, taken during the FONT tour in southern Ecuador in April 2014)

And in the two photos below, an adult and young Black-eared Fairies,
photographed by Marie Gardner during the FONT tour in southern Ecuador in April 2014
In the lower photo, the adult is seen feeding the young.

HELIACTIN
Horned Sungem ______ BR(*)
Heliactin bilophus

The geographic range of the Horned Sungem is in central & eastern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and southern Surinam.
It is a migratory species in at least part of its range, with its arrival and departure determined by the blooming time of its preferred flowers. The bird occurs in various, different habitats.

The Horned Sungem feeds at a variety of flowers, including Citrus and Lantana. It also engages in flycatching.

The Horned Sungem is a small hummingbird, short-billed but long-tailed. It is generally common, and its population is said to be increasing.

Horned Sungems have been nicely seen during FONT tours in Mato Grosso, Brazil, north of the city of Cuiaba.

LODDIGESIA
Marvelous Spatuletail (t2) ______
Loddigesia mirabilis

The geographic range of the Marvelous Spatuletail is in northern Peru.

HELIOMASTER
Stripe-breasted Starthroat ______ BR(*)
Heliomaster squamosus

The geographic range of the Stripe-breasted Starthroat is in eastern Brazil.

(illustration below)
Blue-tufted Starthroat ______ AR(*) BR(*)
Heliomaster furcifer

The geographic range of the Blue-tufted Starthroat is in central & southern Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina.

(the photo below, of a female, taken by Andy Smith
during a FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil)
Plain-capped Starthroat ______ CR(*) GU(*)
Heliomaster constantii

SUBSPECIES:
Heliomaster constantii constantii ______ (subspecies from El Salvador to Costa Rica)
Heliomaster constantii leocadiae ______ (subspecies in western Mexico & western Guatemala)
Heliomaster constantii pinicola ______ (subspecies in northwestern Mexico) (subspecies described by Gould in 1853)

As noted above, the Plain-capped Starthroat is a bird of Mexico and Central America. It occurs in the US as a rare straggler in the arid foothills and deserts of southeast Arizona, mostly from June to October. Several years can pass between Arizona sightings.

The first US record was in Nogales, Arizona in September 1969. The northernmost record was in Phoenix, Arizona in October & November 1978.
Long-billed Starthroat ______ CR(*) EC(*) GU(*) PN(*)
Heliomaster longirostris

SUBSPECIES:
Heliomaster longirostris albicrissa ______ (subspecies in northwestern Peru & in Ecuador where it is in the west and in the Rio Maranon drainage in the extreme south) (subspecies described by Gould in 1871)
Heliomaster longirostris longirostris ______ (subspecies from Costa Rica into northern & central South America, also Trinidad; in Ecuador in the east)
Heliomaster longirostris pallidiceps ______ (subspecies from Mexico to Nicaragua) (subspecies described by Gould in 1861)

RHODOPIS
Oasis Hummingbird ______ CH(*)
Rhodopis vesper

SUBSPECIES:
Rhodopis vesper atacamensis ______ (subspecies in northern Chile)
Rhodopis vesper koepckeae ______ (subspecies in northwest Peru) (subspecies described in 1974)
Rhodopis vesper vesper ______ (subspecies in Peru and northern Chile)

(photos below taken during a FONT tour in northern Chile)

THAUMASTURA
Peruvian Sheartail ______ CH(*) EC
Thaumastura cora

The geographic range of the Peruvian Sheartail is from northwestern Peru (& southern Ecuador) to extreme northern Chile.

DORICHA
Mexican Sheartail (nt) ______ MX(*)
Doricha eliza

The geographic range of the Mexican Sheartail is in two restricted area of Mexico, in the northern Yucatan Peninsula and in Veracruz.

The northern Yucatan population of the Mexican Sheartail is found exclusively in a narrow coastal strip, only about one kilometer wide, mainly between mangroves and tropical deciduous forest. It has also been found to breed in gardens.
The Veracruz population occurs in undisturbed, dry deciduous forest and overgrazed habitats at about 25 kilometers inland.

The Mexican Sheartail has been observed feeding at flowers of Ipomoea, Justicia, and Helicteres guazumaefolia, and its diet is supplemented by small anthropods. The bird is often close to the ground.

In the northern Yucatan, nesting takes place August-April, with recently fledged young reported in February and March.

(photos below taken by Marie Gardner
during the March 2009 FONT tour in the Yucatan of Mexico;
the top photo of a male; the lower two photos of females)
Slender Sheartail ______ GU(*)
Doricha enicura

The geographic range of the Slender Sheartail is from southern Mexico to Honduras.

CALOTHORAX
Lucifer Hummingbird (or Sheartail) ______ MX(*)
Calothorax lucifer

The geographic range of the Lucifer Hummingbird is from the southern US (Texas, Arizona) to south-central Mexico. It winters in the southern portion of is range.

Even though it is nearly a Mexican endemic, the Lucifer Hummingbird has a northern breeding range that extends in west Texas in the US, where it can be fairly common in the Big Bend National Park.
Also in the US, the species occurs rarely in southeast Arizona & southwest New Mexico, and it has been a vagrant at some places other than its usual haunts in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
In Texas, vagrants have been at the Edwards Plateau and in the Guadeloupe Mountains, and in El Paso, Del Rio, Rockport, and Beeville.
Vagrants in New Mexico have been in Gila and Silver City; in Arizona in Tucson.

Lucifer Hummingbirds pollinate various desert plants, including desert honeysuckles (in Anisacanthus) coralbeans (in Erythrina), and paint-brushes (in Castilleja). They also get nectar from large bat-pollinated agaves (in Agave) without coming into contact with the anther or pistil of the plant.

The male Lucifer Hummingbird does not maintain a breeding territory, but instead it seeks out and courts females with a spectacular zigzagging dive display at the nests constructed by the females.

(photos below taken by Marie Gardner
during the August 2010 FONT tour in southern Arizona;
upper photo of a male, lower photo of a female)
Beautiful Hummingbird (or Sheartail) ______ MX(*) (species described by Gould in 1859)
Calothorax pulcher

The geographic range of the Beautiful Hummingbird is in southern Mexico.

TILMATURA
Sparkling-tailed Woodstar ______ GU(*) (another name has been Dupont's Hummingbird)
Tilmatura dupontii

The geographic range of the Sparkling-tailed Woodstar is from central Mexico to northern Nicaragua.

CALLIPHLOX
Amethyst Woodstar ______ BR(*) EC VE(*)
Calliphlox amethystina

The geographic range of the Amethyst Woodstar is from eastern Colombia to northeast Argentina and southern Brazil, including all or parts of Venezuela, Ecuador, the Guianas, Bolivia, and Paraguay, in addition to all of Brazil.
Bahama Woodstar ______
Calliphlox evelynae

The Bahama Woodstar occurs in islands of the Bahamas Islands and the Turks and Caicos (except on Great and Little Inaguan Islands. where the following bird, the Inaguan Lyretail, occurs, which has been considered a subspecies of the Bahama Woodstar).

There have been a few occurrences of the Bahama Woodstar in the United States, with nearly all in southeast Florida. There are specimens from Miami in January 1961, from Palm Beach County from August to October 1971, from near Homestead in Dade County in April 1974, and both a male & female at the Mary Krone Sanctuary in Dade County in July & August 1981.
Incredibly, a single male Bahama Woodstar visited a feeder in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in April 2013 for 3 days.

An article published in 2008 relates the first known record of the Bahama Woodstar in Cuba on Cayo Paredon Grande, off the north coast of the Cuban mainland.
Inaguan Woodstar ______ (described by Gould in 1869, has been Calliphlox evelynae lyrura)
Calliphlox lyrura

The Inaguan Woodstar has been a subspecies of the Bahama Woodstar (above). It occurs only on the islands of Great and Little Inagua in the Turks and Caicos.
Another name, Inaguan Lyretail, relates to the bird's distinctive, lyre-shaped outer tail feathers (of the male).
The rose-purple of the male's gorget extends to the forecrown.
Magenta-throated Woodstar ______ CR(*) PN(*)
Calliphlox bryantae

The geographic range of the Magenta-throated Woodstar is in Costa Rica & western Panama.
Purple-throated Woodstar ______ EC(*)
Calliphlox (formerly Philodice) mitchellii

The geographic range of the Purple-throated Woodstar is from eastern Panama to western Ecuador.

(photo below by Marie Gardner, of a male Purple-throated Woodstar,
during the FONT tour in Ecuador in April 2013)

MICROSTILBON
Slender-tailed Woodstar ______ AR(*)
Microstilbon burmeisteri

The geographic range of the Slender-tailed Woodstar is from central Bolivia to northwest Argentina.

MYRTIS
Purple-collared Woodstar ______ EC(*)
Myrtis fanny

SUBSPECIES:
Myrtis fanny fanny ______ (subspecies in western & southeastern Ecuador, and in western Peru)
Myrtis fanny megalura ______ (subspecies in northern Peru) (subspecies described in 1953)

MYRMIA
Short-tailed Woodstar ______ EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1854)
Myrmia micrura

The geographic range of the Short-tailed Woodstar is in western Ecuador & northwestern Peru.

EULIDA
Chilean Woodstar (t2) ______ CH(*)
Eulida yarrellii

The geographic range of the Chilean Woodstar is in far-northern Chile and very adjacent southern Peru.
There has been, during the last couple decades, an ongoing decline of this species in its very limited range, almost only in the area of the northernmost Chilean city of Arica, where we have seen it during FONT tours.
Although the Chilean Woodstar has been observed feeding on a wide range of native and introduced trees and shrubs, the decline of the bird may be due to the loss of preferred native plants.
Also, a factor for the bird's decline may be competition with another hummingbird, the Peruvian Sheartail, that has recently spread into the range of the Chilean Woodstar.

CHAETOCERCUS
White-bellied Woodstar ______ EC(*)
Chaetocercus (formerly Acestrura) mulsanti

The geographic range of the White-bellied Woodstar is from Colombia to central Bolivia.

(photos below, upper photo a female during the FONT Ecuador Tour in April 2013,
lower photo a male; upper photo by Marie Gardner, lower photo by Larry O'Meallie)
Little Woodstar (t3) ______ EC(*) (species described by Gould in 1871)
Chaetocercus (formerly Acestrura) bombus

The geographic range of the Little Woodstar is from southwestern Colombia to north-central Peru.

The Little Woodstar is really very little, from 2.34 inches to 2.73 inches in length, making it very close to being the smallest of the world's birds.

(photo below, courtesy of Myra Outwater)

A nest of the Little Woodstar (left photo); the bird (in right photo, indicated by an arrow) smaller than the leaves.
During a FONT tour in western Ecuador in July 1997.
The Little Woodstar, a species not commonly seen, is one of the smallest of all hummingbirds.
Gorgeted Woodstar ______ EC VE(*)
Chaetocercus (formerly Acestrura) heliodor

SUBSPECIES:
Chaetocercus heliodor cleavesi ______ (subspecies in northeast Ecuador)
Chaetocercus heliodor heliodor ______ (subspecies in Venezuela & Colombia)

A determination as to the subspecies of a population of Chaetocercus heliodor in Ecuador on the west slope of the Andes has yet to be done.
Esmeraldas Woodstar (t2) ______ EC
Chaetocercus (formerly Acestrura) berlepschi

The geographic range of the Esmeraldas Woodstar is in western Ecuador.

An Esmeraldas Woodstar in a front yard at the home of one of our friends, Wilmer Quimis,
near Puerto Lopez along the Ecuadorian coast. The photo was taken in March 2014.
(photo by Wilmer Quimis)
Rufous-shafted Woodstar ______ VE(*)
Chaetocercus jourdanii

SUBSPECIES:
Chaetocercus jourdanii andinus ______ (subspecies in western Venezuela & northeastern Colombia) (subspecies described in 1949)
Chaetocercus jourdanii jourdannii ______ (subspecies in northeastern Venezuela & Trinidad)
Chaetocercus jourdanii rosae ______ (subspecies in northern Venezuela)
Santa Marta Woodstar ______
Chaetocercus astreans

The geographic range of the Santa Marta Woodstar is in northeast Colombia.

MELLISUGA
Vervain Hummingbird ______ DM(*) JM(*) (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
Mellisuga minima

SUBSPECIES:
Mellisuga minima minima ______ (subspecies on the Caribbean island of Jamaica)
Mellisuga minima vieilloti ______ (subspecies on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola)

(photos below taken by Marie Gardner,
during the April 2012 FONT tour in the Dominican Republic;
one bird perched high in a tree, another feeding in a garden)
Bee Hummingbird (nt) ______
Mellisuga (or Calypte) helenae

The Bee Hummingbird is endemic to the Caribbean island of Cuba.

ARCHILOCHUS
Ruby-throated Hummingbird ______ CR(*) DE(*) FL(*) GU(*) HN(*) MX(*) NC(*) PN(rare)(*) TX(*) (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
Archilochus colubris

The breeding range of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird is in the eastern & central United States and in southern Canada. Most winter from central Mexico to western Panama. Some winter in the US in Florida.

(photos below; top photo, a male; middle photo, male & females
lower photo of a female by Marie Gardner)

Out-of-range occurrences of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird in the US have been in: Alaska (in June), California (in August, September), Colorado (in April, May, July), and New Mexico (in October).
Black-chinned Hummingbird ______ AZ(*) CO(*) MX(*) NM(*) TX(*)
Archilochus alexandri

The breeding range of the Black-chinned Hummingbird is in southwestern Canada, the western United States, and northern Mexico. The species winters in western & south-central Mexico.

(Photos below; the top two photos courtesy of Howard Eskin)

The Black-chinned Hummingbird normally occurs in the western US and in parts of central & western Mexico. East of that range, some individuals winter along the Gulf Coat of the US from Texas east to Georgia and Florida. Some winter in California.
Out-of-range occurrences have been in these US states and Canadian provinces: Alberta (in July), Kentucky (in fall-winter) New Jersey (in the fall), North Carolina (in the fall & spring), Ontario (in May), South Carolina (in the fall & winter), South Dakota (in the fall), Tennessee (in fall-winter).

CALYPTE

The genus CALYPTE are "helmeted hummingbirds", as the 2 species in the genus have crests and gorgets that form an iridescent "helmet".
With the ANNA'S HUMMINGBIRD the color is red, while that of the COSTA'S HUMMINGBIRD is purple.
Anna's Hummingbird ______ AZ(*) CA(*)
Calypte anna

The breeding range of the Anna's Hummingbird is in southwestern Canada, the western United States, and northwestern Mexico. Some birds winter further south in Mexico, and further east in the southwestern US.

The male Anna's Hummingbird has a remarkable display which involves a nearly vertical power dive over a display object.
A pinging noise made by the tail and a brilliant display of the iridescent purple-red feathers of the chin and forehead presumably enhance the display value of the performance.
This display is given in all months of the year, but is most frequent from November to April, the breeding season of the species in California. These hummingbirds are highly territorial and the display dives take place only within their territorial bounds.

The diving display is as follows:
1. The male climbs nearly vertically, in a hovering flight, with the head bent downwards and the bill pointed toward the display object so that the male appears to be eyeing the display object as he ascends.
2. The male stops in mid-air, 100 to 150 feet above and to the side of the display object. At that point the bird hovers, making no appreciable lateral movement, so that his azimuth with respect to the display object is no longer adjustable.
3. Almost at once the male power dives, with a burst of wingbeats, with each burst terminating with the wings held to the sides. Several power bursts take place in the downward dive which is made at an angle of perhaps 65 to 75 degrees from the horizontal.
4. The flight levels at several feet from the display object, and the male passes over the object almost horizontally.
5. At the moment the bird is over the display object, the tail is lowered, and by some manipulation, poorly understood, the produces a sharp sound.
6. At that point, the flight is slowed and the bird veers upward, rising in a hook-shaped course 10 to 15 feet above and beyond the display object, and then hovers at that position momentarily.
7. He then moves upward again to approximately the same position where the initial dive started, and a new dive begins.
The number of dives is variable, from one to a dozen or more, but frequently from three to eight.

The above-described display has been noted to be oriented directly into the afternoon sun (between about 5:15 & 5:55pm. At times of heavy overcast, the dives have been seen to be randomly oriented, but with usually little display activity at such times. Poor weather generally slows the tempo of the display dive.

Alexander Skutch has distinguished two basically different types of display among hummingbirds, "dynamic" and "static".
The dynamic type is exemplified by the Anna's Hummingbird display dive described above,
Also, it is characteristic of the Broad-tailed Hummingbird, the Black-chinned Hummingbird, Costa's Hummingbird, the Rufous Hummingbird, Allen's Hummingbird, the Calliope Hummingbird, and the Ruby-throated Hummingbird - all of these are the most-northerly occurring hummingbirds.
Central American species, such as the Rufous-tailed Hummingbird, White-eared Hummingbird, and Bumblebee Hummingbird do not have prominent display dives, but confine their display energy to singing and gorget-flashing at display posts, thus the static display type.

The above information about the display of the Anna's Hummingbird and others is from the Wilson Bulletin in March 1965.

(photos below; the top 2 photos of males by Marie Gardner and Larry O'Meallie;
the next 3 photos of females and another at its nest with two young, by Howard Eskin)

The top photograph below was taken during a FONT tour in southern Arizona.

As noted below, the Anna's Hummingbird, normally in the West, has been in the East,
in Delaware, one bird, from November to April, from 2012 into 2013.
The photo below is the last one that was taken of that bird, obviously a male, on April 7, 2013.
(photo by Howard Eskin)

The Anna's Hummingbird is a species of western North America, but vagrants can occur almost anywhere, most commonly in the fall & winter.
Out-of-range occurrences have been in these US states and Canadian provinces: Alabama (in November), interior Alaska (in September), Alberta (from June to October), Arkansas (in fall-winter), Colorado (from May to December), Delaware (from November to April), Florida (in fall-winter), Georgia (in fall-winter), Idaho (from September to May), Illinois (in fall-winter), Kansas (in fall-winter), Michigan (December to April), Minnesota (in fall-winter), Missouri (October to February), Mississippi (November to January), Montana (June to November), North Carolina (in fall-winter), New York (October to December), Oklahoma (in winter), Pennsylvania (in winter), Saskatchewan (from July to October), South Carolina (in winter), Tennessee (in January), in northern & eastern Texas (from July to March), Utah (in the fall), Wisconsin (from August to January).

The migration of the Anna's Hummingbird is not well understood. It does not appear to migrate in the "traditional sense". Year-round presence is some areas may well be due to breeding birds being replaced by migrants from other areas.
Large numbers of Anna's in the mountains of Arizona in the non-breeding season (July to October) have long been assumed to come from California, yet of the thousands of hummingbirds that have been banded in California and Arizona, ONLY ONE is has been shown to have traveled between the 2 states!
Costa's Hummingbird ______ AZ(*)
Calypte costae

The breeding range of the Costa's Hummingbird is mostly in the southwestern United States. Most winter in western Mexico.

(photo below, above photo by Larry O'Meallie; lower photo by Howard Eskin)



The Costa's Hummingbird is a species of desert scrub normally in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico. Part of the population that breeds in the resident range migrates south in the winter along the Pacific coast of Mexico.
Vagrants have occurred in these US states and Canadian provinces: Alaska (from July to October), Alberta (in August), British Columbia (from April to June), Colorado (in May), Kansas (in November), western Texas (from September to January & in April), in central & southern Texas (from January to March), western Washington State (from August to October).

ATTHIS
Bumblebee Hummingbird ______ (another name has been Heloise's Hummingbird)
Atthis heloisa

SUBSPECIES:
Atthis heloisa heloisa ______ (subspecies in northeastern, central, & southern Mexico)
Atthis heloisa margarethae ______ (subspecies in northwestern & western Mexico)

As noted above, the Bumblebee Hummingbird is a Mexican species. But 2 female specimens are said to have been collected in southern Arizona, at Ramsey Canyon, in the Huachuca Mountains, in July 1896.
Wine-throated Hummingbird ______ GU(*) (another name has been Elliot's Hummingbird)
Atthis ellioti

SUBSPECIES:
Atthis ellioti ellioti ______ (subspecies in southern Mexico & Guatemala)
Atthis ellioti selasphoroides ______ (subspecies in Honduras)

SELASPHORUS
Broad-tailed Hummingbird ______ AZ(*) CO(*) GU(*) MX(*) NM(*) TX(*)
Selasphorus platycercus

The breeding range of the Broad-tailed Hummingbird is from the west & the west-central United States to Mexico and western Guatemala. Wintering is in Mexico and Guatemala.

The geographically isolated birds in Guatemala, formerly considered the subspecies Selasphorus platycercus guatemalae, have been merged, now making the species monotypic (that is, without subspecies).

Selasphorus platycercus might be better placed in the genus Archilochus.

(photos below; upper photo of an adult male by Larry O'Meallie;
middle photo of an immature male & lower photo of a female
by Doris Potter during the FONT tour in Arizona in Aug '08)

The Broad-tailed Hummingbird is a species that summers, and breeds, mostly in the western United States, and winters mostly in Mexico. A small number winter along the Gulf Coast of the southeast US.
Otherwise, out-of-range occurrences have been in these US states and one Canadian province: northern Arkansas (in November & December), British Columbia (in July), Delaware (in the winter), Florida (in January & February), Georgia (in the fall-winter), Illinois (in November), Indiana (in the winter), Kansas (from June to September), Michigan (from August to winter), Mississippi (in fall-winter), Nebraska (in August & September), New Jersey (in November), Oregon (from May to August), South Dakota (from June to September), in eastern & central Texas, and in Washington State (in August).
Rufous Hummingbird ______ AK(*) AZ(*)
Selasphorus rufus

The breeding range of the Rufous Hummingbird is from southern Alaska to western Canada and the northwestern United States. As noted below, it winters mostly in Mexico, but with some in the United States.

(photos below, upper photo by Rick Wiltraut;
middle & lower photos by Howard Eskin)

The Rufous Hummingbird is a long-distance migrant, summering, and breeding, as far north as southern Alaska, and wintering mostly in Mexico. Some, however, winter in the US, especially in the Southeast notably along the Gulf Coast, mostly in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Texas. A few also winter in the US in coastal southern California.

The species seems strongly prone to wandering during it southbound migration in the fall. It has occurred in ALL of the US states east of the Rocky Mountains, and in most of the Canadian provinces. And so it can appear almost "anywhere", and is usually discovered at feeders.
In the southbound Rufous Hummingbird migration, adult males travel first, with adult females following about 1 to 2 weeks later. The migration of the immature birds is the latest and the most drawn-out, occurring up to a month after that of the adult female.

The Rufous Hummingbird is the only hummingbird that occurs, on occasion, in the Old World. In the spring, migratory overshoots have reached as far into Russian Siberia as the Chukotski Peninsula.

The above photo (by Howard Eskin) is of a juvenile male Selasphorus hummingbird.
Two species in that genus, the Rufous (above) & the Allen's (below), cannot be differentiated in eastern North America without in-hand measurement.
One can tell the bird in this photo is a juvenile by the white-tipped tail feathers.
Adult females have white on the tail also, but this is a male because the rusty brown feathers go all the way down to the black on the tail. A female would have been green in that area.

Having a notch or emargination in the R2 tail feathers indicates that a hummingbird is a Rufous, rather than the nearly-identical Allen's Hummingbird (below).
Allen's Hummingbird ______ AZ(*)
Selasphorus sasin

SUBSPECIES:
Selasphorus sasin sasin ______ (subspecies breeding along southern coastal Oregon & California and wintering from California to south-central Mexico)
Selasphorus sasin sedentarius ______ (subspecies on offshore islands of southern California)

(the two upper photos below, of a first-year male; the two lower photos of an adult female,
photos by Howard Eskin)

The Allen's Hummingbird, a close relative of the Rufous Hummingbird, has one of the most restricted breeding ranges of any North American hummingbird, being confined from the Pacific Coast of southern California north to southern Oregon. Although its habitat has been strongly altered by human activity, the bird has adapted well to urban and suburban environments.

Outside its breeding range, the Allen's Hummingbird is rare, but regular, in southern Arizona, and has occurred more rarely in New Mexico, west Texas, Utah, and Nevada. Some winter rarely along the Gulf Coast of the US.
Fall-winter occurrences in eastern US states have been in: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

In its limited breeding range, there are, as noted above, 2 subspecies. One, sedentarius, apparently originated on the offshore Channel Islands, and colonized, during the 20th Century, the nearby California mainland. It has recently spread, both north and south along the coast. Although this subspecies is essentially nonmigratory, an Allen's Hummingbird specimen from Louisiana has been identified as sedentarius.
Volcano Hummingbird ______ CR(*) PN(*)
Selasphorus flammula

SUBSPECIES:
Selasphorus flammula flammula (subspecies in Costa Rica, at Irazu & Turrialba Volcanoes)
Selasphorus flammula simoni (subspecies in Costa Rica, at Poas & Barva Volcanoes)
Selasphorus flammula torridus (subspecies in Costa Rica & Panama, in the Talamanca Range)

The red-gorgeted form in Costa Rica was formerly considered a species, the Cerise-throated Hummingbird, Selasphorus simoni.

(photos below, taken during FONT tours in Costa Rica;
upper photo by Bruce Christenson; middle photo by Alan Brady;
lower photo by Virginia Woodhouse during a FONT Costa Rica Tour in March 2012;
all of these photos of S. f. torridus)
Scintillant Hummingbird ______ CR(*) PN(*) (species described by Gould in 1851)
Selasphorus scintilla

The geographic range of the Scintillant Hummingbird is in Costa Rica & western Panama.

(photos below, taken by Marie Gardner during a FONT tour in Costa Rica)
Glow-throated Hummingbird (t3) ______ PN(*)
Selasphorus ardens

The geographic range of the Glow-throated Hummingbird is in west-central Panama.
Calliope Hummingbird ______ AZ(*)    (species described by Gould in 1847)
Selasphorus (formerly Stellula) calliope

The breeding range of the Calliope Hummingbird is in southwestern Canada & the western United States. Wintering is mostly in southwestern Mexico.

(photos below; upper photo by Doris Potter)

The Calliope Hummingbird breeds in montane coniferous forests in parts of the western US and southwestern Canada. Most winter, as noted above, in southwestern Mexico. However, some winter along the Gulf Coast in the US, from Texas to northwestern Florida, mainly in Louisiana. More rarely, some winter in west Texas and in Arizona.
Otherwise, vagrants have occurred in these US states and one Canadian province: northern Alabama (in November), Arkansas (in November & December), central Florida (in March & April), northern Georgia (in the winter), Kansas (in July & August), Minnesota (in November & December), North Carolina (from October to March), Nebraska (from June to August), New Jersey (in November), Pennsylvania (in November), Saskatchewan (in July & August), South Carolina (from December to April), South Dakota (in August), Tennessee (from November to April) and in western & central Texas.

(Below, the 2nd Calliope Hummingbird in Pennsylvania, in November 2012.
The bird is feeding at Pineapple Sage. Photo by Joe Flood.)