PO Box 9021, Wilmington, DE 19809, USA
E-mail: font@focusonnature.com
Phone: Toll-free in USA 1-888-721-3555
 or 302/529-1876

 

The Birds of 
North America 


Owls to Flycatchers


Part 4 of a List and 
Photo Gallery
of North American Birds
 compiled by Armas Hill





Noting those found during Focus On Nature Tours in Alaska, Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, North Carolina, Nebraska, Newfoundland, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Washington State, & Wyoming, including offshore pelagic trips  

Birds found during FONT tours & pelagic trips have an (*).   


PHOTO AT UPPER RIGHT: BURROWING OWL 


Codes:

In the list that follows, birds found during FONT tours are noted, indicating the US state or Canadian province & the months when found.

(The codes below relate to the United States unless indicated otherwise) 

AK:    Alaska
AZ:    Arizona
BC:    British Columbia, Canada (until 2001, during our West Coast Tours in September) 
CA:    California  (during our September West Coast Tours)
CO:    Colorado
DE:    Delaware (including offshore pelagic trips from DE and Delmarva land-birding and nature tours) 
FL:     Florida
IA:     Iowa  (with our Nebraska Tours in March)
KS:    Kansas  (with our Colorado Tours in April)
MD:   Maryland  (Delmarva Tours)
NC:    North Carolina  (including offshore pelagic trips and spring & summer land-birding tours)
NE:    Nebraska  (tours in March & with our Colorado tours in April) 
NF:    Newfoundland, Canada
NM:   New Mexico  (with our West Texas Tours in the spring & our Arizona Tours in the late-summer)   
 OK:   Oklahoma  (with our Colorado Tours in April)    
TX:    Texas
VA:    Virginia  (Delmarva Tours, and in conjunction with the NC Tour in the spring)
WA:   Washington State  (during our September West Coast Tours) 
WY:   Wyoming  (with our Colorado Tours in April)

During FONT pelagic trips:
DEP:    offshore from Delaware
CAP:    offshore from California  
NCP:    offshore from North Carolina 
NJP:    offshore from New Jersey
WAP:   offshore from Washington State 

The months when the birds have been found are with the above codes. 
(ac):        north of the Arctic Circle 
(DT):       in the area of the Dry Tortugas islands in Florida
(PI):        at the Pribilof Islands in Alaska

(USe):          endemic to the USA 
(USqe):        quasi (or nearly) endemic to the USA
(USeb):        endemic-breeder in USA 
(USneb):      near-endemic breeder in the USA
(NAi):           species introduced into North America
(NAri):          re-introduced species
(r/NA):          rare in North America, having occurred in both the United States & Canada 
(r/US):          rare in the United States

(t): a globally threatened or rare species, designated by Birdlife International
(t1): critical   (t2): endangered   (t3): vulnerable
(nt): a near-threatened species globally


(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT web-site  

       
 Links to Bird Groupings in this part of this List: 

Owls     Nighthawks & Nightjars    Swifts    Hummingbirds    Trogons

Kingfishers & Hoopoe    Woodpeckers    Tityra & Becards    Flycatchers


Links to Other Parts of this North American Bird List:

Part #1:  Grouse to Anhinga    Part #2:  Condor to Shorebirds    Part #3:  Jaegers to Cuckoos

Part #5: Shrikes to Pipits    Part #6: Olive Warbler to Buntings


Links to Lists of Birds of: 

Alaska    Arizona    California    Colorado    Delaware, Maryland, Virginia (Delmarva Peninsula) 

North Carolina    Texas    Washington State

Links to Lists & Photo Galleries of Other Nature, including North American:

Mammals    Butterflies, Dragonflies    Amphibians, Reptiles   Marine Life, inc Fish, Crustaceans

Links to Information about Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours;
in North America    by month in:  2015   2016   or:   by geographic location worldwide

Other Links:

Directory of Photos in this Website 

A Photo Gallery of Birds that in North America would be Rare


List of Birds:


       OWLS

  1. American Barn Owl (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  CA:sep  DE:may  NC:aug  TX:apr  WA:sep
    Tyto furcata 

         The American Barn Owl has been part of the Barn Owl of Eurasia & Africa, Tyto alba.
    But Tyto furcata is a heavier bird, with a larger and stouter head and body, and with much more powerful talons.   

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Tyto furcata pratincola  ______      subspecies in North and Central America; also on Hispaniola in the Caribbean 

    The longevity record of the American Barn Owl in the wild is 17 years, 10 months.   

         Outside North America, the Barn Owl, Tyto alba, has been seen during FONT tours in the Canary Islands, Hungary, Poland, Spain. During tours in the 1990s it was found to be especially numerous in Spain.

    South of the US: 
    The American Barn Owl, Tyto furcata,  has been found during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, the Cayman Islands, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Venezuela.
    On Jamaica and Grand Cayman Island, it is the nominate subspecies, Tyto furcata furcata. 
    On Grand Cayman Island, it is rare.  

    The Lesser Antilles Barn Owl, Tyto insularis, has been found during FONT tours in Dominica, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent.

    The Galapagos Barn Owl, Tyto punctatissima, has been found during FONT tours in the Galapagos Islands, off Ecuador. 


    An American Barn Owl
    (photo by Armas Hill)
       
  2. Flammulated Owl  (*)  ______  AZ:jul
    Philoscops     (formerly Otus) flammeolus  (monotypic, and the only species in its genus)

    The longevity record of the Flammulated Owl in the wild is 13 years.

  3. Western Screech Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:aug  CA:sep  TX:apr  WA:sep
    Megascops     (formerly Otus) kennicottii

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
     Megascops kennicottii aikeni  ______  subspecies from the southwestern US to north-central Sonora in Mexico
    Megascops kennicottii bendirei  ______  subspecies from Washington State & Idaho to southern California, east to Montana & Wyoming, a pale gray subspecies   
    Megascops kennicottii cardonensis  ______  subspecies in southern California, on the Pacific slope, rather dark
    Megascops kennicottii kennicottii  ______  subspecies from southern Alaska to coastal Oregon, including Vancouver Island 
    Megascops kennicottii suttoni  ______  subspecies from Rio Grande, Texas south into Mexico, the darkest subspecies, described in 1941
    Megascops kennicottii yumanensis  ______  subspecies from the Colorado Desert & Baja California to northwestern Sonora, Mexico, a pale-gray subspecies, described in 1951
    Some of these subspecies are known from just a few specimens and could be morphs or examples of individual variation. More taxonomic review is needed. 

    The longevity record of the Western Screech Owl in the wild is 12 years, 11 months.



    Western Screech Owl
    (photo by Howard Eskin)

  4. Eastern Screech Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  DE:mar,may  NC:jun,aug  TX:mar,may
    Megascops     (formerly Otus) asio

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Megascops asio asio  ______      subspecies in Virginia to Georgia, west to eastern Oklahoma, pale gray
    Megascops asio floridanus  ______      subspecies from Florida to Louisiana and Arkansas
    Megascops asio hasbroucki  ______      subspecies from Kansas to Oklahoma and Texas
    Magascops asio maxwelliae  ______      subspecies west of the Great Lakes in the north-central US 
    Megascops asio naevius  ______      subspecies in southern Ontario & the northeastern US, with white below especially on the belly
    Megascops asio mccalli  ______      subspecies from the lower Rio Grande valley in Texas south into Mexico, has a gray morph more dark-mottled above and a red morph paler 

    The longevity record of the Eastern Screech Owl in the wild is 20 years, 8 months.  

    The Eastern Screech Owl was described by Linnaeus in 1758.  

    South of the US, the Eastern Screech Owl has been found during a FONT tour in Mexico. 



    Above & below: young gray-morph Eastern Screech Owls
    Below; 4 of them with, yes, one facing away 
         (upper photo by Howard Eskin; lower photo by Doris Potter)




  5. Whiskered Screech Owl  (*)  ______  AZ:aug
    Megascops     (formerly Otus) trichopsis

    SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Megascops trichopsis aspersus  ______      subspecies from southeast Arizona to northern Mexico, occurs almost entirely as an all-gray morph

    South of the US, the Whiskered Screech Owl has been found during FONT tours in Mexico.
     
  6. Oriental Scops Owl  ______  (r/US)
    Otus sunia

         The Oriental Scops Owl is a species of eastern Asia. There are 2 records of rufous morphs (of the race japonicus) from the Aleutian islands, Alaska. A dried wing was found on Buldir Island on June 5, 1977. A bird found alive on Amchitka Island on June 20, 1979 subsequently died. It became a specimen.  

         Outside North America, the Oriental Scops Owl has been found during FONT tours in Japan. 

  7. Great Horned Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jan,jul,aug  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:mar,apr,may  KS:apr  NC:may,jun,aug  NE:mar  NM:apr  TX:mar,apr,may  WA:sep
    Bubo virginanus 

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Bubo virginanus heterocnemis  ______      subspecies in eastern North America, typically a dark morph, the pale morph being rare 
    Bubo virginanus occidentalis  ______      subspecies from Alberta to California, typically as a grayish morph 
    Bubo virginanus pacificus  ______      subspecies in the southwestern US 
    Bubo virginanus pallescens  ______      subspecies from southern California to northern Mexico, smaller and paler than some other subspecies 
    Bubo virginanus saturatus  ______      subspecies from Alaska to California, mostly very dark
    Bubo virginanus subarcticus  ______      subspecies from British Colombia & the Mackenzie Valley to western & northern Ontario, the palest subspecies with white predominating in the plumage 
    Bubo virginanus virginanus  ______      subspecies from Canada to Florida 
    Bubo virginanus wapacuthu  ______      subspecies in northern and northeastern North America, very pale

    The longevity record of the Great Horned Owl is 27 years, 9 months.

         South of the US, the Great Horned Owl has been found during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela.



    Above & below: Great Horned Owls
    Above, an adult. Below, a juvenile. 
    (photos by Howard Eskin)




  8. Northern Pygmy Owl  (*)  ______  AZ:jul  CA:sep  WA:sep
    Glaucidium californicum      (previously Glaucidium gnoma, which is now the Mountain Pygmy Owl of Mexico & Central America, reaching north into southern Arizona & New Mexico)  

    SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Glaucidium californicum californicum  ______      subspecies from southeastern Alaska to California, very dark
    Glaucidium californicum pinicola  ______      subspecies from Idaho & Montana south to New Mexico, more spotted than the nominate and occurs in gray and red morphs
    Glaucidium californicum swarthi  ______      subspecies confined to Vancouver Island, British Colombia, Canada

    Glaucidium californicum pinicola was previously considered a subspecies of the Mountain Pygmy Owl (below).
    Some DNA evidence supports its being a distinct species, but more research regarding its biology, ecology, and taxonomy is needed.   

  9. Mountain Pygmy Owl  ______  
    Glaucidium gnoma      (monotypic)

         In addition to the Northern Pygmy Owl (above), two other current species were previously conspecific with the Mountain Pygmy Owl. These are the Baja Pygmy Owl, Glaucidium hoskinsii and the Guatemalan Pygmy Owl, Glaucidium cobanense. 
    However, the taxonomy of this group could use some more study.     

    South of the US, the Mountain Pygmy Owl has been found during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico.    

  10. Ridgway's Pygmy Owl  (ph)  ______  (r/US)  (has been part of the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl)
    Glaucidium ridgwayi

         Generally, the wide-ranging Ferruginous Pygmy Owl has been a widespread Neotropical species occurring in Central and South America. 
    However, with the latest taxonomy, the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl, Glaucidium brasilianum, is now only in South America.
    For a long time, Glaucidium ridgwayi has been considered a subspecies of the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl, but it has recently been separated on the basis of DNA data and vocal differences. 
    Some further study of the Glaucidium brasilianum complex is still needed. 

    In the US in southern Texas and southern Arizona, Glaucidium ridgwayi inhabits saguaro deserts and woodlands. 

    Regarding Glaucidium ridgwayi SUBSPECIES:  

    In Texas, Glaucidium ridgwayi ridgwayi occurs to north to near Kingsville. That subspecies there is brownish. 
    The grayer subspecies in southern Arizona, Glaucidium ridgwayi cactorum, is rare, and considered endangered. 

    Glaucidium ridgwayi cactorum  ______  subspecies restricted to western Mexico and southern Arizona
    Glaucidium ridgwayi ridgwayi  ______  subspecies from southern Texas and Mexico to northwestern Colombia 

    South of the US, the Ridgway's Pygmy Owl has been found during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.

    South of the US, the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl has been found during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, and Venezuela.  

     

    A Ridgway's Pygmy Owl, 
    photographed in Mexico 
         (photo by Dick Tipton) 

  11. Elf Owl  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  TX:apr
    Micrathene whitneyi

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Micrathene whitney idonea  ______      subspecies from south Texas to central Mexico, grayer above than the nominate
    Micrathene whitney whitney  ______      subspecies in the southwestern US and northern Mexico, wintering to central Mexico

    The longevity record of the Elf Owl in the wild is 4 years, 11 months.    

         South of the US, the Elf Owl has been found during FONT tours in Mexico (Sonora).
     
  12. Burrowing Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  FL:apr  KS:apr  NE:apr  OK:apr
    Athene     (was Speotyto) cunicularia 

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Athene cunicularia floridana  ______      subspecies in Florida
    Athene cunicularia hypugaea  ______      subspecies from British Colombia east to Manitoba, south to Mexico, and more rarely south to Panama      

    The longevity record of the Burrowing Owl in the wild is 11 years. 

         South of the US, the Burrowing Owl has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico (the Yucatan), Paraguay, Venezuela.



    Burrowing Owls 

  13. Spotted Owl  (nt) (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul
    Strix occidentalis

    SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Strix occidentalis caurina  ______      subspecies from British Colombia to northern California, a darker brown 
    Strix occidentalis lucida      "Mountain    , or Mexican Spotted Owl"  ______  subspecies from Arizona to central Mexico, paler and with more white spots
    Strix occidentalis occidentalis  ______      subspecies from Nevada to southern California

    The longevity record of the Spotted Owl in the wild is 21 years.

    Fragmentation of old-growth forests have facilitated the spread of the Barred Owl (below) from east to west, as it seems to adapt easily to more-open areas, and thus it is unfortunate that the larger and more aggressive Barred Owl has been able to displace the Spotted Owl.
    With this expansion of the Barred Owl, there has been increased opportunity for cross-breeding that threatens locally to overtake the pure Spotted Owl gene pool.  

     

    A young Spotted Owl photographed during a FONT tour in southern Arizona,
    the subspecies Strix occidentalis lucida, the     "Mexican Spotted Owl"

  14. Barred Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  DE:may  NC:jun,aug
    Strix varia

    SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Strix varia georgica  ______      subspecies in the southeastern US from North Carolina to Florida, paler and a little smaller than the nominate
    Strix varia helveola  ______      subspecies in Texas and the adjacent lowlands in Mexico, with a pale cinnamon coloration
    Strix varia varia  ______      subspecies from southeastern Alaska to northern California, and east across North America, south to Texas and North Carolina
    There is another subspecies in Mexico.

    The longevity record of the Barred Owl in the wild is 18 years, 2 months.  



    Above & below: Barred Owls
     (above photo by Marie Gardner; photo below by Ed Kendell)
    The bird in the upper photo is the nominate, S. v. varia.
    The one in the lower photo, photographed in South Carolina, appears to be the paler subspecies, S. v. georgica.




  15. Great Gray Owl  (ph) ______
    Strix nebulosa

    SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Strix nebulosa nebulosa  ______      subspecies from central Alaska east through mush of southern Canada, and south to Idaho, Wyoming, and northeastern Minnesota; rarely further south during irruptions
    Strix nebulosa yosemitensis  ______      subspecies in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California, recently separated from the nominate based on DNA analysis, described in 2010 

    The longevity record of the Great Gray Owl in the wild is 15 years, 11 months.



    A Great Gray Owl
         (photo by Armas Hill)

  16. Mexican Wood Owl  ______  (r/US)
    Strix     (or Cicabba) squamulata

    The Mexican Wood Owl has been part of the Mottled Owl, Strix virgata, now said to be a South American species. 

    The Mexican Wood Owl ranges from northwestern & northeastern Mexico south into northwestern South America. There is a road-killed specimen from near the Bentson-Rio Grande State Park, in southern Texas, from February 23, 1983.     

         South of the US, the Mexican Wood Owl has been found during FONT tours Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Panama. The Mottled Owl has been found during FONT tours in Brazil.

  17. Stygian Owl  ______  (r/US)
    Asio stygius
    The Stygian Owl occurs from Mexico south into South America, and locally in the West Indies on Hispaniola & Cuba. It is a forest-dwelling nocturnal owl, rather secretive.
    Twice, found roosting and photographed at the Bentson-Rio Grande Valley State Park, in southern Texas, on December 9, 1994 & December 26, 1996. The 1994 bird was first thought to be a Northern Long-eared Owl.    

         South of the US, the Stygian Owl has been found during a FONT tour in Guatemala.  

  18. Northern Long-eared Owl  (*)  ______  NE:mar
    Asio otus

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Asio otus tuftsi  ______      subspecies from British Colombia, Canada to northwestern Mexico, more pale & gray than A. o. wilsonianus, subspecies described in 1948
    Asio otus wilsonianus  ______      subspecies in Canada are the US, except in the West

    Other species of "southern" Long-eared Owls are in Africa and Madagascar. 

    The longevity record of the Northern Long-eared Owl in the wild is 27 years, 9 months.

    The Northern Long-eared Owl was described by Linnaeus in 1758.

         Outside North America, the Northern Long-eared Owl has been found during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan, Poland..



    Above & below: Northern Long-eared Owls
    (upper photo by Doris Potter;
     the lower photo, an older picture in black-and-white, by Alan Brady)



    Below: a drawing of a Long-eared Owl by Charles Gambill

  19. Short-eared Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  AK:may,jun (PI)  FL:apr (DT)  WA:sep
    Asio flammeus

         SUBSPECIES THAT OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Asio flammeus domingensis  ______      subspecies on the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; it has occurred at the Dry Tortugas, an offshore island in southern Florida
    Asio flammeus flammeus  _____      subspecies throughout the Northern Hemisphere

    Asio flammeus domingensis     is smaller than Asio flammeus flammeus, and has very fine streaks on the belly and a darker ruff. 
    The West Indian subspecies, Asio flammeus domingensis, is sometimes said to be a full species due to its plumage and vocalizations.  

         The longevity record of the Short-eared Owl in the wild is 20 years, 9 months.

         Outside North America, the Short-eared Owl has been seen during FONT tours in Hungary, Iceland, Japan, Sweden, and south of the US in Brazil, Chile, and Venezuela.

    Outside North America, the Galapagos Short-eared Owl, Asio galapagoensis, has been seen during FONT torus in the Galapagos Islands, off Ecuador. 



    Above & below: Short-eared Owls in flight
    (upper photo by Howard Eskin, lower photo by Kim Steininger)




  20. Snowy Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  AK:may,jun (PI)
    Bubo     (formerly Nyctea) scandiacus  (monotypic)

    The longevity record of the Snowy Owl in the wild is 11 years, 7 months.

    The Snowy Owl was described by Linnaeus in 1758.



    Snowy Owls
         (above photo by Paul Leverington; below photo by Kim Steininger)




  21. Northern Hawk Owl  (*)  ______  AK:may,jun
    Surnia ulula

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Surnia ulula caparoch  ______      subspecies from Alaska across southern Canada to the extreme northern US; this subspecies darker than the two in Eurasia 

    The longevity record of the Northern Hawk Owl in the wild is 16 years, 2 months.

    The Northern Hawk Owl was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 



    Above & below: Northern Hawk-Owls
         (upper photo by Armas Hill in 1979;
     lower photo, in black-and-white, by Alan Brady in 1991)
  22. Boreal Owl  (*)  ______  AK:may,jun  
    Aegolius funereus

         SUBSPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA:
    Aegolius funereus richardsoni  ______      subspecies from Alaska across Canada; in western North America in the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico 

    The Boreal Owl is called the Tengmalm's Owl in Europe.

    The longevity record of the Boreal Owl in the wild is 15 years. 

    The Boreal, or Tengmalm's Owl was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 

         Outside North America, the Tengmalm's, or Boreal, Owl has been found during FONT tours in Poland, Slovakia. 



    Above & below: Two Photos of a Boreal Owl
    (photographed by Armas Hill in 1979)




  23. Northern Saw-whet Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  AK:jun
    Aegolius acadius 

     SUBSPECIES:
    Aegolius acadius acadius  ______      subspecies from Alaska to the Mexican highlands, and east across southern Canada and in the northern US
    Aegolius acadius brooksi  "Queen Charlotte Owl"  ______      subspecies on Queen Charlotte Island, British Colombia, Canada; very dark and much less spotted above than the nominate, and with a rich orange-buff below   

         The longevity record of the Northern Saw-whet Owl in the wild is 10 years, 4 months. 



    Above & below: Northern Saw-whet Owls
    Above, an adult; below, one juvenile & three juveniles 
         (upper photo by Andy Ednie; lower photos by Alan Brady)
  24. Japanese Hawk Owl  (or Northern Boobook)  ______  (r/US)
    Ninox japonica

         The subspecies Ninox japonica florensis (which some say should be split to be a species) occurs as a summer resident in far-eastern Russia, northern Korea, and northeastern & central China. There are two other, more-southerly subspecies.

    The Japanese Hawk Owl has been part of the traditional and wide-ranging Brown (or Oriental) Hawk Owl, Ninox scutulata, which has been an extremely polytypic species, having at least 10 subspecies in 3 groups.    
    In Alaska, on Saint Paul Island in the Pribilofs, a Japanese Hawk Owl was found roosting in crab pots in the harbor on August 27, 2007. The following year, also in Alaska, one was found dead on Kiska Island in the western Aleutians on August 1, 2008.

    Outside North America, the Japanese (formerly Brown) Hawk Owl has been found during FONT tours in Japan.


    NIGHTHAWKS & NIGHTJARS
  25. Lesser Nighthawk  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  NM:apr  TX:apr,may
    Chordeiles acutipennis

         South of the US, the Lesser Nighthawk has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.
     
  26. Common Nighthawk  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  CA:sep  CO:jul  DE:may  FL:apr (DT)  NC:jun,jul,aug  TX:apr,may  WA:sep
    Chordeiles minor

         South of the US, the Common Nighthawk has been found during FONT tours in Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.



    A Common Nighthawk     photographed in Texas
    (photo by Rhett Poppe)
  27. Antillean Nighthawk  (*)  ______  FL:apr (DT)  NC:aug  (r/NC)
    Chordeiles gundlachii  

    A West Indian species that occurs regularly in the summer on the Florida Keys. It is, on occasion, seen at the offshore Dry Tortugas and on the southeast Florida mainland. It has occurred rarely in Louisiana and on the Outer Banks of North Carolina.     

    An Antillean Nighthawk was with Common Nighthawks in the area of dunes at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in August 1994. It was both seen and heard during a FONT tour.

    South of the US, the Antillean Nighthawk has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
      
  28. Pauraque  (*) (ph)  ______  TX:apr
    Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli

         South of the US, the Pauraque has been found during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.
     
  29. Common Poorwill  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  CO:jul  NM:apr  TX:apr,may  WA:sep
    Phanaenoptilus n. nuttallii

         South of the US, the Common Poorwill has been found during FONT tours in Mexico (Sonora).

  30. Chuck-will's-widow  (*)  ______  DE:may  FL:apr  NC:may,jun  TX:may
    Antrostomus     (formerly Caprimulgus) carolinensis

         South of the US, the Chuck-will's-widow has been seen during FONT tours in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico.

  31. Eastern Whip-poor-will  (*)  ______  DE:may  NC:jun  
    Antrostomus     (formerly Caprimulgus) vociferus   
  32. Mexican Whip-poor-will  (*)  ______  AZ:jul  
    Antrostomus     (formerly Caprimulgus) arizonae
    South of the US, the Mexican Whip-poor-will has been found during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico.
  33. Buff-collared Nightjar  ______
    Antrostomus     (formerly Caprimulgus) ridgwayi

         South of the US, the Buff-collared Nightjar has been found during FONT tours in Guatemala.

  34. Gray Nightjar  (ph)  ______  (r/US)
    Caprimulgus indicus

         The Gray Nightjar is a migratory Asian species that was formerly conspecific with the more-southerly Jungle NIghtjar. A specimen, not in the best condition, of the race jotaka, was found on Buldir Island, Alaska, on May 31, 1977.  

    Outside North America, the Gray Nightjar has been seen during FONT tours in Japan, including Hegura Island.


    SWIFTS
           
  35. American Black Swift  (*)  ______  CA:sep  CO:jul
    Cypseloides niger borealis

         South of the US, the American Black Swift has been found during FONT tours in the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent.
     
  36. Chimney Swift  (*)  ______  DE:may  MD:may  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  TX:may
    Chaetura pelagica
    South of the US, the Chimney Swift has been seen during FONT tours in Brazil (Amazonian), the Cayman Islands (during migration), Chile (far-north), Ecuador, Honduras (during migration), Mexico.
  37. Vaux's Swift  (*)  ______  CA:sep  WA:sep
    Chaetura vauxi
    South of the US, the Vaux's Swift has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.

  38. White-throated Swift  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  NM:apr  TX:apr,may
    Aeronautes saxatalis

         South of the US, the White-throated Swift has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico.

  39. White-collared Swift  ______  (r/NA)
    Streptoprocne zonaris
    The White-collared Swift is a widespread species of Central & South America that also is locally found in the West Indies. It has occurred as a vagrant at various places in the US and southern Canada. 

     South of the US, the White-collared Swift has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.
     
  40. White-throated Needletail  ______  (r/US)
    Aeronautes saxatalis
    The White-throated Needletail is an Asian species. It occurs rarely in the spring in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska.

    Outside North America, the White-throated Needletail has been seen during FONT tours in Japan (on Okinawa).
    . 
  41. Pacific Swift  ______  (r/NA)  
    Apus pacificus
    Another name for Apus pacificus is the Asian White-rumped Swift. It has occurred rarely on western Alaskan islands.

    Outside North America, the Pacific Swift has been seen during FONT tours in Japan, including Hegura Island. 

  42. Common Swift  ______  (r/NA)
    Apus apus

         The Common Swift breeds in Europe and winters in Africa. It has occurred, as a rarity, at Miquelon Island (actually a part of France) in the Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of Canada. Also It has been found in Bermuda.
    Oddly, there are said to have been 2 records at the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. "Oddly" because the species does not occur in east Asia. But birds do fly! And swifts, especially, are fliers.

    Outside North America, the Common Swift has been found during FONT tours in Andorra, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey. 
          
  43. Antillean Palm Swift  ______  (r/US)
    Tachornis phoenicobia

         The Antillean Palm Swift is a species of the West Indies, particularly Cuba and Hispaniola. 2 were present and photographed at Key West, Florida from July 7 to August 13, 1972. 

    South of the US, the Antillean Palm Swift has been seen during FONT tours in the Dominican Republic, Jamaica.


    HUMMINGBIRDS
  44. Broad-billed Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep
    Cynanthus latirostris
    North of Mexico, this species normally ranges in southern Arizona. Otherwise, there have been fall and winter occurrences in southern California, and along the Gulf Coast. During 1 winter, 4 were banded in Louisiana. The species has also occurred as a rarity, from late-summer through the spring, in southern Nevada, New Mexico (except in the Peloncillo Mountains & the Guadalupe Canyon where it more regular), and Texas. And it has occurred as a vagrant in these US states and Canadian provinces: Illinois, Michigan, New Brunswick, Ontario, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Wisconsin.   

    South of the US, the Broad-billed Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.

  45. Buff-bellied Hummingbird  (*)  ______  TX:may
    Amazilia yucatanensis 

    The Buff-bellied Hummingbird breeds in the US in south Texas. After nesting, a small number move northward & eastward along the US Gulf Coast. Some winter eastward to Florida, occurring there from October to March. The few winter records away from the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico include those in central Texas and more rarely in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama.    

    South of the US, the Buff-bellied Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico.

  46. Berylline Hummingbird  (*)  ______  (r/US)  AZ:jul,aug,sep  
    Amazilia beryllina
    The Berylline Hummingbird is a species mostly of northern Central America, occurring in Mexico and south to Honduras. It is a very rare summer visitor to the mountains of southeast Arizona, where it has rarely bred. It is also occurs rarely in southwestern New Mexico (in the Guadalupe Canyon) and in west Texas (in the Big Bend National Park & in the Davis Mountains).

    South of the US, the Berylline Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
          
  47. Violet-crowned Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  (r/US)   AZ:jul,aug,sep  
    Amazilia violiceps 

    The Violet-crowned Hummingbird is nearly a Mexican endemic, but its northern breeding range does extend into southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. In southeast Arizona, breeding is in the areas of the Sonoita Creek and the Huachuca & Chiricahua Mountains. A few individuals spend the winter near feeders in southeast Arizona. But mostly the species moves into Arizona and New Mexico in June.
    It occurs as a vagrant in central Arizona (August, October), in California (July to December, and March & May), and in west Texas (March, July, December), southern Texas (May, October), and the upper Texas Gulf Coast (March).



    A Violet-crowned Hummingbird photographed during a FONT tour 
    in Arizona in August 2010
      
  48. Cinnamon Hummingbird  (ph)  ______  (r/US)
    Amazilia rutila

         The Cinnamon Hummingbird ranges in lowlands from Sinaloa and the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico south to Costa Rica. In the United States, it has occurred at Patagonia, Arizona July 21 to 23, 1992, and at Santa Teresa in New Mexico from September 18 to 21, 1993.     

    South of the US, the Cinnamon Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.

  49. Blue-throated Mountain-gem  (*) (ph) ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep  
    Lampornis clemenciae

    Lampornis clemenciae has also been called the Blue-throated Hummingbird.

    North of Mexico, the Blue-throated Hummingbird (as it has most often been called in the US) is primarily a "sky island" mountain species in western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. 
    It has occurred as a a vagrant to central Arizona, central New Mexico, Colorado (July to August), and in parts of Texas (mostly in the fall): the Edwards Plateau, the Gulf Coast, the lower Rio Grande Valley, and the Panhandle. Vagrants have also been in: California (in the summer), Louisiana (during fall & spring), North Dakota (in June), South Carolina (in August), and in Utah (in August).     

    South of the US, the Blue-throated Mountain-gem has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico. 

  50. White-eared Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  (r/US)  AZ:jul,aug,sep  
    Hylocharis leucotis
    North of Mexico and northern Central America, the White-eared Hummingbird occurs mostly in southeastern Arizona, in the Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains. It has bred in southern Arizona. Generally it arrives in Arizona in mid-April to May, and departs August to October.
    It also occurs as rarity, from June to October, in southwestern & north-central New Mexico, and in western & central Texas, including in the Davis, Guadeloupe, and Chisos Mountains. Most records north & east of the breeding range are from late-June to August. There is evidence of some post-breeding movement. 
    A female that wintered in coastal Mississippi, from November 1995 to January 1996, was extraordinary.   

    South of the US, the White-eared Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.

  51. "Rivoli's" Magnificent Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep 
    Eugenes fulgens

    North of Mexico and Central America, the Magnificent Hummingbird is primarily a "sky island" mountain species in western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. 
    Young males are often highly nomadic, Banded birds have traveled hundreds of miles between mountain ranges during a season. Such migration is through lower elevations, especially foothills, in the spring and fall.
    Away from the US breeding range, there have been occurrences in Colorado (from May to October), and less so in: Alabama (September to February), Arkansas (in July), California (in April), Georgia (in the winter), Minnesota (in July), Nevada (in June), Utah (in July), Wyoming (in June & July), and in southern Texas (in September). 

    South of the US, the Magnificent Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.

  52. Lucifer Sheartail  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  TX:apr,may  
    Calothorax lucifer

    Calothorax lucifer     has commonly been called the Lucifer Hummingbird.

    Calothorax lucifer     is nearly a Mexican endemic, but its northern breeding range does extend into west Texas, where it can be fairly common in the Big Bend National Park. The species occurs rarely in southeast Arizona & southwest New Mexico, and has been a vagrant at some places, other than at its usual haunts, in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. In Texas, vagrants have been in the Edwards Plateau and Guadeloupe Mountains, and in El Paso, Del Rio, Rockport, and Beeville. Vagrants in New Mexico have been in Gila and Silver City; in Arizona in Tucson.     

    South of the US, the Lucifer Sheartail has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.



    Two photographs of Lucifer Sheartails during the FONT tour in southern Arizona
    in September 2010. Above: a male; below: a female
    (photos by Marie Gardner)
  53. Ruby-throated Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  DE:may  FL:apr (DT)  NC:may,jun,aug  TX:apr,may
    Archilochus colubris 

         Out-of-range occurrences in the US have been in: Alaska (in June), California (in August, September), Colorado (in April, May, July), and New Mexico (in October).

    South of the US, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama (where rare).

  54. Black-chinned Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep  CO:apr,jul  NM:apr  TX:mar,apr,may  
    Archilochus alexandri      (monotypic)

    This species normally occurs in the western US and in parts of central & western Mexico. East of that range, some individuals winter along the Gulf Coat of the US from Texas east to Georgia and Florida. Some winter in California. 
    Out-of-range occurrences have been in these US states and Canadian provinces:  Alberta (in July), Kentucky (in fall-winter) New Jersey (in the fall), North Carolina (in the fall & spring), Ontario (in May), South Carolina (in the fall & winter), South Dakota (in the fall), Tennessee (in fall-winter).

    South of the US, the Black-chinned Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico (Sonora).
      
  55. Anna's Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CA:sep
    Calypte anna

    A species of western North America, but vagrants can occur almost anywhere, most commonly in the fall & winter. 
    Out-of-range occurrences have been in these US states and Canadian provinces: Alabama (in November), interior Alaska (in September), Alberta (from June to October), Arkansas (in fall-winter), Colorado (from May to December), Delaware (in November), Florida (in fall-winter), Georgia (in fall-winter), Idaho (from September to May), Illinois (in fall-winter), Kansas (in fall-winter), Michigan (December to April), Minnesota (in fall-winter), Missouri (October to February), Mississippi (November to January), Montana (June to November), North Carolina (in fall-winter), New York (October to December), Oklahoma (in winter), Pennsylvania (in winter), Saskatchewan (from July to October),  South Carolina (in winter), Tennessee (in January), in northern & eastern Texas (from July to March), Utah (in the fall), Wisconsin (from August to January).

    The migration of the Anna's Hummingbird is not well understood. It does not appear to migrate in the "traditional sense". Year-round presence is some areas may well be due to breeding birds being replaced by migrants from other areas. 
    Large numbers of Anna's in the mountains of Arizona in the non-breeding season (July to October) have long been assumed to come from California, yet of the thousands of hummingbirds that have been banded in California and Arizona, ONLY ONE is has been shown to have traveled between the 2 states! 



    A female Anna's Hummingbird
    (photo by Howard Eskin)

  56. Costa's Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep
    Calypte costae
    A species of desert scrub normally in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico. Part of the population that breeds in the resident range migrates south in the winter along the Pacific coast of Mexico. 
    Vagrants have occurred in these US states and Canadian provinces: Alaska (from July to October), Alberta (in August), British Columbia (from     April to June), Colorado (in May), Kansas (in November), western Texas (from September to January & in April), in central & southern Texas (from January to March), western Washington State (from August to October).
      
     
  57. Calliope Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep
    Selasphorus     (formerly Stellula) calliope 

         A species that breeds in montane coniferous forests in parts of the western US and southwestern Canada. Most winter in southwestern Mexico. Some winter, however, along the Gulf Coast in the US, from Texas to northwestern Florida, mainly in Louisiana. More rarely, some winter in west Texas and in Arizona. 
    Otherwise, vagrants have occurred in these US states and one Canadian province: northern Alabama (in November), Arkansas (in November & December), central Florida (in March & April), northern Georgia (in the winter), Kansas (in July & August), Minnesota (in November & December), North Carolina (from October to March), Nebraska (from June to August), New Jersey (in November), Pennsylvania (in November), Saskatchewan (in July & August), South Carolina (from December to April), South Dakota (in August), Tennessee (from November to April) and in western & central Texas.  



    Above & below: A Calliope Hummingbird in Pennsylvania, the 2nd in the state,
    in November 2012. Below, feeding at Pineapple Sage. 
         (photos by Joe Flood)   





  58. Bumblebee Hummingbird  ______  (r/US)
    Atthis heloisa
    The Bumblebee Hummingbird is a Mexican species. 2 female specimens are said to have been collected in southern Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains, in July 1896.

  59. Broad-tailed Hummingbird (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jul,aug,sep  CO:apr,jul  NM:apr  TX:apr,may
    Selasphorus platycercus      (monotypic)

    A species that summers, and breeds, mostly in the western United States, and winters mostly in Mexico. A small number winter along the Gulf Coast of the southeast US.
    Otherwise, out-of-range occurrences have been in these US states and one Canadian province: northern Arkansas (in November & December), British Columbia (in July), Delaware (in the winter), Florida (in January & February), Georgia (in the fall-winter), Illinois (in November), Indiana (in the winter), Kansas (from June to September), Michigan (from August to winter), Mississippi (in fall-winter), Nebraska (in August & September), New Jersey (in November), Oregon (from May to August), South Dakota (from June to September), in eastern & central Texas, and in Washington State (in August).   
     
    South of the US, the Broad-tailed Hummingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico.

  60. Rufous Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  AK:jun  AZ:jul,aug,sep
    Selasphorus rufus

    This species is a long-distance migrant, summering, and breeding, as far north as southern Alaska, and wintering mostly in Mexico. Some, however, winter in the US, especially in the Southeast notably along the Gulf Coast, mostly in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Texas. A few also winter in the US in coastal southern California.

    During the summer of 2010, a second-year female Rufous Hummingbird that had been banded the previous winter in Florida was recaptured in Alaska, on an island in the Prince William Sound, 3,543 miles from where the bird was in Florida. That is the longest documented distance traveled by any hummingbird of any species.      

    The Rufous Hummingbird seems strongly prone to wandering during it southbound migration in the fall. It has occurred in ALL of the US states east of the Rocky Mountains, and in most of the Canadian provinces. And so it can appear almost "anywhere", and is usually discovered at feeders.
    In the southbound Rufous Hummingbird migration, adult males travel first, with adult females following about 1 to 2 weeks later. The migration of the immature birds is the latest and the most drawn-out, occurring up to a month after that of the adult female.

    The Rufous Hummingbird is the only hummingbird that occurs, on occasion, in the Old World. In the spring, migratory overshoots have reached as far into Russian Siberia as the Chukotski Peninsula.



    Above & below: 3 photos of Rufous Hummingbirds
    Above: a 1st-year male; below: 2 immature female Rufous Hummingbirds
    (photos by Howard Eskin)






           
  61. Allen's Hummingbird  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug
    Selasphorus sasin

         This species, a close relative of the Rufous Hummingbird, has one of the most restricted breeding ranges of any North American hummingbird, being confined from the Pacific Coast of southern California north to southern Oregon. Although its habitat has been strongly altered by human activity, the bird has adapted well to urban and suburban environments.

    Outside its breeding range, the Allen's Hummingbird is rare, but regular, in southern Arizona, and has occurred more rarely in New Mexico, west Texas, Utah, and Nevada. Some winter rarely along the Gulf Coast of the US.
    Fall-winter occurrences in eastern US states have been in: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

    In its limited breeding range, there are 2 subspecies. One, sedentarius, apparently originated on the offshore Channel Islands, and colonized, during the 20th Century, the nearby California mainland. It has recently spread, both north and south along the coast. Although this subspecies is essentially nonmigratory, an Allen's Hummingbird specimen from Louisiana was identified as sedentarius. 

    The Allen's Hummingbird in the photo below is a first-year male, determined by the measurement of the R5 feather and some other characteristics during an in-hand inspection. The bird, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in November 2012, had been thought to be the nearly-identical Rufous Hummingbird.



     Above & below: Allen's Hummingbirds
    Above: an immature male; below: an adult female
         (photos by Howard Eskin) 

    E-Allen'sHummingbird.jpg


  62. Green Violetear  (ph) ______  (r/NA)
    Colibri thalassinus
    A Neotropical species, most often in the highlands, from Mexico south to northern South America. Most US records have been in the Hill Country of Texas, where it is nearly an annual occurrence. It has also occurred rarely in eastern North America and elsewhere in the US.

    There have been more than 30 records of the Green  Violetear in eastern Texas since 1961, with as many as 4 during one season. These have been in the Edwards Plateau (or the "Hill Country" as just noted), and along Gulf Coast and in the lower Rio Grande Valley. All of the occurrences of the species north of Mexico in the spring have been in Texas.
    Accepted records of the Green Violetear, in addition to those in Texas, have been in these US states and Canadian provinces: Alabama, Alberta, Arkansas, Colorado, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Wisconsin.  
    These north-of-range records have been from mid-April through mid-December, with most from early-May to late-July, and a minor peak in late August and early September. This seasonal pattern may be of adults and young birds following the spring breeding season or the dispersal of young adults prior to the summer breeding season. Many sightings are "one day wonders", but the average sighting period has been 2 weeks. The longest sighting period at a single location was 18 weeks.   

    South of the US, the Green Violetear has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.

  63. Green-breasted Mango  (ph) ______  (r/US)
    Anthracothorax prevostii
    A Neotropical species found from eastern Mexico south to northern South America. It has occurred, as a rarity, mostly from the late-summer through the winter, in southern Texas. There has also been a record, in the fall, in North Carolina.

    One south Texas occurrence was in September 1988, just ahead of Hurricane Gilbert. Another, an adult male, was in McAllen in the lower Rio Grande Valley, in February 2000.
    The North Carolina bird, an immature male, was banded in November 2000.
    Most north-of-range records have been in August & September. Winter sightings may be of birds that arrived weeks earlier but were undetected until weather drove them to a feeder. A sighting in May of an immature bird may have been of a migratory "overshoot".    

    South of the US, the Green-breasted Mango has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
      
  64. Xantu's Hummingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  BC:sep
    Hylocharis xantusii

         This species is normally endemic to the southern Baja California Peninsula, in Mexico, where it is generally sedentary, or at most a short-distance migrant. However, it has occurred as a vagrant in southern California and, oddly, in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. 
    In California, a male was found. not near a feeder, in eastern San Diego County in December 1986. The following year, a female was present from January to March in a yard in Ventura, where she nested unsuccessfully. 
    In British Columbia, a female took up residence at a feeder in Gibsons from November 1997 to September 1998. There has not ever been a satisfactory explanation of that extraordinary record.      

    Xantu's Hummingbird, normally a bird of Baja California in Mexico, was at a hummingbird feeder in British Columbia in 1998, where we saw it during our FONT Pacific Coast Tour in September of that year. 



    The Xantu's Hummingbird at the feeder in British Columbia 
    during the FONT tour in September 1998. 

  65. Plain-capped Starthroat  ______  (r/US)
    Heliomaster constantii
    A species of Mexico and Central America. It occurs as a rare straggler in the arid foothills and deserts of southeast Arizona, mostly from June to October. Several years may pass between Arizona sightings. 
    The first US record was in Nogales, Arizona in September 1969. The northernmost record was in Phoenix, Arizona in October & November  1978. 

    South of the US, the Plain-capped Starthroat has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala.

  66. Bahama Woodstar  ______  (r/US)
    Calliphlox evelynae
    A species endemic to the Bahama Islands. There have been just a few US occurrences, all in southeast Florida: a specimen in Miami in January 1961, in Palm Beach County from August to October 1971, near Homestead in Dade County in April 1974, and both a male & female at the Mary Krone Sanctuary in Dade County in July & August 1981

    Incredibly, a single male Bahama Woodstar visited a feeder in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in April 2013 for 3 days. 


    TROGONS
            
  67. Elegant Trogon  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  
    Trogon elegans 
      
    South of the US, the Elegant Trogon has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Mexico. 

    The northernmost race of Trogon elegans, in the southwest US, was called the "Coppery-tailed Trogon". 

  68. Eared Quetzal  (nt)  ______  (r/US)
    Euptilotis neoxenus
    Other than when the Eared Quetzal is rarely in southern Arizona, it occurs only in Mexico. In Arizona, this wary bird has favored mountain streamside woodlands.


    KINGFISHERS
     
  69. Ringed Kingfisher  (ph) ______  (r/US)
    Megaceryle     (formerly Ceryle) t. torquata 

    A widespread species in Central & South America, with a limited distribution in the West Indies (on Dominica). In the US, it is a resident in the lower Rio Grande Valley along the Texas-Mexico border. It is rare elsewhere in south Texas.  

    South of the US, the Ringed Kingfisher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica (the only place it occurs in the Caribbean), Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.

  70. Belted Kingfisher  (*) (ph)  ______  AK:may,jun  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:apr,may  DEP:sep  FL:apr  IA:mar  KS:apr  NC:may,jun,aug  NE:mar,apr  NF:jul  NM:apr  TX:mar,apr  WA:sep
    Megaceryle     (formerly  Ceryle) alcyon

         South of the US, the Belted Kingfisher has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent.



    Above & below: the female Belted Kingfisher
    Above, in flight. Below, perched.  
         (photos by Howard Eskin)


    And below, another photo of a Belted Kingfisher.      (photo by Ed Kendell)



  71. Green Kingfisher  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul  TX:may
    Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis

    South of the US, the Green Kingfisher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Venezuela.

  72. Amazon Kingfisher  ______  (r/US)
    Chloroceryle amazona
    The Amazon Kingfisher is a species of South and Central America, north to Mexico. A first north of Mexico occurred in Laredo, Texas, on January 24, 2010.

    South of the US, the Amazon Kingfisher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Venezuela. 


    HOOPOE
      
  73. Eurasian Hoopoe  ______  (r/US)
    Upupa epops

         The Eurasian Hoopoe is an Old World species, where it is widespread. There is a specimen from Alaska, found at Old Chevak in the Yukon-Kushokwin Delta, September 2-3, 1975. 

    Outside North America, the Eurasian Hoopoe has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan (on Hegura Island), Poland, Romania, Spain, Turkey. 


    WOODPECKERS
  74. Eurasian Wryneck ______  (r/US)
    Jnyx torquilla
    An Old World species, where it is widespread. Two North American records are from Alaska. There was a specimen from Cape Prince of Wales on September 8, 1945, and a bird was photographed at Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, September 2 to 5, 2003.    

    Outside North America, the Eurasian Wryneck has been found during FONT tours in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain.

  75. Lewis' Woodpecker  (*)  ______  CO:apr,jul  WA:sep
    Melanerpes lewis
  76. Red-headed Woodpecker  (nt) (*) (ph) ______ DE:may  NC:may,jun  NE:mar
    Melanerpes erthrocephalus



    An adult Red-headed Woodpecker
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
  77. Acorn Woodpecker  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  TX:apr,may
    Melanerpes f. formicivorus

         South of the US, the Acorn Woodpecker has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.

  78. Golden-fronted Woodpecker  (*) (ph)  ______  TX:mar,apr,may
    Melanerpes a. aurifrons
    South of the US, the Golden-fronted Woodpecker has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.



    A Golden-fronted Woodpecker     photographed in Texas
    (photo by Rhett Poppe) 
      
  79. Red-bellied Woodpecker  (*) (ph)  ______  CO:apr  DE:mar,apr,may  FL:apr  IA:mar  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NE:mar  TX:mar,may
    Melanerpes carolinus



    Red-bellied Woodpecker
    In this photo, the tinge of red on the belly is not visible.
    (photo by Howard Eskin) 
  80. Gila Woodpecker  (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep
    Melanerpes uropygialis
  81. Williamson's Sapsucker  (*) ______ CO:apr,jul
    Sphyrapicus thyroideus 
  82. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker  (*) (ph) ______  NE:mar 
    Sphyrapicus varius

         South of the US, the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico.

  83. Red-naped Sapsucker  (*) (ph) ______ AZ:jan  CO:apr,jul  TX:apr  WA:sep  WY:apr
    Sphyrapicus nuchalis



    A Red-naped Sapsucker photographed during a FONT tour
  84. Red-breasted Sapsucker (*) ______ BC:sep WA:sep
    Sphyrapicus ruber
  85. Ladder-backed Woodpecker  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CO:apr  NM:apr,jul  TX:mar,apr,may
    Picoides scalaris

         South of the US, the Ladder-backed Woodpecker has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.



    Two photos of Ladder-backed Woodpeckers
    (upper photo by Howard Eskin; lower photo by Abram Fleishman)




  86. Downy Woodpecker (*) ______ AK:may,jun  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:mar,apr,may  IA:mar  KS:apr  NC:may,jun,aug  NE:mar  TX:may  WA:sep  WY:apr
    Picoides p. pubescens



    Downy Woodpecker
     (photo by Doris Potter)
  87. Hairy Woodpecker  (*) (ph)  ______  AK:may,jun  AZ:jul,aug  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:apr,may  NC:jun  NE:mar  NF:jul  WA:sep  WY:apr
    Picoides villosus

         South of the US, the Hairy Woodpecker has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.



    Hairy Woodpecker
         (photo by Doris Potter)
  88. Red-cockaded Woodpecker  (t3) (USe) (*) (ph)  ______  NC:may,jun
    Picoides borealis
  89. Nuttall's Woodpecker  (*)  ______  CA:sep
    Picoides nuttallii
  90. White-headed Woodpecker  (*)  ______  CA:sep  WA:sep
    Picoides albolarvatus
  91. American Three-toed Woodpecker  (*)  ______  AK:may,jun  WA:sep  
    Picoides dorsalis 

         Until recently, the American Three-toed Woodpecker was considered conspecific with what is now the Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus.

    Outside North America, the Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker has been seen during FONT tours in Poland, Romania, Slovakia.

  92. Black-backed Woodpecker  (*)  ______  AK;may,jun  NF:jul
    Picoides arcticus
  93. Arizona Woodpecker  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep     
    Picoides arizonae

         What is now in Arizona the Arizona Woodpecker was called the Strickland's Woodpecker, but the Arizona has been split from it, and the Strickland's Woodpecker is now in Mexico. 
  94. Northern Flicker  (*)  ______  AK:jun  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  BC:sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  DE:apr,may  IA:mar  KS:apr  MD:apr  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NE:mar,apr  NF:jul  TX:apr  WA:sep  WY:apr
     Colaptes auratus collaris  "Red-shafted Flicker"  (*)  ______  AK:jun  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  BC:sep CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  KS:apr  TX:apr  WA:sep
    Colaptes a. auratus  "Yellow-shafted Flicker"  (*)  ______  CO:apr,jul  DE:apr,may  IA:mar  MD:apr  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  NE:mar,apr  NF:jul  WY:apr  

    South of the US, the "Yellow-shafted" Northern Flicker has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands (an endemic subspecies, C. a. gundlachi ).  

    South of the US, the "Red-shafted" Northern Flicker has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico. 
  95. Gilded Flicker  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,sep
    Colaptes chrysoides

         South of the US, the Gilded Flicker has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico (Sonora).

  96. Pileated Woodpecker  (*) (ph)  ______  CA:sep  DE:may  FL:apr  MD:apr  NC:may,jun,aug  WA:sep
    Dryocopus pileatus



    Pileated Woodpecker
  97. Ivory-billed Woodpecker  ______  (apparently now extinct) 
    Campephilus principalis

    The American Birding Association (ABA) has determined that reports of the Ivory-billed Woodpeckers in the US in the early 21st Century were not supported by any verifiable evidence (such as photographs, audio recordings, and specimens).
    The last verifiable evidence for the occurrence of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker in North America is from James Tanner's research in the late 1930s. Many specimens and a few photographs and audio recordings predate Tanner's work.  

    Recent DNA evidence (published in 2006) indicates that what has been said to be a subspecies of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker in Cuba, Campephilus principalis bairdii, is (was) not. 
    First described in 1863 as a separate species, the Cuban bird has been shown to be a species more closely related to the Imperial Woodpecker of Mexico than to the Ivory-billed Woodpecker of the southeastern United States. 
    By that year (2006), it may well have been that all 3 of these woodpeckers had become extinct.       

  98. Great Spotted Woodpecker  (ph)  ______  (r/US)
    Dendrocopos major 

         The Great Spotted Woodpecker is a widespread Eurasian species. Has occurred rarely in Alaska in the western Aleutian Islands & the Pribilof Islands, and more rarely on the mainland, including a bird north of Anchorage.

    Outside North America, the Great Spotted Woodpecker has been seen during FONT tours in Bulgaria, the Canary Islands, Hungary, Japan, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey.


    TITYRA & BECARDS
  99. Masked Tityra  ______  (r/US)
    Tityra semifasciata

         The Masked Tityra is a Neotropical species, ranging from northwestern & northeastern Mexico south to Brazil. One was in south Texas at the Bentson-Rio Grande Valley State Park, from February 17 to March 10, 1990. 

    South of the US, the Masked Tityra has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.

  100. Rose-throated Becard  (*)  ______  (r/US)   AZ:jul  (r/AZ)
    Pachyramphus aglaiae
    The Rose-throated Becard is a species of mostly Mexico & Central America. It has occurred rarely & locally in southeastern Arizona, and more rarely along the Rio Grande Valley of Texas, where it has bred. Occurrences in Texas have been mostly in the winter. 

    South of the US, the Rose-throated Becard has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.  

  101. Gray-collared Becard  ______  (r/US)
    Pachyramphus major
    The Gray-collared Becard is a species of Mexico and northern Central America. One occurred in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona on June 5, 2009. There was another (or the same) at another Chiricahua location on June 19, 2009.
     
         South of the US, the Gray-collared Becard has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.


    FLYCATCHERS
  102. Greenish Elaenia  ______  (r/US)
    Myiopagis viridicata

         The Greenish Elaenia is a Neotropical species, occurring from southern Durango & southern Tamaulipas in Mexico south to northern Argentina. In North America, there is a record from the upper gulf coast of Texas at High Island from May 20 to 23, 1984.     

         South of the US, the Greenish Elaenia has been seen during FONT tours in Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
  103. White-crested Elaenia  ______  (r/US)
    Elaenia albiceps chilensis
    The White-crested Elaenia is a South American species. One was found along the Texas coast, at South Padre Island, on February 9, 2008. The bird, that called continuously, was determined to be the subspecies chilensis, an austral migrant that breeds in southern South America. To get to Texas, that long-distance traveler overshot even further.  

    A bird that was thought to be a Caribbean Elaenia, Elaenia martinica, was seen and photographed in Escambia County, Florida in April 1984. It may or may not have been. While the bird was certainly an elaenia, its identity as to a species could not be determined. The consideration came down to 2 species, either a White-crested or a Carbbean Elaenia.

    South of the US, the White-crested Elaenia has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Chile (2 races), Ecuador.

    South of the US, the Caribbean Elaenia has been seen during FONT tours in Barbados, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, Mexico (Cozumel Island), Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent.        

  104. Northern Beardless Tyrannulet  (*)  ______  AZ:jul
    Camptostoma imberbe

         South of the US, the Northern Beardless Tyrannulet has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico.

  105. Olive-sided Flycatcher  (nt) (*)  ______  AK:jun  AZ:aug  CA:sep  CO:jul  TX:may  WA:sep 
    Contopus cooperi     (previously Contopus borealis)

    South of the US, the Olive-sided Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours Brazil (Amazonian; where rare), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama. 

    An alternate name for Contopus cooperi could be Boreal Pewee, maybe more apt when the bird was Contopus borealis.

  106. Greater Pewee  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep 
    Contopus pertinax

         South of the US, the Greater Pewee has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.

  107. Western Wood Pewee  (*)  ______  AK:may,jun  AZ:jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  CO:jul  TX:apr  WA:sep
    Contopus sordidulus 
    South of the US, the Western Wood Pewee has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama.
  108. Eastern Wood Pewee  (*) (ph)  ______  DE:may  FL:apr (DT)  NC:may,jun,aug  TX:apr,may
    Contopus virens

    South of the US, the Eastern Wood Pewee has been found during tours in the Brazil (Amazonian), Cayman Islands (during migration), Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama.



    Eastern Wood Pewee
    (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
  109. Cuban Pewee  ______  (r/US)
    Conotopus caribaeus
    The Cuban Pewee is a West Indian species that is a resident of the northern Bahamas and Cuba. It has occurred in Florida at least 3 times, probably more. The most recent occurrence was at Long Pine Key in the Everglades National Park, September 5-27, 2010. 
    Two other documented occurrences were both in Boca Raton, in the early spring of 1995 and in the fall of 1999. Other possible occurrences, not well documented, were in Key Large in 2001,and "many years ago" at the Dry Tortugas.     
      
  110. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher  (*)  ______  NF:jul
    Empidonax flaviventris

         South of the US, the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama.
     
  111. Acadian Flycatcher  (*)  ______  DE:may  NC:may,jun  TX:may
    Empidonax virescens

         South of the US, the Acadian Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Honduras, Panama.  

  112. Alder Flycatcher  (*)  ______  AK:jun  TX:may
    Empidonax alnorum

         South of the US, the Alder Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala.

  113. Willow Flycatcher  (*)  ______  AZ:aug  CA:sep  CO:jul  DE:may  TX:may  WA:sep
    Empidonax trailii

         South of the US, the Willow Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.

  114. Least Flycatcher  (*)  ______  CA:sep  (r/CA)
    Empidonax minimus
    In California, seen at Point Reyes during the FONT West Coast Tour in September 1991.

    South of the US, the Least Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.

  115. Hammond's Flycatcher  (*)  ______  AK:jun  AZ:sep
    Empidonax hammondii

         South of the US, the Hammond's Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala.

  116. Gray Flycatcher  (*)  ______  AK:aug  CO:apr  TX:apr  WA:sep
    Empidonax wrightii
    South of the US, the Gray Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.
     
  117. Dusky Flycatcher  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:aug  CO:jul  KS:apr  (r/KS)  WA:sep
    Empidonax obehholseri 

         South of the US, the Dusky Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.



    Dusky Flycatcher
         (photo by Marie Gardner)
  118. Cordilleran Flycatcher  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep  CO:jul  NM:apr  TX:apr,may  WA:sep 
    Empidonax occidentalis

         South of the US, the Cordilleran Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.  

    The Cordilleran Flycatcher and the more-westerly Pacific-slope Flycatcher (below) were previously combined as the "Western Flycatcher", Empidonax difficilis. 

  119. Pacific-slope Flycatcher  (*)  ______  CA:sep
    Empidonax difficilis 

         As noted above, the scientific name of the Pacific-slope Flycatcher was that of the former "Western Flycatcher". 

  120. Buff-breasted Flycatcher  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug
    Empidonax fulvifrons
    South of the US, the Buff-breasted Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico.

  121. Northern Tufted Flycatcher  ______  (r/US)
    Mitrephanes phaeocercus
    A Neotropical species ranging from Mexico to northern South America. In the northern part of its range (northern Mexico), it is migratory. In the US, it has rarely occurred, in the winter and early spring, in west Texas and in western Arizona.    

    South of the US, the Northern Tufted Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama.

  122. Black Phoebe  (*)  ______  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  NM:apr  TX:apr,may
    Sayornis nigricans

         South of the US, the Black Phoebe has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.
     
  123. Eastern Phoebe  (*)  ______  CO:apr  DE:apr,may  IA:mar  KS:apr  NC:jun  NE:mar  OK:apr  TX:mar,may
    Sayornis phoebe



    An Eastern Phoebe photographed in Texas
    (photo by Rhett Poppe)

  124. Say's Phoebe  (*) (ph)  ______  AK:may  AZ:jan,jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  KS:apr  NE:mar  NM:apr  TX:apr,may  WA:sep
    Sayornis saya

         South of the US, the Say's Phoebe has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.

  125. Vermilion Flycatcher  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep  CO:apr  (r/CO)  NM:apr  TX:mar,apr,may
    Pyrocephalus rubinus

         South of the US, the Vermilion Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile (far-north), Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela.

    What was part of the Vermilion Flycatcher on the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador is now the Darwin's Flycatcher, Pyrocephalus nanus. It has been seen during FONT tours there.



    Vermilion Flycatchers; male above, female below
    (upper photo by Howard Eskin; lower photo by Marie Gardner)




  126. Ash-throated Flycatcher  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  CO:apr  NM:apr  TX:apr,may
    Myiarchus cinerascens

         South of the US, the Ash-throated Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico.

  127. Great Crested Flycatcher  (*) (ph)  ______  DE:may  MD:may  NC:may,jun,aug  TX:apr
    Myiarchus crinitus

         South of the US, the Great Crested Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico (where rare). 

  128. Brown-crested Flycatcher  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  TX:apr,may  (a former name was Wied's Crested Flycatcher) 
    Myiarchus tyrannulus

         South of the US, the Brown-crested Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Venezuela.

  129. Dusky-capped Flycatcher  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug
    Myiarchus tuberculifer

         South of the US, the Dusky-capped Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.

  130. Nutting's Flycatcher  (ph)  ______  (r/US)
    Myiarchus nuttingi
    The Nutting's Flycatcher ranges from northwest Mexico to Costa Rica. There are very few winter records in the US, in southeast Arizona and in coastal southern California.
    The Nutting's Flycatcher is difficult to tell from the Ash-throated Flycatcher, a common species of the southwest US. The mouth-lining of the Nutting's Flycatcher is orange, not flesh-colored.
       
    South of the US, the Nutting's Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico.

  131. La Sagra's Flycatcher  ______  (r/US)
    Myiarchus sagrae 
    The La Sagra's Flycatcher is a West Indian species, in the Bahamas, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands. It was, at one time, conspecific with the Stolid Flycatcher also in the West Indies.
    The La Sagra's Flycatcher has rarely occurred in south Florida, mainly in the winter and spring, and more rarely in Alabama.
     
    South of the US, the La Sagra's Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands. 
    The closely-related Stolid Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in the Dominican Republic, Jamaica.
        
  132. Great Kiskadee  (*) (ph)  ______ TX:mar,may
    Pilangus sulphuratus

         South of the US, the Great Kiskadee has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela.

  133. Social Flycatcher  (ph)  ______  (r/NA)
    Myiozetetes similis
    The Social Flycatcher is a common Neotropical species from northeastern & northwestern Mexico south to northeast Argentina. There is a documented record from the Bentson-Rio Grande Valley State Park, in south Texas, from January 7 to 14, 2005.    

    South of the US, the Social Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela.

  134. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug
    Myiodynastes luteiventris
    The Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher occurs rather commonly in southeastern Arizona in the summer, where it breeds. Otherwise in the US, it has been found rarely along the Gulf Coast and in coastal California.

    South of the US, the Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama.
     
  135. Piratic Flycatcher  ______  (r/US)
    Legatus leucophalus
    The Piratic Flycatcher is a Neotropical species, widespread and migratory. In the US, there have been occurrences at the Dry Tortugas in Florida (in March 1991), on an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico (in Texas), at Big Bend National Park in Texas, and in eastern New Mexico.  

    South of the US, the Piratic Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela.
     
  136. Variegated Flycatcher  ______  (r/NA)
    Empidonomus varius
    The Variegated Flycatcher is a Neotropical species. It has occurred very rarely in eastern North America.  

    South of the US, the Variegated Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela. 

  137. Crowned Slaty Flycatcher  ______  (r/US)
    Griseotyrannus aurantyoatocristatus
    The Crowned Slaty Flycatcher is a species of South America, where it is an austral migrant. One was found in Louisiana on June 3, 2008, in Cameron Parish, about 25 miles east of the Texas border. It was collected.
     
         South of the US, the Crowned Slaty Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador.

  138. Tropical Kingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  (r/US)   AZ:jul,aug,sep  TX:may  
    Tyrannus melancholicus

         South of the US, the Tropical Kingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela.

  139. Couch's Kingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  TX:may  
    Tyrannus couchii 

         A Couch's Kingbird on Manhattan in New York City in late December 2014 and into January 2015 was a first state record. The bird was found on Christmas Day. Another Couch's Kingbird was in Maryland in November, the first for that state.
    Very similar to the Tropical Kingbird, the Couch's Kingbird in New York was identified by its call. 
    The neighborhood where the Couch's Kingbird opted to call home, for at least a while, was Abingdon Square in the West Village.          

         South of the US, the Couch's Kingbird has been seen in Belize, Mexico.

  140. Cassin's Kingbird  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug  CO:apr  NM:aug  TX:apr
    Tyrannus v. vociferans
    South of the US, the Cassin's Kingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico. 

    At the same time as the Couch's Kingbird (above) in December 2014 and January 2015, there was also a Cassin's Kingbird in New York City. The Cassin's Kingbird was in Brooklyn at Floyd Bennett Field.  
  141. Western Kingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:jul,aug,sep  CA:sep  CO:apr,jul  KS:apr  NM:apr,jul,aug  TX:apr,may
    Tyrannus verticalis

         South of the US, the Western Kingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Guatemala, Mexico.

  142. Eastern Kingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  CA:sep  CO:jul  DE:may  FL:apr (DT)  MD:apr,may  NC:may,jun,jul,aug  TX:apr,may
    Tyrannus tyrannus 
    In California, seen at Point Reyes in 1991 & 2005, both times during the FONT West Coast Tour in September.

    South of the US, the Eastern Kingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama. 



    Eastern Kingbird
         (photo by Howard Eskin)
  143. Gray Kingbird  (*) (ph)  ______  FL:apr (DT)
    Tyrannus dominicensis

         South of the US, the Gray Kingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Barbados, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras (Caribbean coast), Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Venezuela.
      
  144. Loggerhead Kingbird  (ph)  ______  (r/US)
    Tyrannus caudifasciatus
    A West Indian species. There have been 3 recent occurrences (considered credible) in far-southern Florida. Two have been in Key West, on March 8, 2007 & April 12, 2009. Another was on the Dry Tortugas on March 14, 2008.  

    South of the US, the Loggerhead Kingbird has been seen during FONT tours in the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico. 

  145. Thick-billed Kingbird  (*)  ______  AZ:jul,aug
    Tyrannus crassirostris

         South of the US, the Thick-billed Kingbird has been seen during FONT tours in Mexico.

  146. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher  (*) (ph)  ______  AZ:aug (r/AZ)  NM:apr (r/NM)  TX:apr,may
    Tyrannus forficalus  

    South of the US, the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.

  147. Fork-tailed Flycatcher  (ph)  ______  (r/NA)
    Tyrannus savana
    The Fork-tailed Flycatcher is a widespread Neotropical species, with the southernmost breeding race in South America being a long-distance austral migrant. The bird has occurred as a rarity many places in North America, with occurrences every year. In eastern North America, there have been records in the spring & fall, with most being in the fall. The few records in western North America have been in the fall. There are several winter records from the southwest US.        

    South of the US, the Fork-tailed Flycatcher has been seen during FONT tours Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela.

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